Obstructive Sleep Apnea – Influence on the Cardiovascular System and Cognition

Key words

obstructive sleep apnea - cardiovascular risk - cognition

Publikationsverlauf

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
02. Mai 2023

• Literatur

• 1 Abbasi A, Gupta SS, Sabharwal N, Meghrajani V, Sharma S, Kamholz S, Kupfer Y. A comprehensive review of obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Sci 2021; 14: 142-154
• 2 Arzt M. Schlafbezogene Atemstörungen – update 2021. Somnologie 2022; 26: 111-114
• 3 Javaheri S, Barbe F, Campos-Rodriguez F, Dempsey JA, Khayat R, Javaheri S, Malhotra A, Martinez-Garcia MA, Mehra R, Pack AI, Polotsky VY, Redline S, Somers VK. Sleep apnea: types, mechanisms, and clinical cardiovascular consequences. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 69: 841-858
• 4 Levy P, Ryan S, Oldenburg O, Parati G. Sleep apnoea and the heart. Eur Respir Rev 2013; 22: 333-352
• 5 Peracaula M, Torres D, Poyatos P, Luque N, Rojas E, Obrador A, Orriols R, Tura-Ceide O. Endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular risk in obstructive sleep apnea: a review article. Life 2022; 12: 1-15
• 6 Chopra S, Polotsky VY, Jun JC. Sleep apnea research in animals. Past, present, and future. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 54: 299-305
• 7 Hunyor I, Cook KM. Models of intermittent hypoxia and obstructive sleep apnoea: Molecular pathways and their contribution to cancer. Am J Physiol-Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 315: R669-R687
• 8 Ryan S, Taylor CT, McNicholas WT. Selective activation of inflammatory pathways by intermittent hypoxia in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Circulation 2005; 112: 2660-2667
• 9 Almendros I, Farre R, Planas AM, Torres M, Bonsignore MR, Navajas D, Monserrat JM. Tissue oxygenation in brain, muscle, and fat in a rat model of sleep apnea: Differential effect of obstructive apneas and intermittend hypoxia. Sleep 2011; 34: 1127-1133
• 10 Dick ED, Hsieh Y-H, Wang N, Prabhakar N. Acute intermittent hypoxia increases both phrenic and sympathetic nerve activities in the rat. Exp Physiol 2006; 92: 87-97
• 11 Farre R, Rotger M, Monserrat JM, Calero G, Navjas D. Collapsible upper airway segment to study the obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome in rats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2003; 136: 199-209
• 12 Silva AQ, Schreihofer AM. Altered sympathetic reflexes and vascular reactivity in rats after expousure to chronic intermittent hypoxia. J Physiol (Lond) 2011; 589: 1463-1476
• 13 Xu LF, Zhou XF, Hu K, Tang S, Luo YC, Lu W. Establishment of a rabbit model of chronic obstructive sleep apnea and application in cardiovascular consequences. Chin Med J (Engl) 2017; 130: 452-459
• 14 Yuan G, Peng Y-J, Shakil AK, Nanduri J, Singh A, Vasavda C, Semenza GL, Kumar GK, Snyder SH, Prabhakar NR. H2S production by reactive oxygen species in the carotid body triggers hypertension in a rodent model of sleep apnea. Sci Signal 2016; 9: ra80
• 15 Yeghiazarians Y, Jneid H, Tietjens JR, Redline S, Brown DL, El-Sherif N, Mehra R, Bozkurt B, Ndumele CE, Somers VK. Obstructive sleep apnoea and cardiovascular disease. A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2021; 144: e56-e67
• 16 Fox H, Arzt M, Bergmann MW, Bitter T, Linz D, Oldenburg O, Penzel T, Rillig A, Schöbel C, Sinha A-M, Sommer P, Spießhöfer J, Stadler S, Skobel CE. Positionspapier „Schlafmedizin in der Kardiologie“. Update 2021. Kardiologe 2021; 15: 429-461
• 17 Peker Y, Balcan B. Cardiovascular outcomes of continuous positive airway pressure therapy for obstructive sleep apnea. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10: S4262-S4279
• 18 Pengo MF, Soranna D, Giontella A, Perger E, Mattaliano P, Schwarz EI, Lombardi C, Bilo G, Zambon A, Steier J, Parati G, Minuz P, Fava C. Obstructive sleep apnoea treatment and blood pressure: which phenotypes predict a response? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir J 2020; 55: 1901945
• 19 Shah N, Yaggi HK, Concato J, Mohsenin V. Obstructive sleep apnea as risk factor for coronary events or cardiovascular death. Sleep Breath 2010; 14: 131-136
• 20 Lee CH, Khoo SM, Chan MY, Wong HB, Low AF, Phua QH, Richards AM, Tan HC, Yeo TC. Severe obstructive sleep apnea and autcomes following myocardial infarction. J Clin Sleep Med 2011; 7: 616-621
• 21 Lopez-Jimenez F, Sert Kuniyoshi FH, Gami A, Somers VK. Obstructive sleep apnea: implications for cardiac and vascular disease. Chest 2008; 133: 793-804
• 22 Buchner NJ, Sanner BM, Borgel J, Rump LC. Continuous positive airway pressure treatment of mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea reduces cardiovascular risk. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 176: 1274-1280
• 23 Gottlieb DJ, Yenokyan G, Newman AB, O’Connor GT, Punjabi NM, Quan SF, Redline S, Resnick HE, Tong EK, Diener-West M, Shahar E. Prospective study of obstructive sleep apnea and incident coronary heart disease and heart failure: the sleep heart health study. Circulation 2010; 122: 352-360
• 24 Marin JM, Carrizo SJ, Vicente E, Agusti AG. Long-term cardiovascular outcomes in men with obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea with or without treatment with continuous positive airway pressure: an observational. Lancet 2005; 365: 1046-1053
• 25 Porto F, Sakamoto YS, Salles C. Association between obstructive sleep apnea and myocardial infarction: a systematic review. Arq Bras Cardiol 2017; 108: 361-369
• 26 Kuniyoshi FH, Garcia-Touchard A, Gami AS, Romero-Corral A, van der Walt C, Pusalavidyasagar S, Kara T, Caples SM, Pressman GS, Vasquez EC, Lopez-Jimenez F, Somers VK. Day-night variation of acute myocardial infarction in obstructive sleep apnea. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52: 343-346
• 27 Khan SU, Duran CA, Rahman H, Lekkala M, Saleem MA, Kaluski E. A meta-analysis of continuous positive airway pressure therapy in prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea. Eur Heart J 2018; 39: 2291-2297
• 28 McEvoy RD, Antic NA, Heeley E, Luo Y, Ou Q, Zhang X, Mediano O, Chen R, Drager LF, Liu Z, Chen G, Du B, McArdle N, Mukherjee S, Tripathi M, Billot L, Li Q, Lorenzi-Filho G, Barbe F, Redline S, Wang J, Arima H, Neal B, White DP, Grunstein RR, Zhong N, Anderson CS. SAVE Investigators and Coordinators. CPAP for prevention of cardiovascular events in obstructive sleep apnea. N Engl J Med 2016; 375: 919-931
• 29 Parson C, Allen S, Parish J, Mookadam F, Mookadam M. The efficacy of continuous positive airway pressure therapy in reducing cardiovascular events in obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review. Future Cardiol 2017; 13: 397-412
• 30 Sánchez-de-la-Torre M, Sánchez-de-la-Torre A, Bertran S, Abad J, Duran-Cantolla J, Cabriada V, Mediano O, Masdeu MJ, Alonso ML, Masa JF, Barceló A, de la Peña M, Mayos M, Coloma R, Montserrat JM, Chiner E, Perelló S, Rubinós G, Mínguez O, Pascual L, Cortijo A, Martínez D, Aldomà A, Dalmases M, McEvoy RD, Barbé F. Spanish Sleep Network. Effect of obstructive sleep apnoea and its treatment with continuous positive airway pressure on the prevalence of cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ISAACC study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med 2020; 8: 359-367
• 31 Yu J, Zhou Z, McEvoy RD, Anderson CS, Rodgers A, Perkovic V, Neal B. Association of positive airway pressure with cardiovascular events and death in adults with sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2017; 318: 156-166
• 32 Martinez-Garcia MA, Campos-Rodriguez F, Goza D. Obstructive sleep apnoea in acute coronary syndrome. Lancet Respir Med 2020; 8: e15
• 33 Pack AI, Magalang UJ, Singh B, Kuna ST, Keenan BT, Maislin G. Randomized clinical trials of cardiovascular disease in obstructive sleep apnea: understanding and overcoming bias. Sleep 2021; 44: 1-11
• 34 Peker Y, Strollo PJ. A meta-analysis of positive airway pressure treatment for cardiovascular prevention: why mix apples and pears?. Evid Based Med 2017; 22: 218-219
• 35 Lavie L. Oxidative stress in obstructive sleep apnea and intermittent hypoxia – revisited – the bad ugly and good: implications to the heart and brain. Sleep Med Rev 2015; 20: 27-45
• 36 Shah N, Redline S, Yaggi HK, Wu R, Zhao CG, Ostfeld R, Menegus M, Tracy D, Brush E, Appel WD, Kaplan RC. Obstructive sleep apnea and acute myocardial infarction severity: ischemic precondition?. Sleep Breath 2013; 17: 819-826
• 37 Summerer V, Arzt M, Fox H, Oldenburg O, Zeman F, Debl K, Buchner S, Stadler S. Occurence of coronary collaterals in acute myocardial infarction and sleep apnea. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10: e020340
• 38 Linz D, Woehrle H, Bitter T, Fox H, Cowie MR, Böhm M, Oldenburg O. The importance of sleep-disordered breathing in cardiovascular disease. Clin Res Cardiol 2015; 104: 705-718
• 39 Harbison J, O´Reilly P, McNicholas WT. Cardiac rhythm disturbances in the obstructive sleep apnea syndrom: effects of nasal continuous positive airway pressure therapy. Chest 2000; 118: 591-595
• 40 Li X, Zhou X, Xu X, Dai J, Chen C, Ma L, Li J, Mao W, Zhu M. Effects of continuous positive airway pressure treatment in obstructive sleep apnea patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis. Medicine 2021; 100: e25438
• 41 Wang X, Yue Z, Liu Z, Han J, Li J, Zhao Y, Wang F, Tang M, Zhao G. Continuous positive airway pressure effectively ameliorates arrhythmias in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea via counteracting the inflammation. Am J Otolaryngol 2020; 41: 102655
• 42 Xu W, Yang YM, Zhu J, Wu S, Wang J, Zhang H, Shao XH, Mo R, Tan JS, Wang JY. Clinical characteristics and thrombotic risk of atrial fibrillation with obstructive sleep apnea: results from a multi-center atrial fibrillation registry study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2022; 22: 331
• 43 Woehrle H, Oldenburg O, Stadler S, Arzt M. Schlafapnoe als Komorbidität bei Herzinsuffizienz. Internist 2018; 59: 428-438
• 44 Oates CP, Ananthram M, Gottlieb SS. Management of sleep disordered breathing in patients with heart failure. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2018; 15: 123-130
• 45 Querejeta Roca G, Redline S, Punjabi N, Claggett B, Ballantyne CM, Solomon SD, Shah AM. Sleep apnea is associated with subclinical myocardial injury in the community. The ARIC-SHHS study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 188: 1460-1465
• 46 Sun H, Shi J, Li M, Chen X. Impact of continuous positive airway pressure treatment on left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One 2013; 8: e62298
• 47 Baniak LM, Chasens ER. Sleep disordered breathing in older adults with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Geriatr Nurs 2018; 39: 77-83
• 48 Arzt M, Oldenburg O, Graml A, Erdmann E, Teschler H, Wegscheider K, Suling A, Woehrle H. SchlaHF Investigators. Phenotyping of sleep-disordered breathing in patients with chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction – the SchlaHF registry. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6: e005899
• 49 Seiler A, Camilo M, Korostovtseva L, Haynes AG, Brill AK, Horvath T, Egger M, Bassetti CL. Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing after stroke and TIA: a meta-analysis. Neurology 2019; 92: e648-e654
• 50 Bassetti CLA, Randerath W, Vignatelli L, Ferini-Strambi L, Brill AK, Bonsignore MR, Grote L, Jennum P, Leys D, Minnerup J, Nobili L, Tonia T, Morgan R, Kerry J, Riha R, McNicholas WT, Papavasileiou V. EAN/ERS/ESO/ESRS statement on the impact of sleep disorders on risk and outcome of stroke. Eur Respir J 2020; 55: 1901104
• 51 Li M, Hou WS, Zhang XW, Tang ZY. Obstructive sleep apnea and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Int J Cardiol 2014; 172: 466-469
• 52 Hepburn M, Bollu PC, French B, Sahota P. Sleep medicine: stroke and sleep. Mo Med 2018; 115: 527-532
• 53 Shahrbabaki SS, Linz D, Hartmann S, Redline S, Baumert M. Sleep arousal burden is associated with long-term all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in 8001 community-dwelling older men and women. Eur Heart J 2021; 42: 2088-2099
• 54 Azarbarzin A, Sands SA, Taranto-Montemurro L, Vena D, Sofer T, Kim SW, Stone KL, White DP, Wellman A, Redline S. The sleep apnea-specific hypoxic burden predicts incident heart failure. Chest 2020; 158: 739-750
• 55 De Luca Canto G, Pachêco-Pereira C, Aydinoz S, Major PW, Flores-Mir C, Gozal D. Biomarkers associated with obstructive sleep apnea and morbidities: a scoping review. Sleep Med 2015; 16: 347-357
• 56 Peres BU, Hirsch Allen AJ, Fox N, Laher I, Hanly P, Skomro R, Almeida F, Ayas NT. Canadian Sleep and Circadian Network. Circulating biomarkers to identify cardiometabolic complications in patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A systematic review. Sleep Med Rev 2019; 44: 48-57
• 57 Eckert DJ. Phenotypic approaches to obstructive sleep apnoea – New pathways for targeted therapy. Sleep Med Rev 2018; 37: 45-59
• 58 Heiser C, Eckert D. Pathophysiologie der obstruktiven Schlafapnoe. HNO 2019; 67: 654-662
• 59 Zinchuk A, Yaggi HK. Phenotypic subtypes of OSA: a challenge and opportunity for precision medicine. Chest 2020; 157: 403-420
• 60 Beebe DW, Gozal D. Obstructive sleep apnea and the prefrontal cortex: towards a comprehensive model linking nocturnal upper airway obstruction to daytime cognitive and behavioral deficits. J Sleep Res 2002; 11: 1-16
• 61 Baddeley A. Working memory: looking back and looking forward. Nat Rev Neurosci 2003; 4: 829-839
• 62 Miyake A, Friedman NP, Emerson MJ, Witzki AH, Howerter A, Wager TD. The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “Frontal Lobe” tasks: a latent variable analysis. Cogn Psychol 2000; 41: 49-100
• 63 Yuan P, Raz N. Prefrontal cortex and executive functions in healthy adults: a meta-analysis of structural neuroimaging studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 42: 180-192
• 64 Lal C, Ayappa I, Ayas N, Beaudin AE, Hoyos C, Kushida CA, Kaminska M, Mullins A, Naismith SL, Osorio RS, Phillips CL, Parekh A, Stone KL, Turner AD, Varga AW. The link between obstructive sleep apnea and neurocognitive impairment: an official American Thoracic Society Workshop Report. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2022; 19: 1245-1256
• 65 Patel A, Chong DJ. Obstructive sleep apnea: cognitive outcomes. Clin Geriatr Med 2021; 37: 457-467
• 66 Vanek J, Prasko J, Genzor S, Ociskova M, Kantor K, Holubova M, Slepecky M, Nesnidal V, Kolek A, Sova M. Obstructive sleep apnea, depression and cognitive impairment. Sleep Med 2020; 72: 50-58
• 67 Shi L, Chen SJ, Ma MY, Bao YP, Han Y, Wang YM, Shi J, Vitiello MV, Lu L. Sleep disturbances increase the risk of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev 2018; 40: 4-16
• 68 Bubu OM, Andrade AG, Umasabor-Bubu OQ, Hogan MM, Turner AD, de Leon MJ, Ogedegbe G, Ayappa I, Jean-Louis GG, Jackson ML, Varga AW, Osorio RS. Obstructive sleep apnea, cognition and Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review integrating three decades of multidisciplinary research. Sleep Med Rev 2020; 50: 101250
• 69 Leng Y, McEvoy CT, Allen IE, Yaffe K. Association of sleep-disordered breathing with cognitive function and risk of cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol 2017; 74: 1237-1245
• 70 Daulatzai MA. Evidence of neurodegeneration in obstructive sleep apnea: relationship between obstructive sleep apnea and cognitive dysfunction in the elderly. J Neurosci Res 2015; 93: 1778-1794
• 71 Legault J, Thompson C, Martineau-Dussault MÈ, André C, Baril AA, Martinez Villar G, Carrier J, Gosselin N. Obstructive sleep apnea and cognitive decline: a review of potential vulnerability and protective factors. Brain Sci 2021; 11: 706
• 72 Livingston G, Huntley J, Sommerlad A, Ames D, Ballard C, Banerjee S, Brayne C, Burns A, Cohen-Mansfield J, Cooper C, Costafreda SG, Dias A, Fox N, Gitlin LN, Howard R, Kales HC, Kivimäki M, Larson EB, Ogunniyi A, Orgeta V, Ritchie K, Rockwood K, Sampson EL, Samus Q, Schneider LS, Selbæk G, Teri L, Mukadam N. Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission. Lancet 2020; 396: 413-446
• 73 Aloia MS, Arnedt JT, Davis JD, Riggs RL, Byrd D. Neuropsychological sequelae of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome: a critical review. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2004; 10: 772-785
• 74 Gnoni V, Ilic K, Drakatos P, Petrinovic MM, Cash D, Steier J, Morrell MJ, Petanjek Z, Kalanj-Bognar S, Rosenzweig I. Obstructive sleep apnea and multiple facets of a neuroinflammatory response: a narrative review. J Thorac Dis 2022; 14: 564-574
• 75 Lavie L. Oxidative stress in obstructive sleep apnea and intermittent hypoxia--revisited--the bad ugly and good: implications to the heart and brain. Sleep Med Rev 2015; 20: 27-45
• 76 Alchanatis M, Deligiorgis N, Zias N, Amfilochiou A, Gotsis E, Karakatsani A, Papadimitriou A. Frontal brain lobe impairment in obstructive sleep apnoea: a proton MR spectroscopy study. Eur Respir J 2004; 24: 980-986
• 77 Castronovo V, Scifo P, Castellano A, Aloia MS, Iadanza A, Marelli S, Cappa SF, Strambi LF, Falini A. White matter integrity in obstructive sleep apnea before and after treatment. Sleep 2014; 37: 1465-1475
• 78 Xiong Y, Zhou XJ, Nisi RA, Martin KR, Karaman MM, Cai K, Weaver TE. Brain white matter changes in CPAP-treated obstructive sleep apnea patients with residual sleepiness. J Magn Reson Imaging 2017; 45: 1371-1378
• 79 Thomas RJ, Kim H, Maillard P, DeCarli CS, Heckman EJ, Karjadi C, Ang TFA, Au R. Digital sleep measures and white matter health in the Framingham Heart Study. Explor Med 2021; 2: 253-267
• 80 Macey PM. Damage to the hippocampus in obstructive sleep apnea: a link no longer missing. Sleep 2019; 42 zsy266
• 81 Gao H, Han Z, Huang S, Bai R, Ge X, Chen F, Lei P. Intermittent hypoxia caused cognitive dysfunction relate to miRNAs dysregulation in hippocampus. Behav Brain Res 2017; 335: 80-87
• 82 Macey PM, Haris N, Kumar R, Thomas MA, Woo MA, Harper RM. Obstructive sleep apnea and cortical thickness in females and males. PLoS One 2018; 13: e0193854
• 83 Sexton CE, Storsve AB, Walhovd KB, Johansen-Berg H, Fjell AM. Poor sleep quality is associated with increased cortical atrophy in community-dwelling adults. Neurology 2014; 83: 967-973
• 84 Shi Y, Chen L, Chen T, Li L, Dai J, Lui S, Huang X, Sweeney JA, Gong Q. A Meta-analysis of voxel-based brain morphometry studies in obstructive sleep apnea. Sci Rep 2017; 7: 10095
• 85 Canessa N, Castronovo V, Cappa SF, Aloia MS, Marelli S, Falini A, Alemanno F, Ferini-Strambi L. Obstructive sleep apnea: brain structural changes and neurocognitive function before and after treatment. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 183: 1419-1426
• 86 Fernandes M, Mari L, Chiaravalloti A, Paoli B, Nuccetelli M, Izzi F, Giambrone MP, Camedda R, Bernardini S, Schillaci O, Mercuri NB, Placidi F, Liguori C. 18F-FDG PET, cognitive functioning, and CSF biomarkers in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea before and after continuous positive airway pressure treatment. J Neurol 2022; 269: 5356-5367
• 87 Ramos AR, Alperin N, Lee S, Gonzalez KA, Tarraf W, Hernandez-Cardenache R. Cognitive and neuroimaging correlates of the insomnia severity index in obstructive sleep apnea: a pilot-study. Appl Sci (Basel) 2021; 11: 5314
• 88 Weng HH, Tsai YH, Chen CF, Lin YC, Yang CT, Tsai YH, Yang CY. Mapping gray matter reductions in obstructive sleep apnea: an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis. Sleep 2014; 37: 167-175
• 89 Baril AA, Martineau-Dussault MÈ, Sanchez E, André C, Thompson C, Legault J, Gosselin N. Obstructive sleep apnea and the brain: a focus on gray and white matter structure. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2021; 21: 11
• 90 Zhang J, Weaver TE, Zhong Z, Nisi RA, Martin KR, Steffen AD, Karaman MM, Zhou XJ. White matter structural differences in OSA patients experiencing residual daytime sleepiness with high CPAP use: a non-Gaussian diffusion MRI study. Sleep Med 2019; 53: 51-59
• 91 Bucks RS, Olaithe M, Rosenzweig I, Morrell MJ. Reviewing the relationship between OSA and cognition: Where do we go from here?. Respirology 2017; 22: 1253-1261
• 92 Wang G, Goebel JR, Li C, Hallman HG, Gilford TM, Li W. Therapeutic effects of CPAP on cognitive impairments associated with OSA. J Neurol 2020; 267: 2823-2828
• 93 Bilyukov RG, Nikolov MS, Pencheva VP, Petrova DS, Georgiev OB, Mondeshki TL, Milanova VK. Cognitive impairment and affective disorders in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9: 357
• 94 Bhat S, Gupta D, Akel O, Polos PG, DeBari VA, Akhtar S, McIntyre A, Ming SX, Upadhyay H, Chokroverty S. The relationships between improvements in daytime sleepiness, fatigue and depression and psychomotor vigilance task testing with CPAP use in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Med 2018; 49: 81-89
• 95 Lutsey PL, Bengtson LG, Punjabi NM, Shahar E, Mosley TH, Gottesman RF, Wruck LM, MacLehose RF, Alonso A. Obstructive sleep apnea and 15-year cognitive decline: the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study. Sleep 2016; 39: 309-316
• 96 Olaithe M, Bucks RS, Hillman DR, Eastwood PR. Cognitive deficits in obstructive sleep apnea: Insights from a meta-review and comparison with deficits observed in COPD, insomnia, and sleep deprivation. Sleep Med Rev 2018; 38: 39-49
• 97 Andrade AG, Bubu OM, Varga AW, Osorio RS. The relationship between obstructive sleep apnea and Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 64: S255-S270
• 98 Zimmerman ME, Aloia MS. Sleep-disordered breathing and cognition in older adults. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2012; 12: 537-546
• 99 Sforza E, Roche F. Sleep apnea syndrome and cognition. Front Neurol 2012; 3: 87
• 100 Pan T, Liu S, Ke S, Wang E, Jiang Y, Wang S. on the behalf of Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Association of obstructive sleep apnea with cognitive decline and age among non-demented older adults. Neurosci Lett 2021; 756: 135955
• 101 Yaffe K, Laffan AM, Harrison SL, Redline S, Spira AP, Ensrud KE, Ancoli-Israel S, Stone KL. Sleep-disordered breathing, hypoxia, and risk of mild cognitive impairment and dementia in older women. JAMA 2011; 306: 613-919
• 102 Gutiérrez Iglesias B, Jacas Escarceller C, Bardés Robles I, Cambrodi Masip R, Romero Santo-Tomás O, Pujadas Navinés F, Boada Rovira M. Effectiveness of 6-months continuous positive airway pressure treactment in OSAS-related cognitive deficit in older adults. Behav Neurol 2013; 26: 191-194
• 103 Dzierzewski JM, Dautovich N, Ravyts S. Sleep and cognition in older adults. Sleep Med Clin 2018; 13: 93-106
• 104 Valipour A. Gender-related differences in the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Pneumologie 2012; 66: 584-588
• 105 Peppard PE, Hagen EW. The last 25 years of obstructive sleep apnea epidemiology-and the next 25?. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2018; 197: 310-312
• 106 Stern Y. What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2002; 8: 448-460
• 107 Parker D, Bucks RS, Rainey-Smith SR, Hodgson E, Fine L, Sohrabi HR, Martins RN, Weinborn M. Sleep mediates age-related executive function for older adults with limited cognitive reserve. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2021; 27: 711-721
• 108 Alchanatis M, Zias N, Deligiorgis N, Amfilochiou A, Dionellis G, Orphanidou D. Sleep apnea-related cognitive deficits and intelligence: an implication of cognitive reserve theory. J Sleep Res 2005; 14: 69-75
• 109 Mendelson M, Bailly S, Marillier M, Flore P, Borel JC, Vivodtzev I, Doutreleau S, Verges S, Tamisier R, Pépin JL. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, objectively measured physical activity and exercise training interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol 2018; 9: 73
• 110 Kylstra WA, Aaronson JA, Hofman WF, Schmand BA. Neuropsychological functioning after CPAP treatment in obstructive sleep apnea: a meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev 2013; 17: 341-347
• 111 Shieu MM, Zaheed A, Shannon C, Chervin RD, Conceicao A, Paulson HL, Braley TJ, Dunietz GL. Positive airway pressure and cognitive disorders in adults with obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review of the literature. Neurology 2022; 99: e334-e346
• 112 Labarca G, Saavedra D, Dreyse J, Jorquera J, Barbe F. Efficacy of CPAP for improvements in sleepiness, cognition, mood, and quality of life in elderly patients with OSA: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Chest 2020; 158: 751-764
• 113 Crawford-Achour E, Dauphinot V, Martin MS, Tardy M, Gonthier R, Barthelemy JC, Roche F. Protective effect of long-term CPAP therapy on cognitive performance in elderly patients with severe OSA: the PROOF study. J Clin Sleep Med 2015; 11: 519-524
• 114 Jackson ML, McEvoy RD, Banks S, Barnes M. Neurobehavioral impairment and CPAP treatment response in mild-moderate obstructive sleep apneas. J Clin Sleep Med 2018; 14: 47-56
• 115 Li J, Yan W, Yi M, Lin R, Huang Z, Zhang Y. Efficacy of CPAP duration and adherence for cognitive improvement in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Sleep Breath 2022; Epub ahead of print
• 116 Yang X, Yang J, Yang C, Niu L, Song F, Wang L. Continuous positive airway pressure can improve depression in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome: a meta-analysis based on randomized controlled trials. J Int Med Res 2020; 48: 300060519895096
• 117 Dostálová V, Kolečkárová S, Kuška M, Pretl M, Bezdicek O. Effects of continuous positive airway pressure on neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric function in obstructive sleep apnea. J Sleep Res 2019; 28: e12761
• 118 Ferini-Strambi L, Lombardi GE, Marelli S, Galbiati A. Neurological deficits in obstructive sleep apnea. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2017; 19: 16
• 119 Jiang X, Wang Z, Hu N, Yang Y, Xiong R, Fu Z. Cognition effectiveness of continuous positive airway pressure treatment in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients with cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239: 3537-3552
• 120 Seda G, Matwiyoff G, Parrish JS. Effects of obstructive sleep apnea and CPAP on cognitive function. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2021; 21: 32
• 121 Li P, Shu Y, Liu X, Kong L, Li K, Xie W, Zeng Y, Li H, Peng D. The effects of CPAP treatment on resting-state network centrality in obstructive sleep apnea patients. Front Neurol 2022; 13: 801121
• 122 Liu X, Wei Z, Chen L, Duan W, Li H, Kong L, Shu Y, Li P, Li K, Xie W, Zeng Y, Huang L, Long T, Peng D. Effects of 3-month CPAP therapy on brain structure in obstructive sleep apnea: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Front Neurol 2022; 13: 913193
• 123 Salsone M, Caligiuri ME, Castronovo V, Canessa N, Marelli S, Quattrone A, Quattrone A, Ferini-Strambi L. Microstructural changes in normal-appearing white matter in male sleep apnea patients are reversible after treatment: a pilot study. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99: 2646-2656
• 124 Mehra R, Heinzer R, Castillo P. Current management of residual excessive daytime sleepiness due to obstructive sleep apnea: insights for optimizing patient outcomes. Neurol Ther 2021; 10: 651-672
• 125 Dunietz GL, Chervin RD, Burke JF, Conceicao AS, Braley TJ. Obstructive sleep apnea treatment and dementia risk in older adults. Sleep 2021; 44 zsab076
• 126 Fernandes M, Placidi F, Mercuri NB, Liguori C. The importance of diagnosing and the clinical potential of treating obstructive sleep apnea to delay mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: a special focus on cognitive performance. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2021; 5: 515-533
• 127 Perez-Cabezas V, Ruiz-Molinero C, Jimenez-Rejano JJ, Gonzalez-Medina G, Galan-Mercant A, Martin-Valero R. Continuous positive airway pressure treatment in patients with Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review. J Clin Med 2020; 9: 181
• 128 Gupta MA, Simpson FC, Lyons DC. The effect of treating obstructive sleep apnea with positive airway pressure on depression and other subjective symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev 2016; 28: 55-68
• 129 Povitz M, Bolo CE, Heitman SJ, Tsai WH, Wang J, James MT. Effect of treatment of obstructive sleep apnea on depressive symptoms: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 2014; 11: e1001762
• 130 Mok Y, Melehan KL, Phillips CL, Yee BJ, Miller C, Grunstein RR, Bartlett D, Liu PY, Wong KK, Hoyos CM. Does CPAP treat depressive symptoms in individuals with OSA? An analysis of two 12-week randomized sham CPAP-controlled trials. Sleep Med 2020; 73: 11-14
• 131 Lundetræ RS, Saxvig IW, Lehmann S, Bjorvatn B. Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on symptoms of anxiety and depression in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Breath 2021; 25: 1277-1283
• 132 Tegelberg A, Wilhelmsson B, Erixon-Lindroth N, Lindström LH. Improved cognitive functions after treatment with an oral appliance in obstructive sleep apnea. Nat Sci Sleep 2012; 4: 89-96
• 133 Alkan U, Nachalon Y, Weiss P, Ritter A, Feinmesser R, Gilat H, Bachar G. Effects of surgery for obstructive sleep apnea on cognitive function and driving performance. Sleep Breath 2021; 25: 1593-1600
• 134 Osorio RS, Gumb T, Pirraglia E, Varga AW, Lu SE, Lim J, Wohlleber ME, Ducca EL, Koushyk V, Glodzik L, Mosconi L, Ayappa I, Rapoport DM, de Leon MJ. Alzheimer’s disease neuroimaging initiative. Sleep-disordered breathing advances cognitive decline in the elderly. Neurology 2015; 84: 1964-1971
• 135 Emamian F, Khazaie H, Tahmasian M, Leschziner GD, Morrell MJ, Hsiung GY, Rosenzweig I, Sepehry AA. The association between obstructive sleep apnea and Alzheimer’s disease: a meta-analysis perspective. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8: 78
• 136 Chen YH, Keller JK, Kang JH, Hsieh HJ, Lin HC. Obstructive sleep apnea and the subsequent risk of depressive disorder: a population-based follow-up study. J Clin Sleep Med 2013; 9: 417-423
• 137 Sharafkhaneh A, Giray N, Richardson P, Young T, Hirshkowitz M. Association of psychiatric disorders and sleep apnea in a large cohort. Sleep 2005; 28: 1405-1411
• 138 Hobzova M, Prasko J, Vanek J, Ociskova M, Genzor S, Holubova M, Grambal A, Latalova K. Depression and obstructive sleep apnea. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2017; 38: 343-352
• 139 van Wyk M, McCreesh-Toselli S, Williams S. O Ebrahim I The distinct roles of OSA and depression severity in day- and night-time symptomatology in OSA patients: a pilot study. Sleep Breath 2020; 24: 931-939
• 140 Hapke U, Bretschneider J, Thom J. Depression in der Bevölkerung: Diagnoseraten im Versorgungskontext und epidemiologische Befunde. Epid Bull 2017; 14: 121-123
• 141 Edwards C, Mukherjee S, Simpson L, Palmer LJ, Almeida OP, Hillman DR. Depressive symptoms before and after treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in men and women. J Clin Sleep Med 2015; 11: 1029-1038
• 142 Díaz-Román M, Pulopulos MM, Baquero M, Salvador A, Cuevas A, Ferrer I, Ciopat O, Gómez E. Obstructive sleep apnea and Alzheimer’s disease-related cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in mild cognitive impairment. Sleep 2021; 44 zsaa133
• 143 Sharma RA, Varga AW, Bubu OM, Pirraglia E, Kam K, Parekh A, Wohlleber M, Miller MD, Andrade A, Lewis C, Tweardy S, Buj M, Yau PL, Sadda R, Mosconi L, Li Y, Butler T, Glodzik L, Fieremans E, Babb JS, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Lu SE, Badia SG, Romero S, Rosenzweig I, Gosselin N, Jean-Louis G, Rapoport DM, de Leon MJ, Ayappa I, Osorio RS. Obstructive sleep apnea severity affects amyloid burden in cognitively normal elderly. A longitudinal study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2018; 197: 933-943
• 144 Chen YS, Chen MH, Wang PM, Lu CH, Chen HL, Lin WC. Increased levels of plasma Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers and their sssociations with brain structural changes and carotid intima-media thickness in cognitively normal obstructive sleep apnea patients. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12: 1522
• 145 Yerlikaya D, Emek-Savaş DD, Bircan Kurşun B, Öztura İ, Yener GG. Electrophysiological and neuropsychological outcomes of severe obstructive sleep apnea: effects of hypoxemia on cognitive performance. Cogn Neurodyn 2018; 12: 471-480
• 146 Kaushal N, Ramesh V, Gozal D. Human apolipoprotein E4 targeted replacement in mice reveals increased susceptibility to sleep disruption and intermittent hypoxia. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2012; 303: R19-R29