Riechen und Riechstörungen

T Hummel; N Power Guerra; N Gunder; A Hähner; S Menzel

doi:10.1055/a-1957-3267

Laryngo-Rhino-Otologie, Table of Contents

CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Laryngorhinootologie 2023; 102(S 01): S67-S92
DOI: 10.1055/a-1957-3267

Referat

Riechen und Riechstörungen

Article in several languages: deutsch | English

T Hummel

¹Interdisziplinäres Zentrum Riechen und Schmecken, HNO Klinik, TU Dresden,

,

N Power Guerra

²Rudolf-Zenker-Institut für Experimentelle Chirurgie, Medizinische Universität Rostock, Rostock,

,

N Gunder

³Universitäts-HNO Klinik Dresden, Dresden,

,

A Hähner

¹Interdisziplinäres Zentrum Riechen und Schmecken, HNO Klinik, TU Dresden,

,

S Menzel

¹Interdisziplinäres Zentrum Riechen und Schmecken, HNO Klinik, TU Dresden,

› Author Affiliations

Abstract

Zusammenfasssung

Der Geruchssinn ist wichtig. Das wurde insbesondere v. a. Patient:innen mit infektbedingtem Riechverlust während der SARS-CoV2 Pandemie bewusst. Wir reagieren z. B. auf Körpergerüche unserer Mitmenschen – die Nase bestimmt/wen wir „riechen können“. Der Geruchssinn warnt uns vor Gefahren, die Wahrnehmung von Düften und die Wahrnehmung von Aromen beim Essen bedeuten Lebensqualität. Eine Anosmie muss daher ernst genommen werden. Obwohl sich olfaktorische Rezeptorneurone durch Regenerationsfähigkeit auszeichnen, sind Anosmien mit etwa 5% relativ häufig. Riechstörungen werden nach der Ursache eingeteilt (z. B. Infekte, Schädelhirntraumen, chronische Rhinosinusitis, Alter) mit den sich daraus ergebenden unterschiedlichen Therapieoptionen und Prognosen. Eine gründliche Anamnese ist deshalb bedeutsam. Zur Diagnostik stehen verschiedenste Untersuchungsverfahren zur Verfügung, von orientierenden Kurztests über ausführliche mehrdimensionale Testverfahren bis hin zu elektrophysiologischen und bildgebenden Methoden. Damit sind quantitative Riechstörungen gut erfassbar und nachverfolgbar. Bei qualitativen Riechstörungen wie der Parosmie stehen derzeit allerdings keine objektivierenden Diagnoseverfahren zur Verfügung. Die therapeutischen Möglichkeiten bei Riechstörungen sind begrenzt. Trotzdem stehen mit dem Riechtraining sowie verschiedenen additiven medikamentösen Möglichkeiten wirksame Optionen zur Verfügung. Von großer Bedeutung ist nach wie vor die Beratung und das kompetente Gespräch mit den Patient:innen.

Schlüsselwörter

Riechen - Nase - Chemosensorik - Anosmie

Full Text

References

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