Endoscopic submucosal dissection for superficial gastrointestinal lesions: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline – Update 2022

Main recommendations

ESGE recommends that the evaluation of superficial gastrointestinal (GI) lesions should be made by an experienced endoscopist, using high definition white-light and chromoendoscopy (virtual or dye-based).

ESGE does not recommend routine performance of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or positron emission tomography (PET)-CT prior to endoscopic resection.

ESGE recommends endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) as the treatment of choice for most superficial esophageal squamous cell and superficial gastric lesions.

For Barrett’s esophagus (BE)-associated lesions, ESGE suggests the use of ESD for lesions suspicious of submucosal invasion (Paris type 0-Is, 0-IIc), for malignant lesions > 20 mm, and for lesions in scarred/fibrotic areas.

ESGE does not recommend routine use of ESD for duodenal or small-bowel lesions.

ESGE suggests that ESD should be considered for en bloc resection of colorectal (but particularly rectal) lesions with suspicion of limited submucosal invasion (demarcated depressed area with irregular surface pattern or a large protruding or bulky component, particularly if the lesions are larger than 20 mm) or for lesions that otherwise cannot be completely removed by snare-based techniques.

ESGE recommends that an en bloc R0 resection of a superficial GI lesion with histology no more advanced than intramucosal cancer (no more than m2 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma), well to moderately differentiated, with no lymphovascular invasion or ulceration, should be considered a very low risk (curative) resection, and no further staging procedure or treatment is generally recommended.

ESGE recommends that the following should be considered to be a low risk (curative) resection and no further treatment is generally recommended: an en bloc R0 resection of a superficial GI lesion with superficial submucosal invasion (sm1), that is well to moderately differentiated, with no lymphovascular invasion, of size ≤ 20 mm for an esophageal squamous cell carcinoma or ≤ 30 mm for a stomach lesion or of any size for a BE-related or colorectal lesion, and with no lymphovascular invasion, and no budding grade 2 or 3 for colorectal lesions.

ESGE recommends that, after an endoscopically complete resection, if there is a positive horizontal margin or if resection is piecemeal, but there is no submucosal invasion and no other high risk criteria are met, this should be considered a local-risk resection and endoscopic surveillance or re-treatment is recommended rather than surgery or other additional treatment.

ESGE recommends that when there is a diagnosis of lymphovascular invasion, or deeper infiltration than sm1, or positive vertical margins, or undifferentiated tumor, or, for colorectal lesions, budding grade 2 or 3, this should be considered a high risk (noncurative) resection, and complete staging and strong consideration for additional treatments should be considered on an individual basis in a multidisciplinary discussion.

ESGE recommends scheduled endoscopic surveillance with high definition white-light and chromoendoscopy (virtual or dye-based) with biopsies of only the suspicious areas after a curative ESD.

^* Joint first authors

Publication History

Article published online:
06 May 2022

• References

• 1 Pimentel-Nunes P, Dinis-Ribeiro M, Ponchon T. et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline. Endoscopy 2015; 47: 829-854
• 2 Veitch AM, Vanbiervliet G, Gershlick AH. et al. Endoscopy in patients on antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy, including direct oral anticoagulants: British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) and European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) guidelines. Endoscopy 2016; 48: 385-402
• 3 Pimentel-Nunes P, Pioche M, Albeniz E. et al. Curriculum for endoscopic submucosal dissection training in Europe: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Position Statement. Endoscopy 2019; 51: 980-992
• 4 Atkins D, Eccles M, Flottorp S. et al. Systems for grading the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations I: critical appraisal of existing approaches The GRADE Working Group. BMC Health Serv Res 2004; 4: 38
• 5 Hassan C, Ponchon T, Bisschops R. et al. European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Publications Policy – Update 2020. Endoscopy 2020; 52: 123-126
• 6 Endoscopic Classification Review Group. Update on the Paris classification of superficial neoplastic lesions in the digestive tract. Endoscopy 2005; 37: 570-578
• 7 Dekker E, Houwen B, Puig I. et al. Curriculum for optical diagnosis training in Europe: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Position Statement. Endoscopy 2020; 52: 899-923
• 8 Morita FH, Bernardo WM, Ide E. et al. Narrow band imaging versus lugol chromoendoscopy to diagnose squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer 2017; 17: 54
• 9 Gruner M, Denis A, Masliah C. et al. Narrow-band imaging versus Lugol chromoendoscopy for esophageal squamous cell cancer screening in normal endoscopic practice: randomized controlled trial. Endoscopy 2021; 53: 674-682
• 10 Costa-Santos MP, Ferreira AO, Mouradides C. et al. Is Lugol necessary for endoscopic resection of esophageal squamous cell neoplasia?. Endosc Int Open 2020; 8: E1471-E1477
• 11 Yu T, Geng J, Song W. et al. Diagnostic accuracy of magnifying endoscopy with narrow band imaging and its diagnostic value for invasion depth staging in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biomed Res Int 2018; 2018: 8591387
• 12 Oyama T, Inoue H, Arima M. et al. Prediction of the invasion depth of superficial squamous cell carcinoma based on microvessel morphology: magnifying endoscopic classification of the Japan Esophageal Society. Esophagus 2017; 14: 105-112
• 13 Fujiyoshi T, Tajika M, Tanaka T. et al. Comparative evaluation of new and conventional classifications of magnifying endoscopy with narrow band imaging for invasion depth of superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Dis Esophagus 2017; 30: 1-8
• 14 Katada C, Tanabe S, Wada T. et al. Retrospective assessment of the diagnostic accuracy of the depth of invasion by narrow band imaging magnifying endoscopy in patients with superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Gastrointest Cancer 2019; 50: 292-297
• 15 Ueda T, Dohi O, Naito Y. et al. Diagnostic performance of magnifying blue laser imaging versus magnifying narrow-band imaging for identifying the depth of invasion of superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Dis Esophagus 2020;
• 16 Pech O, Gossner L, Manner H. et al. Prospective evaluation of the macroscopic types and location of early Barrett’s neoplasia in 380 lesions. Endoscopy 2007; 39: 588-593
• 17 Thomas T, Gilbert D, Kaye PV. et al. High-resolution endoscopy and endoscopic ultrasound for evaluation of early neoplasia in Barrett’s esophagus. Surg Endosc 2010; 24: 1110-1116
• 18 Kandiah K, Chedgy FJQ, Subramaniam S. et al. International development and validation of a classification system for the identification of Barrett’s neoplasia using acetic acid chromoendoscopy: the Portsmouth acetic acid classification (PREDICT). Gut 2018; 67: 2085-2091
• 19 Coletta M, Sami SS, Nachiappan A. et al. Acetic acid chromoendoscopy for the diagnosis of early neoplasia and specialized intestinal metaplasia in Barrett’s esophagus: a meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc 2016; 83: 57-67.e51
• 20 Sharma P, Bergman JJ, Goda K. et al. Development and validation of a classification system to identify high-grade dysplasia and esophageal adenocarcinoma in Barrett’s esophagus using narrow-band imaging. Gastroenterology 2016; 150: 591-598
• 21 Nogales O, Caballero-Marcos A, Clemente-Sanchez A. et al. Usefulness of non-magnifying narrow band imaging in EVIS EXERA III video systems and high-definition endoscopes to diagnose dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus using the Barrett International NBI Group (BING) classification. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62: 2840-2846
• 22 Muto M, Yao K, Kaise M. et al. Magnifying endoscopy simple diagnostic algorithm for early gastric cancer (MESDA-G). Dig Endosc 2016; 28: 379-393
• 23 Uchita K, Yao K, Uedo N. et al. Highest power magnification with narrow-band imaging is useful for improving diagnostic performance for endoscopic delineation of early gastric cancers. BMC Gastroenterol 2015; 15: 155
• 24 Makazu M, Hirasawa K, Sato C. et al. Histological verification of the usefulness of magnifying endoscopy with narrow-band imaging for horizontal margin diagnosis of differentiated-type early gastric cancers. Gastric Cancer 2018; 21: 258-266
• 25 Horii Y, Dohi O, Naito Y. et al. Efficacy of magnifying narrow band imaging for delineating horizontal margins of early gastric cancer. Digestion 2019; 100: 93-99
• 26 Nakayoshi T, Tajiri H, Matsuda K. et al. Magnifying endoscopy combined with narrow band imaging system for early gastric cancer: correlation of vascular pattern with histopathology (including video). Endoscopy 2004; 36: 1080-1084
• 27 Ok KS, Kim GH, Park doY. et al. Magnifying endoscopy with narrow band imaging of early gastric cancer: Correlation with histopathology and mucin phenotype. Gut Liver 2016; 10: 532-541
• 28 Yagi K, Saka A, Nozawa Y. et al. Prediction of submucosal gastric cancer by narrow-band imaging magnifying endoscopy. Dig Liver Dis 2014; 46: 187-190
• 29 Kikuchi D, Iizuka T, Hoteya S. et al. Usefulness of magnifying endoscopy with narrow-band imaging for determining tumor invasion depth in early gastric cancer. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2013; 2013: 217695
• 30 Kobara H, Mori H, Fujihara S. et al. Prediction of invasion depth for submucosal differentiated gastric cancer by magnifying endoscopy with narrow-band imaging. Oncol Rep 2012; 28: 841-847
• 31 Kakushima N, Yoshida M, Yamaguchi Y. et al. Magnified endoscopy with narrow-band imaging for the differential diagnosis of superficial non-ampullary duodenal epithelial tumors. Scand J Gastroenterol 2019; 54: 128-134
• 32 Takahashi T, Ando T, Kabeshima Y. et al. Borderline cases between benignancy and malignancy of the duodenum diagnosed successfully by endoscopic submucosal dissection. Scand J Gastroenterol 2009; 44: 1377-1383
• 33 Kobayashi K, Tanaka S, Murakami Y. et al. Predictors of invasive cancer of large laterally spreading colorectal tumors: A multicenter study in Japan. JGH Open 2020; 4: 83-89
• 34 Bogie RMM, Veldman MHJ, Snijders L. et al. Endoscopic subtypes of colorectal laterally spreading tumors (LSTs) and the risk of submucosal invasion: a meta-analysis. Endoscopy 2018; 50: 263-282
• 35 Tanaka S, Kashida H, Saito Y. et al. Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society guidelines for colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection/endoscopic mucosal resection. Dig Endosc 2020; 32: 219-239
• 36 Hayashi N, Tanaka S, Hewett DG. et al. Endoscopic prediction of deep submucosal invasive carcinoma: validation of the narrow-band imaging international colorectal endoscopic (NICE) classification. Gastrointest Endosc 2013; 78: 625-632
• 37 Sumimoto K, Tanaka S, Shigita K. et al. Clinical impact and characteristics of the narrow-band imaging magnifying endoscopic classification of colorectal tumors proposed by the Japan NBI Expert Team. Gastrointest Endosc 2017; 85: 816-821
• 38 Vosko S, Shahidi N, Sidhu M. et al. Optical evaluation for predicting cancer in large nonpedunculated colorectal polyps is accurate for flat lesions. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021;
• 39 Burgess NG, Hourigan LF, Zanati SA. et al. Risk stratification for covert invasive cancer among patients referred for colonic endoscopic mucosal resection: A large multicenter cohort. Gastroenterology 2017; 153: 732-742 e731
• 40 Bisschops R, East JE, Hassan C. et al. Advanced imaging for detection and differentiation of colorectal neoplasia: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline – Update 2019. Endoscopy 2019; 51: 1155-1179
• 41 Luo LN, He LJ, Gao XY. et al. Endoscopic ultrasound for preoperative esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: A meta-analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11: e0158373
• 42 Choi J, Chung H, Lee A. et al. Role of endoscopic ultrasound in selecting superficial esophageal cancers for endoscopic resection. Ann Thorac Surg 2020; 111: 1689-1695
• 43 Tao Z, Yan C, Zhao H. et al. Comparison of endoscopic ultrasonography and magnifying endoscopy for assessment of the invasion depth of shallow gastrointestinal neoplasms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg Endosc 2017; 31: 4923-4933
• 44 Mizumoto T, Hiyama T, Oka S. et al. Diagnosis of superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma invasion depth before endoscopic submucosal dissection. Dis Esophagus 2018; 31
• 45 Guo J, Wang Z, Qin J. et al. A prospective analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of 3 T MRI, CT and endoscopic ultrasound for preoperative T staging of potentially resectable esophageal cancer. Cancer Imaging 2020; 20: 64
• 46 Qu J, Zhang H, Wang Z. et al. Comparison between free-breathing radial VIBE on 3-T MRI and endoscopic ultrasound for preoperative T staging of resectable oesophageal cancer, with histopathological correlation. Eur Radiol 2018; 28: 780-787
• 47 Nakajima M, Muroi H, Yokoyama H. et al. (18)-F-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography can be used to determine the indication for endoscopic resection of superficial esophageal cancer. Cancer Med 2018; 7: 3604-3610
• 48 Toriyama K, Tajika M, Tanaka T. et al. Clinical relevance of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography and magnifying endoscopy with narrow band imaging in decision-making regarding the treatment strategy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25: 6767-6780
• 49 Ishihara R, Goda K, Oyama T. Endoscopic diagnosis and treatment of esophageal adenocarcinoma: Introduction of Japan Esophageal Society classification of Barrett’s esophagus. J Gastroenterol 2019; 54: 1-9
• 50 Bulsiewicz WJ, Dellon ES, Rogers AJ. et al. The impact of endoscopic ultrasound findings on clinical decision making in Barrett’s esophagus with high-grade dysplasia or early esophageal adenocarcinoma. Dis Esophagus 2014; 27: 409-417
• 51 Thota PN, Sada A, Sanaka MR. et al. Correlation between endoscopic forceps biopsies and endoscopic mucosal resection with endoscopic ultrasound in patients with Barrett’s esophagus with high-grade dysplasia and early cancer. Surg Endosc 2017; 31: 1336-1341
• 52 Fairweather M, Jajoo K, Sainani N. et al. Accuracy of EUS and CT imaging in preoperative gastric cancer staging. J Surg Oncol 2015; 111: 1016-1020
• 53 Chung HW, Kim JH, Sung IK. et al. FDG PET/CT to predict the curability of endoscopic resection for early gastric cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2019; 145: 759-764
• 54 Shi D, Xi XX. Factors affecting the accuracy of endoscopic ultrasonography in the diagnosis of early gastric cancer invasion depth: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2019; 2019: 8241381
• 55 Lee JY, Choi IJ, Kim CG. et al. Therapeutic decision-making using endoscopic ultrasonography in endoscopic treatment of early gastric cancer. Gut Liver 2016; 10: 42-50
• 56 Kuroki K, Oka S, Tanaka S. et al. Clinical significance of endoscopic ultrasonography in diagnosing invasion depth of early gastric cancer prior to endoscopic submucosal dissection. Gastric Cancer 2020;
• 57 Kim EH, Park JC, Song IJ. et al. Prediction model for non-curative resection of endoscopic submucosal dissection in patients with early gastric cancer. Gastrointest Endosc 2017; 85: 976-983
• 58 Libanio D, Dinis-Ribeiro M, Pimentel-Nunes P. et al. Predicting outcomes of gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection using a Bayesian approach: a step for individualized risk assessment. Endosc Int Open 2017; 5: E563-E572
• 59 Ma X, Zhang Q, Zhu S. et al. Risk factors and prediction model for non-curative resection of early gastric cancer with endoscopic resection and the evaluation. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8: 637875
• 60 Yamada T, Shimura T, Ebi M. et al. Subset analysis of a multicenter, randomized controlled trial to compare magnifying chromoendoscopy with endoscopic ultrasonography for stage diagnosis of early stage colorectal cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0134942
• 61 Chan BPH, Patel R, Mbuagbaw L. et al. EUS versus magnetic resonance imaging in staging rectal adenocarcinoma: a diagnostic test accuracy meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc 2019; 90: 196-203.e191
• 62 Gao Y, Li J, Ma X. et al. The value of four imaging modalities in diagnosing lymph node involvement in rectal cancer: an overview and adjusted indirect comparison. Clin Exp Med 2019; 19: 225-234
• 63 Li XT, Sun YS, Tang L. et al. Evaluating local lymph node metastasis with magnetic resonance imaging, endoluminal ultrasound and computed tomography in rectal cancer: a meta-analysis. Colorectal Dis 2015; 17: O129-135
• 64 Li XT, Zhang XY, Sun YS. et al. Evaluating rectal tumor staging with magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and endoluminal ultrasound: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95: e5333
• 65 Nagami Y, Ominami M, Shiba M. et al. The five-year survival rate after endoscopic submucosal dissection for superficial esophageal squamous cell neoplasia. Dig Liver Dis 2017; 49: 427-433
• 66 Nishizawa T, Suzuki H. Long-term outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection for superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12
• 67 Oda I, Shimizu Y, Yoshio T. et al. Long-term outcome of endoscopic resection for intramucosal esophageal squamous cell cancer: a secondary analysis of the Japan Esophageal Cohort study. Endoscopy 2020; 52: 967-975
• 68 Ishihara R, Arima M, Iizuka T. et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection/endoscopic mucosal resection guidelines for esophageal cancer. Dig Endosc 2020; 32: 452-493
• 69 Matsueda K, Matsuura N, Kanesaka T. et al. Validity of endoscopic resection for clinically diagnosed T1a-MM/T1b-SM1 N0 M0 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Esophagus 2021;
• 70 Probst A, Aust D, Markl B. et al. Early esophageal cancer in Europe: endoscopic treatment by endoscopic submucosal dissection. Endoscopy 2015; 47: 113-121
• 71 Berger A, Rahmi G, Perrod G. et al. Long-term follow-up after endoscopic resection for superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a multicenter Western study. Endoscopy 2019; 51: 298-306
• 72 Cao Y, Liao C, Tan A. et al. Meta-analysis of endoscopic submucosal dissection versus endoscopic mucosal resection for tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. Endoscopy 2009; 41: 751-757
• 73 Guo HM, Zhang XQ, Chen M. et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection vs endoscopic mucosal resection for superficial esophageal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20: 5540-5547
• 74 Zhang Y, Ding H, Chen T. et al. Outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection vs esophagectomy for T1 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in a real-world cohort. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 17: 73-81.e73
• 75 Min YW, Lee H, Song BG. et al. Comparison of endoscopic submucosal dissection and surgery for superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a propensity score-matched analysis. Gastrointest Endosc 2018; 88: 624-633
• 76 An W, Liu MY, Zhang J. et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection versus esophagectomy for early esophageal squamous cell carcinoma with tumor invasion to different depths. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10: 2977-2992
• 77 Yeh JH, Huang RY, Lee CT. et al. Long-term outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection and comparison to surgery for superficial esophageal squamous cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2020; 13: 1756284820964316
• 78 Kato H, Sato A, Fukuda H. et al. A phase II trial of chemoradiotherapy for stage I esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study (JCOG9708). Jpn J Clin Oncol 2009; 39: 638-643
• 79 Murakami Y, Takahashi I, Nishibuchi I. et al. Long-term results of definitive concurrent chemoradiotherapy for patients with esophageal submucosal cancer (T1bN0M0). Int J Clin Oncol 2015; 20: 897-904
• 80 Nakajo K, Yoda Y, Hori K. et al. Technical feasibility of endoscopic submucosal dissection for local failure after chemoradiotherapy or radiotherapy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Gastrointest Endosc 2018; 88: 637-646
• 81 Abe S, Ishihara R, Takahashi H. et al. Long-term outcomes of endoscopic resection and metachronous cancer after endoscopic resection for adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction in Japan. Gastrointest Endosc 2019; 89: 1120-1128
• 82 Phoa KN, Pouw RE, Bisschops R. et al. Multimodality endoscopic eradication for neoplastic Barrett oesophagus: results of an European multicentre study (EURO-II). Gut 2016; 65: 555-562
• 83 Yang D, Zou F, Xiong S. et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection for early Barrett’s neoplasia: a meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc 2018; 87: 1383-1393
• 84 Han C, Sun Y. Efficacy and safety of endoscopic submucosal dissection versus endoscopic mucosal resection for superficial esophageal carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dis Esophagus 2020;
• 85 Codipilly DC, Dhaliwal L, Oberoi M. et al. Comparative outcomes of cap assisted endoscopic resection and endoscopic submucosal dissection in dysplastic Barrett’s esophagus. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020;
• 86 Subramaniam S, Kandiah K, Chedgy F. et al. The safety and efficacy of radiofrequency ablation following endoscopic submucosal dissection for Barrett’s neoplasia. Dis Esophagus 2018; 31
• 87 Terheggen G, Horn EM, Vieth M. et al. A randomised trial of endoscopic submucosal dissection versus endoscopic mucosal resection for early Barrett’s neoplasia. Gut 2017; 66: 783-793
• 88 Coman RM, Gotoda T, Forsmark CE. et al. Prospective evaluation of the clinical utility of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) in patients with Barrett’s esophagus: a Western center experience. Endosc Int Open 2016; 4: E715-721
• 89 Subramaniam S, Chedgy F, Longcroft-Wheaton G. et al. Complex early Barrett’s neoplasia at 3 Western centers: European Barrett’s Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection Trial (E-BEST). Gastrointest Endosc 2017; 86: 608-618
• 90 Yang D, Coman RM, Kahaleh M. et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection for Barrett’s early neoplasia: a multicenter study in the United States. Gastrointest Endosc 2017; 86: 600-607
• 91 Chevaux JB, Piessevaux H, Jouret-Mourin A. et al. Clinical outcome in patients treated with endoscopic submucosal dissection for superficial Barrett’s neoplasia. Endoscopy 2015; 47: 103-112
• 92 Barret M, Cao DT, Beuvon F. et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection for early Barrett’s neoplasia. United European Gastroenterol J 2016; 4: 207-215
• 93 Prasad GA, Wu TT, Wigle DA. et al. Endoscopic and surgical treatment of mucosal (T1a) esophageal adenocarcinoma in Barrett’s esophagus. Gastroenterology 2009; 137: 815-823
• 94 Pech O, Bollschweiler E, Manner H. et al. Comparison between endoscopic and surgical resection of mucosal esophageal adenocarcinoma in Barrett’s esophagus at two high-volume centers. Ann Surg 2011; 254: 67-72
• 95 Das A, Singh V, Fleischer DE. et al. A comparison of endoscopic treatment and surgery in early esophageal cancer: an analysis of surveillance epidemiology and end results data. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103: 1340-1345
• 96 Marino KA, Sullivan JL, Weksler B. Esophagectomy versus endoscopic resection for patients with early-stage esophageal adenocarcinoma: A National Cancer Database propensity-matched study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2018; 155: 2211-2218.e1
• 97 Raman V, Jawitz OK, Voigt SL. et al. The effect of age on survival after endoscopic resection versus surgery for T1a esophageal cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2020; 160: 295-302.e293
• 98 Smith I, Kahaleh M. Endoscopic versus surgical therapy for Barrett’s esophagus neoplasia. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 9: 31-35
• 99 Reddy CA, Tavakkoli A, Chen VL. et al. Long-term quality of life following endoscopic therapy compared to esophagectomy for neoplastic Barrett’s esophagus. Dig Dis Sci 2020;
• 100 Tao M, Zhou X, Hu M. et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection versus endoscopic mucosal resection for patients with early gastric cancer: a meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2019; 9: e025803
• 101 Zhao Y, Wang C. Long-term clinical efficacy and perioperative safety of endoscopic submucosal dissection versus endoscopic mucosal resection for early gastric cancer: an updated meta-analysis. Biomed Res Int 2018; 2018: 3152346
• 102 Suzuki H, Takizawa K, Hirasawa T. et al. Short-term outcomes of multicenter prospective cohort study of gastric endoscopic resection: “Real-world evidence” in Japan. Dig Endosc 2019; 31: 30-39
• 103 Tanabe S, Ishido K, Matsumoto T. et al. Long-term outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer: a multicenter collaborative study. Gastric Cancer 2017; 20: 45-52
• 104 Gotoda T, Iwasaki M, Kusano C. et al. Endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer treated by guideline and expanded National Cancer Centre criteria. Br J Surg 2010; 97: 868-871
• 105 Abdelfatah MM, Barakat M, Ahmad D. et al. Long-term outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection versus surgery in early gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 31: 418-424
• 106 Liu Q, Ding L, Qiu X. et al. Updated evaluation of endoscopic submucosal dissection versus surgery for early gastric cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Surg 2020; 73: 28-41
• 107 Gu L, Khadaroo PA, Chen L. et al. Comparison of long-term outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection and surgery for early gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastrointest Surg 2019; 23: 1493-1501
• 108 Li H, Feng LQ, Bian YY. et al. Comparison of endoscopic submucosal dissection with surgical gastrectomy for early gastric cancer: An updated meta-analysis. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2019; 11: 161-171
• 109 Libânio D, Braga V, Ferraz S. et al. Prospective comparative study of endoscopic submucosal dissection and gastrectomy for early neoplastic lesions including patients' perspectives. Endoscopy 2019; 51: 30-39
• 110 Najmeh S, Cools-Lartigue J, Mueller C. et al. Comparing laparoscopic to endoscopic resections for early gastric cancer in a high volume North American center. J Gastrointest Surg 2016; 20: 1547-1553
• 111 Kim YI, Kim YA, Kim CG. et al. Serial intermediate-term quality of life comparison after endoscopic submucosal dissection versus surgery in early gastric cancer patients. Surg Endosc 2018; 32: 2114-2122
• 112 Kim SG, Ji SM, Lee NR. et al. Quality of life after endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer: a prospective multicenter cohort study. Gut Liver 2017; 11: 87-92
• 113 Choi JH, Kim ES, Lee YJ. et al. Comparison of quality of life and worry of cancer recurrence between endoscopic and surgical treatment for early gastric cancer. Gastrointest Endosc 2015; 82: 299-307
• 114 Perez-Cuadrado-Robles E, Queneherve L, Margos W. et al. Comparative analysis of ESD versus EMR in a large European series of non-ampullary superficial duodenal tumors. Endosc Int Open 2018; 6: E1008-E1014
• 115 Zou J, Chai N, Linghu E. et al. Clinical outcomes of endoscopic resection for non-ampullary duodenal laterally spreading tumors. Surg Endosc 2019; 33: 4048-4056
• 116 Perez-Cuadrado-Robles E, Queneherve L, Margos W. et al. ESD versus EMR in non-ampullary superficial duodenal tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endosc Int Open 2018; 6: E998-E1007
• 117 Hoteya S, Yahagi N, Iizuka T. et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection for nonampullary large superficial adenocarcinoma/adenoma of the duodenum: feasibility and long-term outcomes. Endosc Int Open 2013; 1: 2-7
• 118 Yahagi N, Kato M, Ochiai Y. et al. Outcomes of endoscopic resection for superficial duodenal epithelial neoplasia. Gastrointest Endosc 2018; 88: 676-682
• 119 Nonaka S, Oda I, Tada K. et al. Clinical outcome of endoscopic resection for nonampullary duodenal tumors. Endoscopy 2015; 47: 129-135
• 120 Inoue T, Uedo N, Yamashina T. et al. Delayed perforation: a hazardous complication of endoscopic resection for non-ampullary duodenal neoplasm. Dig Endosc 2014; 26: 220-227
• 121 Basford PJ, George R, Nixon E. et al. Endoscopic resection of sporadic duodenal adenomas: comparison of endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) with hybrid endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) techniques and the risks of late delayed bleeding. Surg Endosc 2014; 28: 1594-1600
• 122 Hara Y, Goda K, Dobashi A. et al. Short- and long-term outcomes of endoscopically treated superficial non-ampullary duodenal epithelial tumors. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25: 707-718
• 123 Klein A, Nayyar D, Bahin FF. et al. Endoscopic mucosal resection of large and giant lateral spreading lesions of the duodenum: success, adverse events, and long-term outcomes. Gastrointest Endosc 2016; 84: 688-696
• 124 Klein A, Ahlenstiel G, Tate DJ. et al. Endoscopic resection of large duodenal and papillary lateral spreading lesions is clinically and economically advantageous compared with surgery. Endoscopy 2017; 49: 659-667
• 125 Lupu A, Faller J, Oung B. et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection using countertraction with clips and rubber band allows safe en bloc resection of recurrent duodenal superficial lesions with intense fibrosis. Endoscopy 2020; 52: E398-E399
• 126 Niimi K, Fujishiro M, Kodashima S. et al. Long-term outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection for colorectal epithelial neoplasms. Endoscopy 2010; 42: 723-729
• 127 Saito Y, Yamada M, So E. et al. Colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection: Technical advantages compared to endoscopic mucosal resection and minimally invasive surgery. Dig Endosc 2014; 26 (Suppl. 01) 52-61
• 128 Russo P, Barbeiro S, Awadie H. et al. Management of colorectal laterally spreading tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endosc Int Open 2019; 7: E239-E259
• 129 Rahmi G, Hotayt B, Chaussade S. et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection for superficial rectal tumors: prospective evaluation in France. Endoscopy 2014; 46: 670-676
• 130 Ronnow CF, Uedo N, Toth E. et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection of 301 large colorectal neoplasias: Outcome and learning curve from a specialized center in Europe. Endosc Int Open 2018; 6: E1340-E1348
• 131 Fuccio L, Hassan C, Ponchon T. et al. Clinical outcomes after endoscopic submucosal dissection for colorectal neoplasia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc 2017; 86: 74-86.e17
• 132 De Ceglie A, Hassan C, Mangiavillano B. et al. Endoscopic mucosal resection and endoscopic submucosal dissection for colorectal lesions: A systematic review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 104: 138-155
• 133 Fujiya M, Tanaka K, Dokoshi T. et al. Efficacy and adverse events of EMR and endoscopic submucosal dissection for the treatment of colon neoplasms: a meta-analysis of studies comparing EMR and endoscopic submucosal dissection. Gastrointest Endosc 2015; 81: 583-595
• 134 Arezzo A, Passera R, Marchese N. et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of endoscopic submucosal dissection vs endoscopic mucosal resection for colorectal lesions. United European Gastroenterol J 2016; 4: 18-29
• 135 Klein A, Tate DJ, Jayasekeran V. et al. Thermal ablation of mucosal defect margins reduces adenoma recurrence after colonic endoscopic mucosal resection. Gastroenterology 2019; 156: 604-613 e603
• 136 Sidhu M, Shahidi N, Gupta S. et al. Outcomes of thermal ablation of the mucosal defect margin after endoscopic mucosal resection: A prospective, international, multicenter trial of 1000 large nonpedunculated colorectal polyps. Gastroenterology 2021; 161: 163-170 e163
• 137 Fuccio L, Repici A, Hassan C. et al. Why attempt en bloc resection of non-pedunculated colorectal adenomas? A systematic review of the prevalence of superficial submucosal invasive cancer after endoscopic submucosal dissection. Gut 2018; 67: 1464-1474
• 138 Bahin FF, Heitman SJ, Rasouli KN. et al. Wide-field endoscopic mucosal resection versus endoscopic submucosal dissection for laterally spreading colorectal lesions: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Gut 2018; 67: 1965-1973
• 139 Keswani RN, Law R, Ciolino JD. et al. Adverse events after surgery for nonmalignant colon polyps are common and associated with increased length of stay and costs. Gastrointest Endosc 2016; 84: 296-303.e291
• 140 Patel M, Haque M, Kohli D. et al. Endoscopic resection reduces morbidity when compared to surgery in veterans with large and complex colorectal polyps. Surg Endosc 2020;
• 141 Gamaleldin M, Benlice C, Delaney CP. et al. Management of the colorectal polyp referred for resection: A case-matched comparison of advanced endoscopic surgery and laparoscopic colectomy. Surgery 2018; 163: 522-527
• 142 Nakamura F, Saito Y, Haruyama S. et al. Short-term prospective questionnaire study of early postoperative quality of life after colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62: 3325-3335
• 143 Nam MJ, Sohn DK, Hong CW. et al. Cost comparison between endoscopic submucosal dissection and transanal endoscopic microsurgery for the treatment of rectal tumors. Ann Surg Treat Res 2015; 89: 202-207
• 144 Yamashita K, Oka S, Tanaka S. et al. Preceding endoscopic submucosal dissection for T1 colorectal carcinoma does not affect the prognosis of patients who underwent additional surgery: a large multicenter propensity score-matched analysis. J Gastroenterol 2019; 54: 897-906
• 145 Lowe D, Saleem S, Arif MO. et al. Role of endoscopic resection versus surgical resection in management of malignant colon polyps: A National Cancer Database analysis. J Gastrointest Surg 2020; 24: 177-187
• 146 Yeh JH, Tseng CH, Huang RY. et al. Long-term outcomes of primary endoscopic resection vs surgery for T1 colorectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 18: 2813-2823.e2815
• 147 Inoue T, Koyama F, Kuge H. et al. Short-term outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection versus laparoscopic surgery for colorectal neoplasms: An observational study. J Anus Rectum Colon 2018; 2: 97-102
• 148 Moon JY, Kim GH, Kim JH. et al. Clinicopathologic factors predicting lymph node metastasis in superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Scand J Gastroenterol 2014; 49: 589-594
• 149 Sgourakis G, Gockel I, Lang H. Endoscopic and surgical resection of T1a/T1b esophageal neoplasms: a systematic review. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19: 1424-1437
• 150 Xu W, Liu XB, Li SB. et al. Prediction of lymph node metastasis in superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dis Esophagus 2020;
• 151 Ye B, Zhang X, Su Y. et al. The possibility of endoscopic treatment of cN0 submucosal esophageal cancer: results from a surgical cohort. Surg Endosc 2020;
• 152 Zhang Y, Liu L, Wang Q. et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection with additional radiotherapy in the treatment of T1a esophageal squamous cell cancer: randomized controlled trial. Endoscopy 2020; 52: 1066-1074
• 153 Hisano O, Nonoshita T, Hirata H. et al. Additional radiotherapy following endoscopic submucosal dissection for T1a-MM/T1b-SM esophageal squamous cell carcinoma improves locoregional control. Radiat Oncol 2018; 13: 14
• 154 Ikeda A, Hoshi N, Yoshizaki T. et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) with additional therapy for superficial esophageal cancer with submucosal invasion. Intern Med 2015; 54: 2803-2813
• 155 Kawaguchi G, Sasamoto R, Abe E. et al. The effectiveness of endoscopic submucosal dissection followed by chemoradiotherapy for superficial esophageal cancer. Radiat Oncol 2015; 10: 31
• 156 Suzuki G, Yamazaki H, Aibe N. et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection followed by chemoradiotherapy for superficial esophageal cancer: Choice of new approach. Radiat Oncol 2018; 13: 246
• 157 Yoshimizu S, Yoshio T, Ishiyama A. et al. Long-term outcomes of combined endoscopic resection and chemoradiotherapy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma with submucosal invasion. Dig Liver Dis 2018; 50: 833-838
• 158 Minashi K, Nihei K, Mizusawa J. et al. Efficacy of endoscopic resection and selective chemoradiotherapy for stage I esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2019; 157: 382-390.e383
• 159 Kitagawa Y, Uno T, Oyama T. et al. Esophageal cancer practice guidelines 2017 edited by the Japan Esophageal Society: part 1. Esophagus 2019; 16: 1-24
• 160 Koterazawa Y, Nakamura T, Oshikiri T. et al. A comparison of the clinical outcomes of esophagectomy and chemoradiotherapy after noncurative endoscopic submucosal dissection for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Surg Today 2018; 48: 783-789
• 161 Tsou YK, Lee CH, Le PH. et al. Adjuvant therapy for pT1a-m3/pT1b esophageal squamous cell carcinoma after endoscopic resection: Esophagectomy or chemoradiotherapy?. A critical review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2020; 147: 102883
• 162 Hirasawa K, Kokawa A, Oka H. et al. Superficial adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction: long-term results of endoscopic submucosal dissection. Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 72: 960-966
• 163 Yoshinaga S, Gotoda T, Kusano C. et al. Clinical impact of endoscopic submucosal dissection for superficial adenocarcinoma located at the esophagogastric junction. Gastrointest Endosc 2008; 67: 202-209
• 164 Alvarez Herrero L, Pouw RE, van Vilsteren FG. et al. Risk of lymph node metastasis associated with deeper invasion by early adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and cardia: study based on endoscopic resection specimens. Endoscopy 2010; 42: 1030-1036
• 165 Manner H, May A, Pech O. et al. Early Barrett’s carcinoma with "low-risk" submucosal invasion: long-term results of endoscopic resection with a curative intent. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103: 2589-2597
• 166 Manner H, Pech O, Heldmann Y. et al. Efficacy, safety, and long-term results of endoscopic treatment for early stage adenocarcinoma of the esophagus with low-risk sm1 invasion. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; quiz e645 11: 630-635
• 167 Manner H, Pech O, Heldmann Y. et al. The frequency of lymph node metastasis in early-stage adenocarcinoma of the esophagus with incipient submucosal invasion (pT1b sm1) depending on histological risk patterns. Surg Endosc 2015; 29: 1888-1896
• 168 Manner H, Wetzka J, May A. et al. Early-stage adenocarcinoma of the esophagus with mid to deep submucosal invasion (pT1b sm2–3): the frequency of lymph-node metastasis depends on macroscopic and histological risk patterns. Dis Esophagus 2017; 30: 1-11
• 169 Benech N, O’Brien JM, Barret M. et al. Endoscopic resection of Barrett’s adenocarcinoma: Intramucosal and low-risk tumours are not associated with lymph node metastases. United European Gastroenterol J 2021; 9: 362-369
• 170 Larghi A, Lightdale CJ, Ross AS. et al. Long-term follow-up of complete Barrett’s eradication endoscopic mucosal resection (CBE-EMR) for the treatment of high grade dysplasia and intramucosal carcinoma. Endoscopy 2007; 39: 1086-1091
• 171 Fleischer DE, Overholt BF, Sharma VK. et al. Endoscopic radiofrequency ablation for Barrett’s esophagus: 5-year outcomes from a prospective multicenter trial. Endoscopy 2010; 42: 781-789
• 172 Peters FP, Kara MA, Rosmolen WD. et al. Endoscopic treatment of high-grade dysplasia and early stage cancer in Barrett’s esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc 2005; 61: 506-514
• 173 Sawas T, Alsawas M, Bazerbachi F. et al. Persistent intestinal metaplasia after endoscopic eradication therapy of neoplastic Barrett’s esophagus increases the risk of dysplasia recurrence: meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc 2019; 89: 913-925 e916
• 174 Gotoda T, Yanagisawa A, Sasako M. et al. Incidence of lymph node metastasis from early gastric cancer: estimation with a large number of cases at two large centers. Gastric Cancer 2000; 3: 219-225
• 175 Hirasawa T, Gotoda T, Miyata S. et al. Incidence of lymph node metastasis and the feasibility of endoscopic resection for undifferentiated-type early gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer 2009; 12: 148-152
• 176 Nakahara K, Tsuruta O, Tateishi H. et al. Extended indication criteria for endoscopic mucosal resection of early gastric cancer with special reference to lymph node metastasis--examination by multivariate analysis. Kurume Med J 2004; 51: 9-14
• 177 Abdelfatah MM, Barakat M, Othman MO. et al. The incidence of lymph node metastasis in submucosal early gastric cancer according to the expanded criteria: a systematic review. Surg Endosc 2019; 33: 26-32
• 178 Chu YN, Yu YN, Jing X. et al. Feasibility of endoscopic treatment and predictors of lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25: 5344-5355
• 179 Lee SH, Choi CW, Kim SJ. et al. Risk factors for lymph node metastasis in mucosal gastric cancer and re-evaluation of endoscopic submucosal dissection. Ann Surg Treat Res 2016; 91: 118-126
• 180 Choi KK, Bae JM, Kim SM. et al. The risk of lymph node metastases in 3951 surgically resected mucosal gastric cancers: implications for endoscopic resection. Gastrointest Endosc 2016; 83: 896-901
• 181 Ma DW, Lee SJ, Kook MC. et al. The suggestion of revised criteria for endoscopic resection of differentiated-type submucosal gastric cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2020; 27: 795-801
• 182 Choi JY, Park YS, Jung HY. et al. Identifying predictors of lymph node metastasis after endoscopic resection in patients with minute submucosal cancer of the stomach. Surg Endosc 2015; 29: 1476-1483
• 183 Kim TS, Min BH, Kim KM. et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection for papillary adenocarcinoma of the stomach: low curative resection rate but favorable long-term outcomes after curative resection. Gastric Cancer 2019; 22: 363-368
• 184 Lee HJ, Kim GH, Park DY. et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection for papillary adenocarcinoma of the stomach: is it really safe?. Gastric Cancer 2017; 20: 978-986
• 185 Chen JN, Wang QW, Zhang QW. et al. Poorly differentiated is more significant than signet ring cell component for lymph node metastasis in mixed-type early gastric cancer: a retrospective study from a large-volume hospital. Surg Endosc 2020;
• 186 Seo HS, Lee GE, Kang MG. et al. Mixed histology is a risk factor for lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer. J Surg Res 2019; 236: 271-277
• 187 Lee IS, Lee S, Park YS. et al. Applicability of endoscopic submucosal dissection for undifferentiated early gastric cancer: Mixed histology of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma and signet ring cell carcinoma is a worse predictive factor of nodal metastasis. Surg Oncol 2017; 26: 8-12
• 188 Lee JH, Choi IJ, Han HS. et al. Risk of lymph node metastasis in differentiated type mucosal early gastric cancer mixed with minor undifferentiated type histology. Ann Surg Oncol 2015; 22: 1813-1819
• 189 Takizawa K, Ono H, Yamamoto Y. et al. Incidence of lymph node metastasis in intramucosal gastric cancer measuring 30 mm or less, with ulceration; mixed, predominantly differentiated-type histology; and no lymphovascular invasion: a multicenter retrospective study. Gastric Cancer 2016; 19: 1144-1148
• 190 Takizawa K, Hatta W, Gotoda T. et al. Recurrence patterns and outcomes of salvage surgery in cases of non-curative endoscopic submucosal dissection without additional radical surgery for early gastric cancer. Digestion 2019; 99: 52-58
• 191 Yamada S, Hatta W, Shimosegawa T. et al. Different risk factors between early and late cancer recurrences in patients without additional surgery after noncurative endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer. Gastrointest Endosc 2019; 89: 950-960
• 192 Libanio D, Pimentel-Nunes P, Afonso LP. et al. Long-term outcomes of gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection: Focus on metachronous and non-curative resection management. GE Port J Gastroenterol 2017; 24: 31-39
• 193 Hatta W, Gotoda T, Oyama T. et al. A scoring system to stratify curability after endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer: "eCura system". Am J Gastroenterol 2017; 112: 874-881
• 194 Hatta W, Gotoda T, Oyama T. et al. Is the eCura system useful for selecting patients who require radical surgery after noncurative endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer? A comparative study. Gastric Cancer 2018; 21: 481-489
• 195 Figueiredo PC, Pimentel-Nunes P, Libanio D. et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis on outcomes after Rx or R1 endoscopic resection of superficial gastric cancer. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 27: 1249-1258
• 196 Jeon MY, Park JC, Hahn KY. et al. Long-term outcomes after noncurative endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer: the optimal time for additional endoscopic treatment. Gastrointest Endosc 2018; 87: 1003-1013.e1002
• 197 Japanese Gastric Cancer Association. Japanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines 2018 (5th edition). Gastric Cancer 2020;
• 198 Hirashita T, Ohta M, Tada K. et al. Prognostic factors of non-ampullary duodenal adenocarcinoma. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2018; 48: 743-747
• 199 Goda K, Kikuchi D, Yamamoto Y. et al. Endoscopic diagnosis of superficial non-ampullary duodenal epithelial tumors in Japan: Multicenter case series. Dig Endosc 2014; 26 (Suppl. 02) 23-29
• 200 Kuroki K, Sanomura Y, Oka S. et al. Clinical outcomes of endoscopic resection for superficial non-ampullary duodenal tumors. Endosc Int Open 2020; 8: E354-E359
• 201 Probst A, Freund S, Neuhaus L. et al. Complication risk despite preventive endoscopic measures in patients undergoing endoscopic mucosal resection of large duodenal adenomas. Endoscopy 2020; 52: 847-855
• 202 Choi JY, Jung SA, Shim KN. et al. Meta-analysis of predictive clinicopathologic factors for lymph node metastasis in patients with early colorectal carcinoma. J Korean Med Sci 2015; 30: 398-406
• 203 Bosch SL, Teerenstra S, de Wilt JH. et al. Predicting lymph node metastasis in pT1 colorectal cancer: a systematic review of risk factors providing rationale for therapy decisions. Endoscopy 2013; 45: 827-834
• 204 Ronnow CF, Arthursson V, Toth E. et al. Lymphovascular infiltration, not depth of invasion, is the critical risk factor of metastases in early colorectal cancer: retrospective population-based cohort study on prospectively collected data, including validation. Ann Surg 2020;
• 205 Kawachi H, Eishi Y, Ueno H. et al. A three-tier classification system based on the depth of submucosal invasion and budding/sprouting can improve the treatment strategy for T1 colorectal cancer: a retrospective multicenter study. Mod Pathol 2015; 28: 872-879
• 206 Han J, Hur H, Min BS. et al. Predictive factors for lymph node metastasis in submucosal invasive colorectal carcinoma: a new proposal of depth of invasion for radical surgery. World J Surg 2018; 42: 2635-2641
• 207 Ebbehoj AL, Jorgensen LN, Krarup PM. et al. Histopathological risk factors for lymph node metastases in T1 colorectal cancer: meta-analysis. Br J Surg 2021;
• 208 Cubiella J, Gonzalez A, Almazan R. et al. pT1 Colorectal cancer detected in a colorectal cancer mass screening program: treatment and factors associated with residual and extraluminal disease. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12
• 209 Boenicke L, Fein M, Sailer M. et al. The concurrence of histologically positive resection margins and sessile morphology is an important risk factor for lymph node metastasis after complete endoscopic removal of malignant colorectal polyps. Int J Colorectal Dis 2010; 25: 433-438
• 210 Kim JY, Han SJ, Jung Y. et al. The relationship between local recurrence and positive lateral margin after en bloc resection of colorectal neoplasm. Scand J Gastroenterol 2018; 53: 1541-1546
• 211 Makazu M, Sakamoto T, So E. et al. Relationship between indeterminate or positive lateral margin and local recurrence after endoscopic resection of colorectal polyps. Endosc Int Open 2015; 3: E252-257
• 212 Yamada M, Saito Y, Takamaru H. et al. Long-term clinical outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection for colorectal neoplasms in 423 cases: a retrospective study. Endoscopy 2017; 49: 233-242
• 213 Backes Y, de Vos Tot Nederveen Cappel WH, van Bergeijk J. et al. Risk for incomplete resection after macroscopic radical endoscopic resection of T1 colorectal cancer: A multicenter cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol 2017; 112: 785-796
• 214 Chen K, Cao G, Chen B. et al. Laparoscopic versus open surgery for rectal cancer: A meta-analysis of classic randomized controlled trials and high-quality nonrandomized Studies in the last 5 years. Int J Surg 2017; 39: 1-10
• 215 Wu Q, Wei M, Ye Z. et al. Laparoscopic colectomy versus open colectomy for treatment of transverse colon cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2017; 27: 1038-1050
• 216 Jeong JU, Nam TK, Kim HR. et al. Adjuvant chemoradiotherapy instead of revision radical resection after local excision for high-risk early rectal cancer. Radiat Oncol 2016; 11: 114
• 217 Sasaki T, Ito Y, Ohue M. et al. Postoperative chemoradiotherapy after local resection for high-risk T1 to T2 low rectal cancer: Results of a single-arm, multi-institutional, phase II clinical trial. Dis Colon Rectum 2017; 60: 914-921
• 218 Barbeiro S, Libanio D, Castro R. et al. Narrow-band imaging: Clinical application in gastrointestinal endoscopy. GE Port J Gastroenterol 2018; 26: 40-53
• 219 Kim GH, Min YW, Lee H. et al. Risk factors of metachronous recurrence after endoscopic submucosal dissection for superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2020; 15: e0238113
• 220 Sawada G, Niida A, Uchi R. et al. Genomic landscape of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in a Japanese population. Gastroenterology 2016; 150: 1171-1182
• 221 Uno K, Koike T, Kusaka G. et al. Risk of metachronous recurrence after endoscopic submucosal dissection of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Dis Esophagus 2017; 30: 1-8
• 222 Urabe Y, Kagemoto K, Nakamura K. et al. Construction of a risk model for the development of metachronous squamous cell carcinoma after endoscopic resection of esopahageal squamous cell carcinoma. Esophagus 2019; 16: 141-146
• 223 Fukuda H, Ishihara R, Shimamoto Y. et al. Effect of horizontal margin status and risk of local recurrence after endoscopic submucosal dissection for superficial esophageal cancer. JGH Open 2020; 4: 160-165
• 224 Cotton CC, Haidry R, Thrift AP. et al. Development of evidence-based surveillance intervals after radiofrequency ablation of Barrett’s esophagus. Gastroenterology 2018; 155: 316-326.e316
• 225 Brito-Goncalves G, Libanio D, Marcos P. et al. Clinicopathologic characteristics of patients with gastric superficial neoplasia and risk factors for multiple lesions after endoscopic submucosal dissection in a Western country. GE Port J Gastroenterol 2020; 27: 76-89
• 226 Okada K, Suzuki S, Naito S. et al. Incidence of metachronous gastric cancer in patients whose primary gastric neoplasms were discovered after Helicobacter pylori eradication. Gastrointest Endosc 2019; 89: 1152-1159.e1151
• 227 Park WY, Lee SJ, Kim YK. et al. Occurrence of metachronous or synchronous lesions after endoscopic treatment of gastric epithelia dysplasia- impact of histologic features of background mucosa. Pathol Res Pract 2018; 214: 95-99
• 228 Yang HJ, Kim SG, Lim JH. et al. Novel risk stratification for metachronous recurrence after curative endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer. Gastrointest Endosc 2018; 87: 419-428.e413
• 229 Yang HJ, Kim SG, Lim JH. et al. Surveillance strategy according to age after endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer. Surg Endosc 2018; 32: 846-854
• 230 Moon HS, Yun GY, Kim JS. et al. Risk factors for metachronous gastric carcinoma development after endoscopic resection of gastric dysplasia: Retrospective, single-center study. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23: 4407-4415
• 231 Abe S, Oda I, Suzuki H. et al. Long-term surveillance and treatment outcomes of metachronous gastric cancer occurring after curative endoscopic submucosal dissection. Endoscopy 2015; 47: 1113-1118
• 232 Pimentel-Nunes P, Libanio D, Marcos-Pinto R. et al. Management of epithelial precancerous conditions and lesions in the stomach (MAPS II): European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE), European Helicobacter and Microbiota Study Group (EHMSG), European Society of Pathology (ESP), and Sociedade Portuguesa de Endoscopia Digestiva (SPED) guideline update 2019. Endoscopy 2019; 51: 365-388
• 233 Hahn KY, Park JC, Kim EH. et al. Incidence and impact of scheduled endoscopic surveillance on recurrence after curative endoscopic resection for early gastric cancer. Gastrointest Endosc 2016; 84: 628-638.e621
• 234 Oka S, Tanaka S, Saito Y. et al. Local recurrence after endoscopic resection for large colorectal neoplasia: a multicenter prospective study in Japan. Am J Gastroenterol 2015; 110: 697-707
• 235 Yoshii S, Nojima M, Nosho K. et al. Factors associated with risk for colorectal cancer recurrence after endoscopic resection of T1 tumors. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 12: 292-302.e293
• 236 Green RJ, Metlay JP, Propert K. et al. Surveillance for second primary colorectal cancer after adjuvant chemotherapy: an analysis of Intergroup 0089. Ann Intern Med 2002; 136: 261-269
• 237 Hassan C, Pickhardt PJ, Zullo A. et al. Cost-effectiveness of early colonoscopy surveillance after cancer resection. Dig Liver Dis 2009; 41: 881-885
• 238 Hassan C, Antonelli G, Dumonceau JM. et al. Post-polypectomy colonoscopy surveillance: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline – Update 2020. Endoscopy 2020; 52: 687-700
• 239 Benson AB, Venook AP, Al-Hawary MM. et al. NCCN guidelines insights: Colon Cancer, version 2, 2018. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2018; 16: 359-369
• 240 Shaukat A, Kaltenbach T, Dominitz JA. et al. Endoscopic recognition and management strategies for malignant colorectal polyps: Recommendations of the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer. Am J Gastroenterol 2020; 115: 1751-1767
• 241 Butte JM, Tang P, Gonen M. et al. Rate of residual disease after complete endoscopic resection of malignant colonic polyp. Dis Colon Rectum 2012; 55: 122-127