Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/a-1685-7096
Communication in Healthcare: Global challenges in the 21st Century
Abstract
This article explores the communication challenges brought about by the digital revolution in the 21st century for healthcare professionals internationally. It particularly focuses on the use of content-generating and sharing platforms like social media. Globally, healthcare has been irrevocably altered by digital innovation and health professionals deploy an extensive range of social media and web-based tools on a daily basis. However, many healthcare professionals use these platforms in a regulatory vacuum—where there may not be specific legal or ethical guidance—and without an appreciation of the associated risks. Given the special protections afforded to the practitioner–patient relationship, and the importance of a health practitioners' reputation, it is vital that we understand how to traverse the many ethical and legal challenges of the digital interaction. A comprehensive set of recommendations (see “Guidelines for Good Digital Citizenship in the Health Professions” on page 5 ff.) to keep practitioners out of trouble is provided. These hinge on the notion of being a “good person and a good doctor” as a formative maxim for ethical and legal safety. The constituents of publication, and the consequences of falling foul of acceptable publication standards on social media, are specifically discussed. “Publication” involves sharing content with a third party, or a group of people, and social media refers to platforms on which content can be shared with more than one person. Hence, most information that we post on social media can be considered as “published,” and as such may attach liability for health professionals who do not use these platforms with requisite care and sufficient forethought.
Publication History
Received: 30 August 2021
Accepted: 04 November 2021
Article published online:
06 January 2022
© 2022. Thieme. All rights reserved.
Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany
-
References
- 1 Baek HW, Shin YM, Shin KM. Emotional and behavioral problems related to smartphone overuse in elementary school children. JKNA 2014; 53 (05) 320-326
- 2 Sohn S, Rees P, Wildridge B, Kalk NJ, Carter B. Prevalence of problematic smartphone usage and associated mental health outcomes amongst children and young people: a systematic review, meta-analysis and GRADE of the evidence. BMC Psychiatry 2019; 19 (01) 1-10
- 3 West DM, Miller EA. Digital Medicine: Health Care in the Internet Era. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press; 2009
- 4 Torous J, Michalak EE, O'Brien HL. Digital health and engagement—looking behind the measures and methods. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3 (07) e2010918-e2010918
- 5 Health Professions Council of South Africa. Ethical guidelines on social media - Booklet 16. 2019 Accessed August 13, 2021 at: https://www.hpcsa.co.za/Uploads/Professional_Practice/Conduct%20%26%20Ethics/Ethical2%20Guidelines%20on%20Social%20Media.pdf
- 6 European Commission. 13 Social Media. 2021 Accessed August 30, 2021 at: https://wikis.ec.europa.eu/display/WEBGUIDE/01.+Using+social+media
- 7 European Union. Proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on a Single Market For Digital Services (Digital Services Act) and amending Directive 2000/31/EC. 2020 Accessed August 30, 2021 at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52020PC0825&from=en
- 8 National Health Service England and Wales. Social media and attributed digital content policy. 2017 Accessed August 30, 2021 at: https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/social-media-policy.pdf
- 9 Venter W, Coleman J, Chan VL. et al. Improving linkage to HIV care through mobile phone apps: randomized controlled trial. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2018; 6 (07) e155
- 10 Venter WDF, Fischer A, Lalla-Edward ST. et al. Improving linkage to and retention in care in newly diagnosed HIV-Positive patients using smartphones in South Africa: Randomized controlled trial. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2019; 7 (04) e12652
- 11 Mgode G, Bwana D, Cox C, Batra S, Richter C, Fiebig L. Monitoring Tuberculosis (TB) treatment adherence using eCompliance digital tool by community healthcare workers. In: Digital Literacy and Socio-Cultural Acceptance of ICT in Developing Countries (231–241). Springer International; 2021. Online. Accessed August 30, 2021 at: https://www.springerprofessional.de/en/monitoring-tuberculosis-tb-treatment-adherence-using-ecompliance/19213930
- 12 Chidambaram S, Erridge S, Kinross J, Purkayastha S. PanSurg Collaborative. Observational study of UK mobile health apps for COVID-19. Lancet Digit Health 2020; 2 (08) e388-e390
- 13 Khayamian Esfahani B, Bause M, Schaefer D. Health 4.0: How digitisation drives innovation in the healthcare sector. The 2019 International Conference on Systematic Innovation. Liverpool, UK; 08–11 July. Accessed August 30, 2021 at: https://repository.uel.ac.uk/item/87w36
- 14 Bouter C, Venter B, Etheredge H. Guidelines for the use of WhatsApp groups in clinical settings in South Africa. S Afr Med J 2020; 110 (05) 364-368
- 15 Chandra S, Mohammadnezhad M, Ward P. Trust and communication in a doctor-patient relationship: a literature review. J Healthc Commun 2018; 3: 36
- 16 Hawley K. Trust and distrust between patient and doctor. J Eval Clin Pract 2015; 21 (05) 798-801
- 17 Hill CA, McDonnell BH. Fiduciary duties: the emerging jurisprudence. In: Research Handbook on the Economics of Corporate Law. Edward Elgar Publishing; 2012
- 18 Etheredge HR, Penn C, Watermeyer J. A qualitative analysis of South African health professionals' discussion on distrust and unwillingness to refer organ donors. Prog Transplant 2018; 28 (02) 163-169
- 19 Grobler C, Dhai A. Social media in the healthcare context: ethical challenges and recommendations. SAJBL 2016; 9 (01) 22-25
- 20 Terrasse M, Gorin M, Sisti D. Social media, e-health, and medical ethics. Hastings Cent Rep 2019; 49 (01) 24-33
- 21 College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario. Social Media—Appropriate Use by Physicians. 2020 Accessed October 22, 2021 at: https://www.cpso.on.ca/Physicians/Policies-Guidance/Statements-Positions/Social-Media-Appropriate-Use-by-Physicians
- 22 Shouse Injury Law Group. California Defamation (Libel and Slander) Laws. Accessed August 30, 2021 at: https://www.shouselaw.com/ca/personal-injury/harm-to-reputation/defamation/
- 23 LexisNexis. Defamation and malicious falsehood—Publication. Accessed August 30, 2021 at: https://www.lexisnexis.co.uk/legal/guidance/defamation-malicious-falsehood-publication
- 24 SraussDaly. Freedom of Speech and the law of Defamation. Accessed August 30, 2021 at: https://www.straussdaly.co.za/freedom-of-speech-and-the-law-of-defamation/
- 25 Health and Safety Executive - UK Government. Defamation: Libel and slander. Accessed August 30, 2021 at: https://www.hse.gov.uk/enforce/enforcementguide/court/reporting-defamation.htm#P15_1719
- 26 Kozel RJ. Statutory Interpretation, Administrative Difference and the Law of Stare Decisis. Texas Law Review 1125 (2019), Notre Dame Legal Studies Paper No. 1859. Accessed October 22, 2021 at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3312818
- 27 Barbas S. The Press and Libel before New York Times v. Sullivan. Colum JL & Arts. 2020;44:511
- 28 Dobson H. Facebook Hosts and Third Party Posts: Defamation in the Internet Age. University of Otago; New Zealand: 2015. Accessed August 30, 2021 at: https://www.otago.ac.nz/law/otago451213.pdf
- 29 Harrison L, Sadlier E. Selfies, Sexts and Smartphones: A Teenager's Online Survival Guide. South Africa: Penguin Random House; 2017
- 30 Medical Protection Society UK. An essential guide to medical records - Advice for the United Kingdom. 2017 Accessed August 30, 2021 at: https://mpscdnuks.azureedge.net/resources/docs/mp/advice-booklets/medicolegal-guides/advice-booklet-guide-to-medical-records.pdf
- 31 Health Professions Council of South Africa. Confidentiality: Protecting and providing information. Accessed August 30, 2021 at: https://www.hpcsa.co.za/Uploads/Professional_Practice/Conduct%20%26%20Ethics/Booklet%205%20Confidentiality%20Protecting%20and%20Providing%20Information%20September%202016.pdf
- 32 Jabeen F, Hamid Z, Akhunzada A, Abdul W, Ghouzali S. Trust and reputation management in healthcare systems: taxonomy, requirements and open issues. IEEE Access 2018; 6: 17246-17263
- 33 Rothenfluh F, Schulz PJ. Physician rating websites: What aspects are important to identify a good doctor, and are patients capable of assessing them? A mixed-methods approach including physicians' and health care consumers' perspectives. J Med Internet Res 2017; 19 (05) e127
- 34 Lagu T, Metayer K, Moran M. et al. Website characteristics and physician reviews on commercial physician-rating websites. JAMA 2017; 317 (07) 766-768
- 35 Myskja BK. The categorical imperative and the ethics of trust. Ethics Inf Technol 2008; 10 (04) 213-220
- 36 Eldor K. 2018 Why every company needs a workplace social media policy. Accessed August 30, 2021 at: https://hiring.monster.ca/employer-resources/workforce-management/improving-employee-relations/workplace-social-media-policy/
- 37 Van Hove F, Asdourian B, Bourgeois D. My tweets are (not) my own! “Normalizing” journalists' branding and digital identity on Twitter. Pop Commun 2018; 16 (04) 263-275
- 38 Taffet GE. Hospital and physician rating websites: Ethical challenges without context. Ethical Considerations and Challenges in Geriatrics 137–145. Springer – Online. 2017. Accessed August 30, 2021 at: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-44084-2_12
- 39 Vafeiadis M. Message interactivity and source credibility in online dental practice reviews: responding to reviews triggers positive consumer reactions regardless of review valence. Health Commun 2021; •••: 1-11
- 40 Donohue J. A history of drug advertising: the evolving roles of consumers and consumer protection. Milbank Q 2006; 84 (04) 659-699
- 41 Joa CY, Park S-Y. Entrepreneurial doctors and consumerist patients: #plasticsurgery on Instagram. Int J Pharm Healthc Mark 2021; (epub ahead of print)
- 42 Health Professions Council of South Africa. Guidelines for good practice in the Health Care Professions. 2016. Accessed August 30, 2021 at: https://www.hpcsa.co.za/Uploads/Professional_Practice/Conduct%20%26%20Ethics/Booklet%202%20Generic%20Ethical%20Rules%20with%20anexures%20September%202016.pdf
- 43 Buys M. Protecting personal information: Implications of the Protection of Personal Information (POPI) Act for healthcare professionals. S Afr Med J 2017; 107 (11) 954-956
- 44 Haciyakupoglu G, Hui JY, Suguna V, Leong D, Rahman MFBA. Countering fake news: a survey of recent global initiatives. ThinkASIA Policy Report. 2018. Accessed August 30, 2021 at: https://www.think-asia.org/handle/11540/8063