Körperliche Aktivität/Sport – Auswirkung unterschiedlicher Trainingsformen und -intensitäten auf das Herz

Zusammenfassung

„Das Sport-Paradox“ beschreibt die Ambivalenz zwischen einerseits klar evidenzbasierten gesundheitlichen Vorteilen des regelmäßigen Sporttreibens und andererseits der ebenso unumstrittenen gesundheitlichen Nachteile, die der Sport mit sich bringen kann.

Mindestens 30 Minuten moderate körperliche Belastung (bei Kindern 60 Minuten), an mindesten 5 Tagen pro Woche sind notwendig, um die gesundheitlichen Vorteile zu erreichen. Das Herz-Kreislaufsystem unterliegt dabei, bei regelmäßigem intensiven, vor allem dynamischem Ausdauertraining physiologischen Adapationen, welche von verschiedenen weiteren Faktoren abhängen. Während die exzentrische Hypertrophie des linken Ventrikels, in der Regel, reversibel ist, zeigt sich die „right ventricular fatigue“, bei entsprechender genetischer Belastung teilweise progredient. Dilatation und Fibrosierung der Vorhöfe führen zu einem erhöhten Risiko für ein Vorhofflimmern und auch eine häufig klinisch asymptomatische Dilatation der Aorta oder eine durch chronischen Stress bedingte Koronarsklerose können potenziell schwerwiegende Folgen mit sich bringen. Umso entscheidender sind individuelle und spezifische Trainingsempfehlungen.

Abstract

The “paradox of sport” describes the ambiguity between strong evidence for health benefits due to regular exercise on one side and potentially relevant negative healthy aspects, that are, as well, undisputed, on the other side. At least 30 minutes (60 minutes in children and adolescents) of moderate physical exercise, on 5 days a week, are the lower limit to achieve health benefits. Regular endurance training of high intensity may lead to physiological adaptions of the cardiovascular system that are affected by various drivers. While the classical eccentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle is usually fully reversible, right ventricular fatigue may progress in individuals with a specific genetic predisposition. Dilation and fibrosis of the atria increase the risk of atrial fibrillation and dilation of the aorta, which is usually asymptomatic, or stress-induced coronary atherosclerosis may lead to potentially fatal conditions. Therefore, it is crucial to provide individual and specific training recommendations.

Schlüsselwörter

körperliche Aktivität - herzgesunder Sport - pathologische Sportherzveränderungen

Keywords

physical activity - healthy cardiac sport - pathological athlete's heart adaptions

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