PDF herunterladen
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Int J Sports Med 2023; 44(04): 247-257
DOI: 10.1055/a-1953-6317
Review

Risk Factors for Musculoskeletal Injury in CrossFit: A Systematic Review

Mirwais Mehrab    ‡
1   Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
,
Robert Kaspar Wagner   ‡
2   Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Amsterdam, Netherlands
3   Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Sports, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Amsterdam, Netherlands
4   Academic Center for Evidence-based Sports medicine (ACES), Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Amsterdam, Netherlands
,
Gwendolyn Vuurberg
2   Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Amsterdam, Netherlands
3   Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Sports, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Amsterdam, Netherlands
4   Academic Center for Evidence-based Sports medicine (ACES), Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Amsterdam, Netherlands
,
Vincent Gouttebarge
2   Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Amsterdam, Netherlands
3   Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Sports, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Amsterdam, Netherlands
4   Academic Center for Evidence-based Sports medicine (ACES), Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Amsterdam, Netherlands
5   Section Sports Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
,
Robert-Jan de Vos
1   Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
,
Nina Maria Cornelia Mathijssen
6   Reinier Haga Orthopedic Center, Zoetermeer, Netherlands
› Institutsangaben
› Weitere Informationen
Auch verfügbar auf
   Lizenzen und Reprints

Abstract

The objective of this systematic review was to identify potential risk factors for injury in CrossFit participants. Embase, Medline, Web of Science, Cochrane, CINAHL, Google Scholar, and SportDiscuss databases were all searched up to June 2021. Cohort studies that investigated risk factors for CrossFit injuries requiring medical attention or leading to time loss in sports were included. A best-evidence synthesis was performed combining all the outcomes from prospective cohort studies. From 9,452 publications identified, we included three prospective cohort studies from which two had a low risk of bias and one a high risk of bias. The studies examined 691 participants of whom 172 sustained an injury. There was limited evidence that switching between prescribed and scaled loads during training is associated with increased injury risk and that increased duration of participation is a protective factor for injury. This could mean that novice CrossFit athletes and those increasing their training load should have closer supervision by CrossFit coaches. These risk factors should be considered when developing preventive interventions.

Key words

CrossFit - high intensity functional training - fitness - sports injury - risk factor

‡ These authors contributed equally.


Supplementary Material



Publikationsverlauf

Eingereicht: 26. April 2022

Angenommen: 27. September 2022

Accepted Manuscript online:
29. September 2022

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
23. Dezember 2022

© 2021. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial-License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Georg Thieme Verlag
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany

 

  • References

  • 1 Glassman G.. Understanding crossfit. CrossFit Journal 2007; 56: 1-2
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 2 Feito Y, Heinrich KM, Butcher SJ. et al. High-intensity functional training (HIFT): definition and research implications for improved fitness. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6: 76
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 3 Choi E-J, So W-Y, Jeong TT.. Effects of the CrossFit exercise data analysis on body composition and blood profiles. Iran J Public Health 2017; 46: 1292-1294
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 4 Eather N, Morgan PJ, Lubans DR.. Improving health-related fitness in adolescents: the CrossFit Teens randomised controlled trial. J Sports Sci 2016; 34: 209-223
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 5 Murawska-Cialowicz E, Wojna J, Zuwala-Jagiello J.. CrossFit training changes brain-derived neurotrophic factor and irisin levels at rest, after Wingate and progressive tests, and improves aerobic capacity and body composition of young physically active men and women. J Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 66: 811-821
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 6 Wylie R, Uptgraft J, Paine J.. CrossFit Study, May 2010. BiblioScholar. 2012
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 7 Rodríguez M, García-Calleja P, Terrados N. et al. Injury in CrossFit: A systematic review of epidemiology and risk factors. Phys Sportsmed 2020; 50: 3-10
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 8 Feito Y, Burrows EK, Tabb LP.. A 4-Year Analysis of the incidence of injuries among CrossFit-trained participants. Orthop J Sports Med 2018; 6: 2325967118803100
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 9 Klimek C, Ashbeck C, Brook AJ. et al. Are injuries more common with CrossFit training than other forms of exercise?. J Sports Rehabil 2018; 27: 295-299
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 10 Tibana RA, de Sousa NMF.. Are extreme conditioning programmes effective and safe? A narrative review of high-intensity functional training methods research paradigms and findings. BMJ Open Sports Exerc Med 2018; 4: e000435
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 11 Finch C.. A new framework for research leading to sports injury prevention. J Sci Med Sport 2006; 9: 3-9 discussion 10
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 12 Gardiner B, Devereux G, Beato M.. Injury risk and injury incidence rates in CrossFit: A brief review. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60: 1005-1013
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 13 Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J. et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med 2009; 6: e1000097
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 14 Bahr R, Holme I.. Risk factors for sports injuries — a methodological approach. Br J Sports Med 2003; 37: 384-392
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 15 Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z. et al. Rayyan—a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Syst Rev 2016; 5: 210
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 16 Hayden JA, van der Windt DA, Cartwright JL. et al. Assessing bias in studies of prognostic factors. Ann Intern Med 2013; 158: 280-286
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 17 Green B, Bourne MN, van Dyk N. et al. Recalibrating the risk of hamstring strain injury (HSI): A 2020 systematic review and meta-analysis of risk factors for index and recurrent hamstring strain injury in sport. Br J Sports Med 2020; 54: 1081-1088
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 18 Coggon D, Rose G, Barker DJP.. Epidemiology for the Uninitiated. 4th ed. . Available from https://www.bmj.com/about-bmj/resources-readers/publications/epidemiology-uninitiated
    PubMed
  • 19 van Tulder M, Furlan A, Bombardier C. et al. Updated method guidelines for systematic reviews in the Cochrane collaboration back review group. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2003; 28: 1290-1299
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 20 Weir A, Rabia S, Ardern C.. Trusting systematic reviews and meta-analyses: all that glitters is not gold!. Br J Sports Med 2016; 50: 1100-1101
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 21 Escalante G, Gentry C, Kern B. et al. Injury patterns and rates of Costa Rican CrossFit participants-a retrospective study. Med Sport 2017; 2: 2927-2934
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 22 Weisenthal BM, Beck CA, Maloney MD. et al. Injury Rate and patterns among CrossFit athletes. Orthop J Sports Med 2014; 2: 2325967114531177
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 23 Minghelli B, Vicente P.. Musculoskeletal injuries in Portuguese CrossFit practitioners. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2019; 59: 1213-1220
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 24 Moran S, Booker H, Staines J. et al. Rates and risk factors of injury in CrossFit: a prospective cohort study. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2017; 57: 1147-1153
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 25 Montalvo AM, Shaefer H, Rodriguez B. et al. Retrospective injury epidemiology and risk factors for injury in CrossFit. J Sports Sci Med 2017; 16: 53-59
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 26 Summitt RJ, Cotton RA, Kays AC. et al. Shoulder injuries in individuals who participate in CrossFit training. Sports Health 2016; 8: 541-546
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 27 Sprey JWC, Ferreira T, de Lima MV. et al. An epidemiological profile of CrossFit athletes in Brazil. Orthop J Sports Med 2016; 4: 2325967116663706
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 28 Larsen RT, Hessner AL, Ishoi L. et al. Injuries in novice participants during an eight-week start up CrossFit program-a prospective cohort study. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8: 21
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 29 Mehrab M, de Vos R-J, Kraan GA. et al. Injury incidence and patterns among Dutch CrossFit athletes. Orthop J Sports Med 2017; 5: 2325967117745263
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 30 Feito Y, Burrows E, Tabb L. et al. Breaking the myths of competition: a cross-sectional analysis of injuries among CrossFit trained participants. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2020; 6: e000750
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 31 Szeles PRDQ CostaTSD, Cunha RAD. et al. CrossFit and the epidemiology of musculoskeletal injuries: A prospective 12-week cohort study. Orthop J Sports Med 2020; 8: 2325967120908884
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 32 da Costa TS, Louzada CTN, Miyashita GK. et al. CrossFit: Injury prevalence and main risk factors. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2019; 74: e1402
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 33 Paiva TMM, Kanas M, Astur N. et al. Correlation between previous sedentary lifestyle and CrossFit-related injuries. Einstein (Sao Paulo) 2021; 19: eAO5941
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 34 Tawfik A, Katt BM, Sirch F. et al. A study on the incidence of hand or wrist injuries in CrossFit athletes. Cureus 2021; 13: e13818
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 35 CrossFit I.. Responsible Training. In: Level 1 Training Guide. . Available from https://assets.crossfit.com/pdfs/seminars/CertRefs/L1TrainingGuideResponsibleTraining.pdfAccessed on 21 September 2022
    PubMed
  • 36 Bittencourt NFN, Meeuwisse WH, Mendonça LD. et al. Complex systems approach for sports injuries: moving from risk factor identification to injury pattern recognition—narrative review and new concept. Br J Sports Med 2016; 50: 1309-1314
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 37 Hägglund M, Waldén M, Ekstrand J.. Previous injury as a risk factor for injury in elite football: a prospective study over two consecutive seasons. Br J Sports Med 2006; 40: 767-772
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 38 Toohey LA, Drew MK, Cook JL. et al. Is subsequent lower limb injury associated with previous injury? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2017; 51: 1670-1678
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 39 Tamás V, Kocsor F, Gyuris P. et al. The young male syndrome--an analysis of sex, age, risk taking and mortality in patients with severe traumatic brain injuries. Front Neurol 2019; 10: 366
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 40 Lin CY, Casey E, Herman DC. et al. Sex differences in common sports injuries. PM R 2018; 10: 1073-1082
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 41 Ristolainen L, Heinonen A, Waller B. et al. Gender differences in sport injury risk and types of inju-ries: a retrospective twelve-month study on cross-country skiers, swimmers, long-distance runners and soccer players. J Sports Sci Med 2009; 8: 443-451
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 42 Carmeli E, Coleman R, Reznick AZ.. The biochemistry of aging muscle. Exp Gerontol 2002; 37: 477-489
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 43 Kallinen M, Markku A.. Aging, physical activity and sports injuries. An overview of common sports injuries in the elderly. Sports Med 1995; 20: 41-52
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 44 Claudino JG, Gabbett TJ, Bourgeois F. et al. CrossFit overview: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med Open 2018; 4: 11
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 45 Dominski FH, Siqueira TC, Serafim TT. et al. Perfil de lesões em praticantes de CrossFit: revisão sistemática. Fisioterapia e Pesquisa 2018; 25: 229-239
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 46 Gean RP, Martin RD, Cassat M. et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of injury in CrossFit. J Surg Orthop Adv 2020; 29: 26-30
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 47 Gianzina E, Kassotaki O.. The benefits and risks of the high intensity CrossFit training. Sport Sci Health 2019; 15: 21-33
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 48 Fuller CW, Ekstrand J, Junge A. et al. Consensus statement on injury definitions and data collection procedures in studies of football (soccer) injuries. Clin J Sports Med 2006; 16: 97-106
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar