Update Biometrie und Linsenberechnung – ein Review zu Grundlagen und neuen Entwicklungen

Jascha Wendelstein; Thomas Kohnen; Marina Casazza; Michael Heath; Kamran M. Riaz; David L. Cooke; Peter Hoffmann; Achim Langenbucher

doi:10.1055/a-1896-0738

Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde, Table of Contents

Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2022; 239(08): 960-970
DOI: 10.1055/a-1896-0738

Übersicht

Update on Biometry and Lens Calculation – A Review of the Basic Principles and New Developments

Article in several languages: deutsch | English

Jascha Wendelstein

¹IROC, Institut für Refraktive und Ophthalmo-Chirurgie, Zürich, Schweiz

²Abteilung für Augenheilkunde und Optometrie, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz, Österreich

³Institut für Experimentelle Ophthalmologie, Universität des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Deutschland

,

Thomas Kohnen

⁴Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt, Deutschland

,

Marina Casazza

²Abteilung für Augenheilkunde und Optometrie, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz, Österreich

,

Michael Heath

⁵College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States

,

Kamran M. Riaz

⁶University of Oklahoma, Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States

,

David L. Cooke

⁷Great Lakes Eye Care, Saint Joseph, United States

⁸Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States

,

Peter Hoffmann

⁹Augen- und Laserklinik Castrop-Rauxel, Deutschland

,

Achim Langenbucher

³Institut für Experimentelle Ophthalmologie, Universität des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Deutschland

› Author Affiliations

Abstract

These days, accurate calculation of artificial lenses is an important aspect of patient management. In addition to the classic theoretical optical formulae there are a number of new approaches, most of which are available as online calculators. This review aims to explain the background of artificial lens calculation and provide an update on study results based on the latest calculation approaches. Today, optical biometry provides the computational basis for theoretical optical formulae, ray tracing, and also empirical approaches using artificial intelligence. Manufacturer information on IOL design and IOL power recorded as part of quality control could improve calculations, especially for higher IOL powers. With modern measurement data, there is further potential for improvement in the determination of the axial length to the retinal pigment epithelium and by adopting a sum-of-segment approach. With the available data, the cornea can be assumed to be a thick lens. The Kane formula, the EVO 2.0 formula, the Castrop formula, the PEARL-DGS, formula and the OKULIX calculation software provide consistently good results for artificial lens calculations. Excellent refractive results can be achieved using these tools, with approximately 80% having an absolute prediction error within 0.50 dpt, at least in highly selected study populations. The Barrett Universal II formula also produces excellent results in the normal and long axial length range. For eyes with short axial lengths, the use of Barrett Universal II should be reconsidered; in this case, one of the methods mentioned above is preferable. Second Eye Refinement can also be considered in this patient population, in conjunction with established classic third generation formulae.

Key words

biometry - cataract - IOL - lens calculation - IOL formula

Full Text

References

References/Literatur
1 Sanders DR, Kraff MC. Improvement of intraocular lens power calculation using empirical data. J Am Intraocul Implant Soc 1980; 6: 263-267
2 Langenbucher A, Szentmáry N, Wendelstein J. et al. Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Calculation of Intraocular Lens Power. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2020; 237: 1430-1437
3 Liou HL, Brennan NA. Anatomically accurate, finite model eye for optical modeling. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 1997; 14: 1684-1695
4 Navarro R, Santamaría J, Bescós J. Accommodation-dependent model of the human eye with aspherics. J Opt Soc Am A 1985; 2: 1273-1281
5 Atchison DA. Age-related paraxial schematic emmetropic eyes. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2009; 29: 58-64
6 Gullstrand A. Anhang zu Teil 1. Bd. 1. von Helmholtz H. Physiologische Optik. 3. Aufl.. Hamburg: Voss; 1909
7 Fyodorov SN, Galin MA, Linksz A. Calculation of the optical power of intraocular lenses. Invest Ophthalmol 1975; 14: 625-628
8 Gernet H, Ostholt H, Werner H. Die präoperative Berechnung intraocularer Binkhorst-Linsen. 122. Versammlung des Vereins Rheinisch-Westfälischer Augenärzte 1970; 54-55
9 Drexler W, Findl O, Menapace R. et al. Partial coherence interferometry: a novel approach to biometry in cataract surgery. Am J Ophthalmol 1998; 126: 524-534
10 Norrby S. Sources of error in intraocular lens power calculation. J Cataract Refract Surg 2008; 34: 368-376
11 Norrby NE, Koranyi G. Prediction of intraocular lens power using the lens haptic plane concept. J Cataract Refract Surg 1997; 23: 254-259
12 Haigis W, Lege B, Miller N. et al. Comparison of immersion ultrasound biometry and partial coherence interferometry for intraocular lens calculation according to Haigis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2000; 238: 765-773
13 Faria-Ribeiro M, Lopes-Ferreira D, López-Gil N. et al. Errors associated with IOLMaster biometry as a function of internal ocular dimensions. J Optom 2014; 7: 75-78
14 Cooke DL, Cooke TL. Approximating sum-of-segments axial length from a traditional optical low-coherence reflectometry measurement. J Cataract Refract Surg 2019; 45: 351-354
15 Cooke DL, Cooke TL. A comparison of two methods to calculate axial length. J Cataract Refract Surg 2019; 45: 284-292
16 Cooke DL, Cooke TL, Suheimat M. et al. Standardizing sum-of-segments axial length using refractive index models. Biomed Opt Express 2020; 11: 5860-5870
17 Cooke DL, Cooke TL, Atchison DA. Effect of cataract-induced refractive change on intraocular lens power formula predictions. Biomed Opt Express 2021; 12: 2550-2556
18 Grein HJ, Schmidt O, Ritsche A. Reproducibility of subjective refraction measurement. Ophthalmologe 2014; 111: 1057-1064
19 Ota Y, Minami K, Oki S. et al. Subjective and objective refractions in eyes with extended-depth-of-focus intraocular lenses using echelette optics: clinical and experimental study. Acta Ophthalmol 2021; 99: e837-e843
20 Garzón N, Poyales F, García-Montero M. et al. Impact of Lens Material on Objective Refraction in Eyes with Trifocal Diffractive Intraocular Lenses. Curr Eye Res 2022; 47: 51-61
21 Aristodemou P, Knox Cartwright NE, Sparrow JM. et al. Intraocular lens formula constant optimization and partial coherence interferometry biometry: Refractive outcomes in 8108 eyes after cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg 2011; 37: 50-62
22 Hoffer KJ, Aramberri J, Haigis W. et al. Protocols for studies of intraocular lens formula accuracy. Am J Ophthalmol 2015; 160: 403-405.e1
23 Wang L, Koch DD, Hill W. et al. Pursuing perfection in intraocular lens calculations: III. Criteria for analyzing outcomes. J Cataract Refract Surg 2017; 43: 999-1002
24 Langenbucher A, Szentmáry N, Cayless A. et al. Strategies for formula constant optimisation for intraocular lens power calculation. PLoS One 2022; 17: e0267352
25 Langenbucher A, Szentmáry N, Cayless A. et al. IOL formula constants – strategies for optimization and defining standards for presenting data. Ophthalmic Res 2021; 64: 1055-1067
26 Langenbucher A, Schwemm M, Eppig T. et al. Optimal Dataset Sizes for Constant Optimization in Published Theoretical Optical Formulae. Curr Eye Res 2021; 46: 1589-1596
27 Sanders DR, Retzlaff J, Kraff MC. Comparison of the SRK II^™ formula and other second generation formulas. J Cataract Refract Surg 1988; 14: 136-141
28 Retzlaff JA, Sanders DR, Kraff MC. Development of the SRK/T intraocular lens implant power calculation formula. J Cataract Refract Surg 1990; 16: 333-340
29 Holladay JT, Musgrove KH, Prager TC. et al. A three-part system for refining intraocular lens power calculations. J Cataract Refract Surg 1988; 14: 17-24
30 Zuberbuhler B, Morrell AJ. Errata in printed Hoffer Q formula. J Cataract Refract Surg 2007; 33: 2 author reply 2–3
31 Hoffer KJ. The Hoffer Q formula: A comparison of theoretic and regression formulas. J Cataract Refract Surg 1993; 19: 700-712
32 Barrett GD. An improved universal theoretical formula for intraocular lens power prediction. J Cataract Refract Surg 1993; 19: 713-720
33 Olsen T, Hoffmann P. C constant: new concept for ray tracing-assisted intraocular lens power calculation. J Cataract Refract Surg 2014; 40: 764-773
34 Wendelstein J, Hoffmann P, Hirnschall N. et al. Project hyperopic power prediction: accuracy of 13 different concepts for intraocular lens calculation in short eyes. Br J Ophthalmol 2021; 106: 795-801
35 Langenbucher A, Szentmáry N, Cayless A. et al. The Castrop formula for calculation of toric intraocular lenses. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2021; 259: 3321-3331
36 Langenbucher A, Szentmáry N, Cayless A. et al. Considerations on the Castrop formula for calculation of intraocular lens power. PLoS One 2021; 16: e0252102
37 Debellemanière G, Dubois M, Gauvin M. et al. The PEARL-DGS Formula: The Development of an Open-source Machine Learning-based Thick IOL Calculation Formula. Am J Ophthalmol 2021; 232: 58-69
38 Gatinel D, Debellemanière G, Saad A. et al. Determining the Theoretical Effective Lens Position of Thick Intraocular Lenses for Machine Learning-Based IOL Power Calculation and Simulation. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021; 10: 27
39 Röggla V, Langenbucher A, Leydolt C. et al. Accuracy of common IOL power formulas in 611 eyes based on axial length and corneal power ranges. Br J Ophthalmol 2021; 105: 1661-1665
40 Wang L, Shirayama M, Ma XJ. et al. Optimizing intraocular lens power calculations in eyes with axial lengths above 25.0 mm. J Cataract Refract Surg 2011; 37: 2018-2027
41 Kim JW, Eom Y, Yoon EG. et al. Algorithmic intraocular lens power calculation formula selection by keratometry, anterior chamber depth and axial length. Acta Ophthalmol 2022; 100: e701-e709
42 Terzi E, Wang L, Kohnen T. Accuracy of modern intraocular lens power calculation formulas in refractive lens exchange for high myopia and high hyperopia. J Cataract Refract Surg 2009; 35: 1181-1189
43 Kane JX, van Heerden A, Atik A. et al. Intraocular lens power formula accuracy: Comparison of 7 formulas. J Cataract Refract Surg 2016; 42: 1490-1500
44 Melles RB, Holladay JT, Chang WJ. Accuracy of Intraocular Lens Calculation Formulas. Ophthalmology 2018; 125: 169-178
45 Melles RB, Kane JX, Olsen T. et al. Update on Intraocular Lens Calculation Formulas. Ophthalmology 2019; 126: 1334-1335
46 Connell BJ, Kane JX. Comparison of the Kane formula with existing formulas for intraocular lens power selection. BMJ Open Ophthalmol 2019; 4: e000251
47 Darcy K, Gunn D, Tavassoli S. et al. Assessment of the accuracy of new and updated intraocular lens power calculation formulas in 10 930 eyes from the UK National Health Service. J Cataract Refract Surg 2020; 46: 2-7
48 Hipólito-Fernandes D, Elisa Luís M, Gil P. et al. VRF-G, a New Intraocular Lens Power Calculation Formula: A 13-Formulas Comparison Study. Clin Ophthalmol 2020; 14: 4395-4402
49 Kane JX, Melles RB. Intraocular lens formula comparison in axial hyperopia with a high-power intraocular lens of 30 or more diopters. J Cataract Refract Surg 2020; 46: 1236-1239
50 Shammas HJ, Taroni L, Pellegrini M. et al. Accuracy of newer IOL power formulas in short and long eyes using sum-of-segments biometry. J Cataract Refract Surg 2022;
51 Wendelstein JA, Reifeltshammer SA, Hoffmann PC. et al. Project Hyperopic Power Prediction II: The Effects of Second Eye Refinement Methods on Prediction Error in Hyperopic Eyes. Curr Eye Res 2022;
52 Mao Y, Li J, Xu Y. et al. Refractive outcomes of second-eye adjustment methods on intraocular lens power calculation in second eye. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2021; 49: 1009-1017