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CC BY 4.0 · SynOpen 2023; 07(03): 297-312
DOI: 10.1055/a-2123-8102
review

Green Synthesis of Pyrazoles: Recent Developments in Aqueous Methods

Sushma Singh 
a   Department of Chemistry, Government College, Hisar, Haryana, India
,
Sidhant Yadav
b   Department of Chemistry, Indira Gandhi University, Meerpur-122502 Rewari, Haryana, India
,
Minakshi Minakshi 
b   Department of Chemistry, Indira Gandhi University, Meerpur-122502 Rewari, Haryana, India
c   Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Starex University, Gurugram, India
,
Rashmi Pundeer  ∗
b   Department of Chemistry, Indira Gandhi University, Meerpur-122502 Rewari, Haryana, India
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Abstract

Organic syntheses by adopting green protocols such as sonochemical procedures, microwave technologies, solvent-free conditions, green solvents, heterogeneous catalysis particularly nanocatalysts, ionic liquids have replaced traditional procedures due to concerns pertaining especially to the environment. The heterocycle, pyrazole, due to its multifaceted applications, has been the target of chemists and therefore various synthetic approaches have been developed to synthesize pyrazole-containing molecules. In the present compilation, we have summarized recent water-based research work on the synthesis of pyrazoles.

1 Introduction

2 Synthesis of Polyfunctionalized Pyrazoles

3 Synthesis of Fused Pyrazoles in Water without Catalyst

3.1 Fused [5-5]System (3 Heteroatoms): Furo[2,3-c]pyrazoles

3.2 Fused [5-6]System (3 Heteroatoms): Pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles

3.3 Fused [5-6-6]System (3 Heteroatoms): Pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinolones

4 Synthesis of Fused Pyrazoles in Water Using Catalyst

4.1 Fused [5-5]System (3 Heteroatoms): Furo[2,3-c]pyrazoles

4.2 Fused [5-6]System (3 Heteroatoms): Pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles

4.3 Fused [5-6-6]System (2 Heteroatoms): Pyrazolo[1,2-b]phthalazines

4.4 Fused [5-6-6]System (3 Heteroatoms): Benzopyranopyrazoles

4.5 Fused [5-6-6]System (5 Heteroatoms): Pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido [2,3- d]pyrimidines and Pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidines

5 Conclusions

Keywords

green chemistry - environment friendly - water-based synthesis - pyrazoles


Publication History

Received: 02 June 2023

Accepted after revision: 03 July 2023

Accepted Manuscript online:
05 July 2023

Article published online:
07 August 2023

© 2023. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

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