Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/a-2003-5687
Mimik und Emotion
Article in several languages: deutsch | EnglishZusammenfassung
Die menschliche Mimik ist einzigartig in ihrer Fähigkeit unseren Emotionen Ausdruck zu verleihen und diese anderen Menschen zu übermitteln. Die mimische Expression grundlegender Emotionen ist über verschiedene Kulturen hinweg sehr ähnlich und du weist auch Gemeinsamkeiten zu anderen Säugetieren auf. Dies deutet auf einen gemeinsamen genetischen Ursprung des Zusammenhangs von Mimik und Emotion. Neuere Untersuchungen zeigen aber auch kulturelle Einflüsse und Unterschiede. Die Erkennung von Emotionen aus der Mimik und auch der Prozess des mimischen Ausdrucks der eigenen Emotionen erfolgt in einem äußerst komplexen zerebralen Netzwerk. Aufgrund der Komplexität des zerebralen Verarbeitungssystems gibt es eine Vielzahl von neurologischen und psychiatrischen Erkrankungen, welche die Kopplung von Mimik und Emotionen erheblich stören können. Auch durch das Tragen von Masken wird unsere Fähigkeit zur Übermittlung und zum Erkennen von Emotionen über die Mimik eingeschränkt. Durch die Mimik lassen sich aber nicht nur „echte“ Emotionen ausdrücken, sondern auch gespielte. Damit eröffnet die Mimik die Möglichkeit sozial erwünschten Ausdruck vorzuspielen und auch Emotionen bewusst vorzutäuschen. Diese Täuschungen sind jedoch zumeist nicht perfekt und können von kurzfristigen Gesichtsbewegungen begleitet sein, die auf die tatsächlich vorhandenen Emotionen hinweisen (Mikroexpressionen). Diese Mikroexpressionen sind von nur sehr kurzer Dauer und vom Menschen häufig kaum wahrnehmbar, jedoch das ideale Anwendungsgebiet für computergestützte Analysen. Diese automatische Identifikation von Mikroexpressionen hat in den letzten Jahren nicht nur wissenschaftliche Aufmerksamkeit erfahren, sondern ihr Einsatz wird auch in sicherheitsrelevanten Bereichen getestet. Der vorliegende Artikel fasst den aktuellen Wissensstand von Mimik und Emotionen zusammen.
Publication History
Article published online:
02 May 2023
© 2023. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial-License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany
-
Literatur
- 1 Frank MG, Stennett J. The forced-choice paradigm and the perception of facial expressions of emotion. J Pers Soc Psychol 2001; 80: 75-85 DOI: 10.1037//0022-3514.80.1.75.
- 2 Grossmann T, Johnson MH. The development of the social brain in human infancy. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 25: 909-919 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05379.x.
- 3 Barrett LF. Functionalism cannot save the classical view of emotion. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2017; 12: 34-36 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsw156.
- 4 Adolphs R, Mlodinow L, Barrett LF. What is an emotion?. Curr Biol 2019; 29: R1060-R1064 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.09.008.
- 5 LeDoux J. Rethinking the emotional brain. Neuron 2012; 73: 653-676 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.02.004.
- 6 Shackman AJ, Wager TD. The emotional brain: Fundamental questions and strategies for future research. Neurosci Lett 2019; 693: 68-74 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.10.012.
- 7 Anderson DJ, Adolphs R. A framework for studying emotions across species. Cell 2014; 157: 187-200 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.003.
- 8 Panksepp J, Lane RD, Solms M, Smith R. Reconciling cognitive and affective neuroscience perspectives on the brain basis of emotional experience. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 76: 187-215 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.010.
- 9 Fanselow MS, Pennington ZT. A return to the psychiatric dark ages with a two-system framework for fear. Behav Res Ther 2018; 100: 24-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2017.10.012.
- 10 Chikazoe J, Lee DH, Kriegeskorte N, Anderson AK. Population coding of affect across stimuli, modalities and individuals. Nat Neurosci 2014; 17: 1114-1122 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3749.
- 11 Adolphs R. Emotion. Curr Biol 2010; 20: R549-552 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2010.05.046.
- 12 Adolphs R. How should neuroscience study emotions? by distinguishing emotion states, concepts, and experiences. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2017; 12: 24-31 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsw153.
- 13 Adolphs R, Anderson D. The Neuroscience of Emotion: A New Synthesis. Princeton University Press; 2018. DOI: 10.23943/9781400889914
- 14 Damasio A, Carvalho GB. The nature of feelings: evolutionary and neurobiological origins. Nat Rev Neurosci 2013; 14: 143-152 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3403.
- 15 Ellison JW, Massaro DW. Featural evaluation, integration, and judgment of facial affect. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 1997; 23: 213-226 DOI: 10.1037//0096-1523.23.1.213.
- 16 Beaudry O, Roy-Charland A, Perron M, Cormier I, Tapp R. Featural processing in recognition of emotional facial expressions. Cogn Emot 2014; 28: 416-432 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2013.833500.
- 17 McKone E, Davies AA, Darke H, Crookes K, Wickramariyaratne T, Zappia S, Fiorentini C, Favelle S, Broughton M, Fernando D. Importance of the inverted control in measuring holistic face processing with the composite effect and part-whole effect. Front Psychol 2013; 4: 33 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00033.
- 18 Tobin A, Favelle S, Palermo R. Dynamic facial expressions are processed holistically, but not more holistically than static facial expressions. Cogn Emot 2016; 30: 1208-1221 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2015.1049936.
- 19 Schurgin MW, Nelson J, Iida S, Ohira H, Chiao JY, Franconeri SL. Eye movements during emotion recognition in faces. J Vis 2014; 14: 14 DOI: 10.1167/14.13.14.
- 20 Eisenbarth H., Alpers G.W. Happy mouth and sad eyes: Scanning emotional facial expressions. Emotion 2011; 11: 860-865 DOI: 10.1037/a0022758.
- 21 Blais C, Fiset D, Roy C, Saumure Régimbald C, Gosselin F. Eye fixation patterns for categorizing static and dynamic facial expressions. Emotion 2017; 17: 1107-1119 DOI: 10.1037/emo0000283.
- 22 Gillespie SM, Rotshtein P, Wells LJ, Beech AR, Mitchell IJ. Psychopathic traits are associated with reduced attention to the eyes of emotional faces among adult male non-offenders. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9: 552 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00552.
- 23 Wells LJ, Gillespie SM, Rotshtein P. Identification of Emotional Facial Expressions: Effects of Expression, Intensity, and Sex on Eye Gaze. PLoS One 2016; 11: e0168307 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168307.
- 24 Calder AJ, Young AW, Keane J, Dean M. Configural information in facial expression perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 2000; 26: 527-551 DOI: 10.1037/0096-1523.26.2.527.
- 25 Calvo MG, Nummenmaa L. Detection of emotional faces: salient physical features guide effective visual search. J Exp Psychol Gen 2008; 137: 471-494 DOI: 10.1037/a0012771.
- 26 Tanaka JW, Simonyi D. The “Parts and Wholes” of Face Recognition: A Review of the Literature. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 2016; 69: 1876-1889 DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2016.1146780.
- 27 Kilpeläinen M, Salmela V. Perceived emotional expressions of composite faces. PLoS ONE 2020; 15: e0230039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230039.
- 28 Ekman P, Friesen WV. Constants across cultures in the face and emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1971; 17: 124-129 DOI: 10.1037/h0030377.
- 29 Chen Z, Whitney D. Tracking the affective state of unseen persons. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2019; 116: 7559-7564 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1812250116.
- 30 Ekman P, Friesen WV. Nonverbal leakage and clues to deception. Psychiatry 1969; 32: 88-106 DOI: 10.1080/00332747.1969.11023575.
- 31 Ekman P, Sorenson ER, Friesen WV. Pan-Cultural Elements in Facial Displays of Emotion. Science 1969; 164: 86-88 DOI: 10.1126/science.164.3875.86.
- 32 Ekman P. An argument for basic emotions. Cognition and Emotion 1992; 6: 169-200 DOI: 10.1080/02699939208411068.
- 33 Ruba AL, McMurty R, Gaither SE, Wilbourn MP. How White American Children Develop Racial Biases in Emotion Reasoning. Affect Sci 2022; 3: 21-33 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-022-00111-y.
- 34 Jankovic J. Parkinson’s disease: clinical features and diagnosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2008; 79: 368-376 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2007.131045.
- 35 Bologna M, Fabbrini G, Marsili L, Defazio G, Thompson PD, Berardelli A. Facial bradykinesia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2013; 84: 681-685 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2012-303993.
- 36 Hemmesch AR, Tickle-Degnen L, Zebrowitz LA. The influence of facial masking and sex on older adults’ impressions of individuals with Parkinson’s disease. Psychol Aging 2009; 24: 542-549 DOI: 10.1037/a0016105.
- 37 Pentland B, Gray JM, Riddle WJ, Pitcairn TK. The effects of reduced non-verbal communication in Parkinson’s disease. Br J Disord Commun 1988; 23: 31-34 DOI: 10.3109/13682828809019874.
- 38 Tickle-Degnen L, Lyons KD. Practitioners’ impressions of patients with Parkinson’s disease: the social ecology of the expressive mask. Soc Sci Med 2004; 58: 603-614 DOI: 10.1016/s0277-9536(03)00213-2.
- 39 Tronick E. The neurobehavioral and social-emotional development of infants and children. 1st ed. W. W. Norton; Co: 2007
- 40 Dobel C, Miltner WHR, Witte OW, Volk GF, Guntinas-Lichius O. [Emotional impact of facial palsy]. Laryngorhinootologie 2013; 92: 9-23 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1327624.
- 41 Herrera E, Cuetos F, Rodríguez-Ferreiro J. Emotion recognition impairment in Parkinson’s disease patients without dementia. J Neurol Sci 2011; 310: 237-240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.06.034.
- 42 Dujardin K, Blairy S, Defebvre L, Duhem S, Noël Y, Hess U, Destée A. Deficits in decoding emotional facial expressions in Parkinson’s disease. Neuropsychologia 2004; 42: 239-250 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3932(03)00154-4.
- 43 Ibarretxe-Bilbao N, Junque C, Tolosa E, Marti M-J, Valldeoriola F, Bargallo N, Zarei M. Neuroanatomical correlates of impaired decision-making and facial emotion recognition in early Parkinson’s disease. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 30: 1162-1171 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06892.x.
- 44 Poewe W. Non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease. Eur J Neurol 2008; 15 Suppl 1 14-20 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02056.x.
- 45 Péron J, Dondaine T, Le Jeune F, Grandjean D, Vérin M. Emotional processing in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review. Mov Disord 2012; 27: 186-199 DOI: 10.1002/mds.24025.
- 46 Reijnders JSAM, Ehrt U, Weber WEJ, Aarsland D, Leentjens AFG. A systematic review of prevalence studies of depression in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2008; 23: 183-189 quiz 313 DOI: 10.1002/mds.21803.
- 47 Lázaro E, Amayra I, López-Paz JF, Jometón A, Martín N, Caballero P, De Nicolás L, Hoffmann H, Kessler H, Ruiz B. et al. Facial affect recognition in myasthenia gravis. Span J Psychol 2013; 16: E52 DOI: 10.1017/sjp.2013.59.
- 48 Winblad S, Hellström P, Lindberg C, Hansen S. Facial emotion recognition in myotonic dystrophy type 1 correlates with CTG repeat expansion. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006; 77: 219-223 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2005.070763.
- 49 Hinton VJ, Fee RJ, De Vivo DC, Goldstein E. Poor facial affect recognition among boys with duchenne muscular dystrophy. J Autism Dev Disord 2007; 37: 1925-1933 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-006-0325-5.
- 50 Sedda A. Disorders of emotional processing in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Curr Opin Neurol 2014; 27: 659-665 DOI: 10.1097/WCO.0000000000000147.
- 51 Korb S, Wood A, Banks CA, Agoulnik D, Hadlock TA, Niedenthal PM. Asymmetry of Facial Mimicry and Emotion Perception in Patients With Unilateral Facial Paralysis. JAMA Facial Plast Surg 2016; 18: 222-227 DOI: 10.1001/jamafacial.2015.2347.
- 52 Storbeck F, Schlegelmilch K, Streitberger K-J, Sommer W, Ploner CJ. Delayed recognition of emotional facial expressions in Bell’s palsy. Cortex 2019; 120: 524-531 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.07.015.
- 53 Wagenbreth C, Wattenberg L, Heinze H-J, Zaehle T. Implicit and explicit processing of emotional facial expressions in Parkinson’s disease. Behav Brain Res 2016; 303: 182-190 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.01.059.
- 54 Ricciardi L, Visco-Comandini F, Erro R, Morgante F, Bologna M, Fasano A, Ricciardi D, Edwards MJ, Kilner J. Facial Emotion Recognition and Expression in Parkinson’s Disease: An Emotional Mirror Mechanism?. PLoS One 2017; 12: e0169110 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169110.
- 55 Trinkler I, Devignevielle S, Achaibou A, Ligneul RV, Brugières P, Cleret de Langavant L, De Gelder B, Scahill R, Schwartz S, Bachoud-Lévi A-C. Embodied emotion impairment in Huntington’s Disease. Cortex 2017; 92: 44-56 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.02.019.
- 56 Wood A, Rychlowska M, Korb S, Niedenthal P. Fashioning the Face: Sensorimotor Simulation Contributes to Facial Expression Recognition. Trends Cogn Sci 2016; 20: 227-240 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2015.12.010.
- 57 Price TF, Harmon-Jones E. Embodied emotion: the influence of manipulated facial and bodily states on emotive responses. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Cogn Sci 2015; 6: 461-473 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1370.
- 58 Belge J-B, Maurage P, Mangelinckx C, Leleux D, Delatte B, Constant E. Facial decoding in schizophrenia is underpinned by basic visual processing impairments. Psychiatry Res 2017; 255: 167-172 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.04.007.
- 59 Maurage P, Campanella S, Philippot P, Martin S, de Timary P. Face processing in chronic alcoholism: a specific deficit for emotional features. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2008; 32: 600-606 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00611.x.
- 60 Domes G, Schulze L, Herpertz S.C. Emotion recognition in borderline personality disorder-a review of the literature. J Pers Disord 2009; 23: 6-19 DOI: 10.1521/pedi.2009.23.1.6.
- 61 Parada-Fernández P, Oliva-Macías M, Amayra I, López-Paz JF, Lázaro E, Martínez Ó, Jometón A, Berrocoso S, García de Salazar H, Pérez M. Accuracy and reaction time in recognition of facial emotions in people with multiple sclerosis. Rev Neurol 2015; 61: 433-440
- 62 Berneiser J, Wendt J, Grothe M, Kessler C, Hamm AO, Dressel A. Impaired recognition of emotional facial expressions in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2014; 3: 482-488 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2014.02.001.
- 63 Cecchetto C, Aiello M, D’Amico D, Cutuli D, Cargnelutti D, Eleopra R, Rumiati RI. Facial and bodily emotion recognition in multiple sclerosis: the role of alexithymia and other characteristics of the disease. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2014; 20: 1004-1014 DOI: 10.1017/S1355617714000939.
- 64 Li T, Liu Y, Li M, Qian X, Dai SY. Mask or no mask for COVID-19: A public health and market study. PLoS One 2020; 15: e0237691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237691.
- 65 Kiefer B. Masque, Covid et liberté. Rev Med Suisse 2020; 16: 1780
- 66 Miller FG. Liberty and Protection of Society During a Pandemic: Revisiting John Stuart Mill. Perspect Biol Med 2021; 64: 200-210 DOI: 10.1353/pbm.2021.0016.
- 67 Ong JJY, Bharatendu C, Goh Y, Tang JZY, Sooi KWX, Tan YL, Tan BYQ, Teoh H, Ong ST, Allen DM. et al. Headaches Associated With Personal Protective Equipment – A Cross-Sectional Study Among Frontline Healthcare Workers During COVID-19. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain 2020; 60: 864-877 DOI: 10.1111/head.13811.
- 68 Teo W. The “Maskne” microbiome – pathophysiology and therapeutics. Int J Dermatology 2021; 60: 799-809 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.15425.
- 69 Biermann M, Schulze A, Unterseher F, Atanasova K, Watermann P, Krause-Utz A, Stahlberg D, Bohus M, Lis S. Trustworthiness appraisals of faces wearing a surgical mask during the Covid-19 pandemic in Germany: An experimental study. PLoS ONE 2021; 16: e0251393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251393.
- 70 Carbon C-C. Wearing Face Masks Strongly Confuses Counterparts in Reading Emotions. Front. Psychol 2020; 11: 566886 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.566886.
- 71 Ferrari GRA, Möbius M, van Opdorp A, Becker ES, Rinck M. Can’t Look Away: An Eye-Tracking Based Attentional Disengagement Training for Depression. Cogn Ther Res 2016; 40: 672-686 DOI: 10.1007/s10608-016-9766-0.
- 72 Matuschek C, Moll F, Fangerau H, Fischer JC, Zänker K, van Griensven M, Schneider M, Kindgen-Milles D, Knoefel WT, Lichtenberg A. et al. Face masks: benefits and risks during the COVID-19 crisis. Eur J Med Res 2020; 25: 32 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-020-00430-5.
- 73 Darwin C, Ekman P. The expression of the emotions in man and animals 4th ed., 200th anniversary ed. Oxford University Press; 2009
- 74 Ekman P, Friesen WV. Facial Action Coding System 2019; DOI: 10.1037/t27734-000.
- 75 Zych AD, Gogolla N. Expressions of emotions across species. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2021; 68: 57-66 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2021.01.003.
- 76 Parr LA, Waller BM, Vick SJ, Bard KA. Classifying chimpanzee facial expressions using muscle action. Emotion 2007; 7: 172-181 DOI: 10.1037/1528-3542.7.1.172.
- 77 Parr LA, Waller BM, Burrows AM, Gothard KM, Vick SJ. Brief communication: MaqFACS: A muscle-based facial movement coding system for the rhesus macaque. Am J Phys Anthropol 2010; 143: 625-630 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21401.
- 78 Grill HJ, Norgren R. The taste reactivity test. I. Mimetic responses to gustatory stimuli in neurologically normal rats. Brain Res 1978; 143: 263-279 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(78)90568-1.
- 79 Grill HJ, Norgren R. Chronically decerebrate rats demonstrate satiation but not bait shyness. Science 1978; 201: 267-269 DOI: 10.1126/science.663655.
- 80 Fusar-Poli P, Placentino A, Carletti F, Landi P, Allen P, Surguladze S, Benedetti F, Abbamonte M, Gasparotti R, Barale F. et al. Functional atlas of emotional faces processing: a voxel-based meta-analysis of 105 functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2009; 34: 418-432
- 81 Adolphs R. Neural systems for recognizing emotion. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2002; 12: 169-177 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-4388(02)00301-x.
- 82 Barton JJS. Face processing in the temporal lobe. Handb Clin Neurol 2022; 187: 191-210 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-823493-8.00019-5.
- 83 Baillieux H, De Smet HJ, Paquier PF, De Deyn PP, Mariën P. Cerebellar neurocognition: insights into the bottom of the brain. . Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2008; 110: 763-773 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2008.05.013.
- 84 Reiman EM, Lane RD, Ahern GL, Schwartz GE, Davidson RJ, Friston KJ, Yun LS, Chen K. Neuroanatomical correlates of externally and internally generated human emotion. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154: 918-925 DOI: 10.1176/ajp.154.7.918.
- 85 Sacchetti B, Baldi E, Lorenzini CA, Bucherelli C. 2002; Cerebellar role in fear-conditioning consolidation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99: 8406-8411 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.112660399.
- 86 Turner BM, Paradiso S, Marvel CL, Pierson R, Boles Ponto LL, Hichwa RD, Robinson RG. The cerebellum and emotional experience. Neuropsychologia 2007; 45: 1331-1341 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.09.023.
- 87 Husted DS, Shapira NA, Goodman WK. The neurocircuitry of obsessive-compulsive disorder and disgust. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2006; 30: 389-399 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.11.024.
- 88 Thiebaut de Schotten M, Dell’Acqua F, Forkel SJ, Simmons A, Vergani F, Murphy DGM, Catani M. A lateralized brain network for visuospatial attention. Nat Neurosci 2011; 14: 1245-1246 10.1038/nn.2905
- 89 Ha D, De E, Ea Y, Dw H. Brain lateralization of emotional processing: historical roots and a future incorporating “dominance.”. Behavioral and cognitive neuroscience reviews 2005; 4 10.1177/1534582305276837
- 90 Vuilleumier P, Mohr C, Valenza N, Wetzel C, Landis T. Hyperfamiliarity for unknown faces after left lateral temporo-occipital venous infarction: a double dissociation with prosopagnosia. Brain 2003; 126: 889-907 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awg086.
- 91 Parton A, Malhotra P, Husain M. Hemispatial neglect. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004; 75: 13-21
- 92 T, N., J, D., Hj, H., and R, D. Asymmetrical activation in the human brain during processing of fearful faces. Current biology : CB 2005; 15 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2004.12.075.
- 93 Qiu Z, Lei X, Becker SI, Pegna AJ. Neural activities during the Processing of unattended and unseen emotional faces: a voxel-wise Meta-analysis. Brain Imaging Behav 2022; 16: 2426-2443 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-022-00697-8.
- 94 Weiskrantz L, Warrington EK, Sanders MD, Marshall J. Visual capacity in the hemianopic field following a restricted occipital ablation. Brain 1974; 97: 709-728 DOI: 10.1093/brain/97.1.709.
- 95 de Gelder B, Pourtois G, van Raamsdonk M, Vroomen J, Weiskrantz L. Unseen stimuli modulate conscious visual experience: evidence from inter-hemispheric summation. Neuroreport 2001; 12: 385-391 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200102120-00040.
- 96 de Gelder B, Vroomen J, Pourtois G, Weiskrantz L. Non-conscious recognition of affect in the absence of striate cortex. Neuroreport 1999; 10: 3759-3763 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-199912160-00007.
- 97 Pegna AJ, Khateb A, Lazeyras F, Seghier ML. Discriminating emotional faces without primary visual cortices involves the right amygdala. Nat Neurosci 2005; 8: 24-25 DOI: 10.1038/nn1364.
- 98 Méndez-Bértolo C, Moratti S, Toledano R, Lopez-Sosa F, Martínez-Alvarez R, Mah YH, Vuilleumier P, Gil-Nagel A, Strange BA. A fast pathway for fear in human amygdala. Nat Neurosci 2016; 19: 1041-1049 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4324.
- 99 Morris JS, Ohman A, Dolan RJ. A subcortical pathway to the right amygdala mediating “unseen” fear. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96: 1680-1685 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.4.1680.
- 100 Kragel PA, Čeko M, Theriault J, Chen D, Satpute AB, Wald LW, Lindquist MA, Feldman Barrett L, Wager TD. A human colliculus-pulvinar-amygdala pathway encodes negative emotion. Neuron 2021; 109: 2404-2412.e5 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.06.001.
- 101 Sanchez-Lopez J, Cardobi N, Pedersini CA, Savazzi S, Marzi CA. What cortical areas are responsible for blindsight in hemianopic patients?. Cortex 2020; 132: 113-134 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.08.007.
- 102 Cauchoix M, Crouzet SM. How plausible is a subcortical account of rapid visual recognition?. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7: 39 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00039.
- 103 Pessoa L, Adolphs R. Emotion processing and the amygdala: from a “low road” to “many roads” of evaluating biological significance. Nat Rev Neurosci 2010; 11: 773-783 DOI: 10.1038/nrn2920.
- 104 Kawasaki H, Kaufman O, Damasio H, Damasio AR, Granner M, Bakken H, Hori T, Howard MA, Adolphs R. Single-neuron responses to emotional visual stimuli recorded in human ventral prefrontal cortex. Nat Neurosci 2001; 4: 15-16 DOI: 10.1038/82850.
- 105 Klingner CM, Brodoehl S, Huonker R, Witte OW. The Processing of Somatosensory Information Shifts from an Early Parallel into a Serial Processing Mode: A Combined fMRI/MEG Study. Frontiers in systems neuroscience 2016; 10: 103 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2016.00103.
- 106 Klingner CM, Brodoehl S, Huonker R, Gotz T, Baumann L, Witte OW. 2015; Parallel processing of somatosensory information: Evidence from dynamic causal modeling of MEG data. Neuroimage 118: 193-198 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.06.028.
- 107 Ekman P, Oster H. Facial expressions of emotion. Annual Review of Psychology 1979; 30: 527-554 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ps.30.020179.002523.
- 108 Weinberger S. Airport security: Intent to deceive?. Nature 2010; 465: 412-415 DOI: 10.1038/465412a.
- 109 Hontz CR, Hartwig M. Kleinman, and Meissner, CA. Credibility Assessment at Portals. Portals Committee Report. 2009
- 110 Zeng Z, Pantic M, Roisman GI, Huang TS. A survey of affect recognition methods: audio, visual, and spontaneous expressions. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 2009; 31: 39-58 DOI: 10.1109/TPAMI.2008.52.
- 111 Bettadapura V. Face Expression Recognition and Analysis: The State of the Art 2012; DOI: 10.48550/ARXIV.1203.6722.
- 112 Sariyanidi E, Gunes H, Cavallaro A. Automatic Analysis of Facial Affect: A Survey of Registration, Representation, and Recognition. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 2015; 37: 1113-1133 DOI: 10.1109/TPAMI.2014.2366127.
- 113 Oh Y-H, See J, Le Ngo AC, Phan RC-W, Baskaran VM. A Survey of Automatic Facial Micro-Expression Analysis: Databases, Methods, and Challenges. Front Psychol 2018; 9: 1128 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01128.
- 114 Ekman P. Telling Lies: Clues to Deceit in the Marketplace, Politics, and Marriage Reissue Edition. WW Norton; Co: 2009
- 115 Porter S, ten Brinke L. Reading between the lies: identifying concealed and falsified emotions in universal facial expressions. Psychol Sci 2008; 19: 508-514 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02116.x.
- 116 Frank M, Herbasz M, Sinuk K, Keller A, Nolan C. I see how you feel: Training laypeople and professionals to recognize fleeting emotions. In 2009; pp. 1-35
- 117 Ekman P. MicroExpression training tool (METT). 2002
- 118 Seidenstat P, Splane FX. Protecting airline passengers in the age of terrorism (ABC-CLIO). 2009
- 119 Guerdelli H, Ferrari C, Barhoumi W, Ghazouani H, Berretti S. Macro- and Micro-Expressions Facial Datasets: A Survey. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22: 1524 DOI: 10.3390/s22041524.
- 120 Davison AK, Lansley C, Costen N, Tan K, Yap MH. SAMM: A Spontaneous Micro-Facial Movement Dataset. IEEE Trans. Affective Comput 2018; 9: 116-129 DOI: 10.1109/TAFFC.2016.2573832.
- 121 Zong Y, Huang X, Zheng W, Cui Z, Zhao G. Learning From Hierarchical Spatiotemporal Descriptors for Micro-Expression Recognition. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia 2018; 20: 3160-3172 DOI: 10.1109/TMM.2018.2820321.
- 122 Zheng H. Micro-Expression Recognition based on 2D Gabor Filter and Sparse Representation. J. Phys.: Conf. Ser 2017; 787: 012013 DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/787/1/012013.
- 123 Kim DH, Baddar WJ, Ro YM. Micro-Expression Recognition with Expression-State Constrained Spatio-Temporal Feature Representations. In Proceedings of the 24th ACM international conference on Multimedia MM ’16. (Association for Computing Machinery) 2016; pp. 382-386 DOI: 10.1145/2964284.2967247.
- 124 Leong S-M, Noman F, Phan RC-W, Baskaran VM, Ting C-M. GraphEx: Facial Action Unit Graph for Micro-Expression Classification. In 2022 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP) 2022; 3296-3300 DOI: 10.1109/ICIP46576.2022.9897873.
- 125 Song B, Zong Y, Li K., Zhu J, Shi J, Zhao L. Cross-Database Micro-Expression Recognition Based on a Dual-Stream Convolutional Neural Network. IEEE Access 2022; 10: 66227-66237 DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3185132.