Int J Sports Med 2023; 44(14): 1075-1085 DOI: 10.1055/a-2156-7142
Training & Testing
Effects of Training on Running Cost and Aerobic Capacity in
Individuals with Obesity
Eliane Aparecida Castro
1
Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Science (FC), São
Paulo State University (UNESP) at Bauru, Brazil
2
LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance. Faculty
of Physical Activity and Sport Science-INEF. Universidad Politécnica de
Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
,
Elisangela Silva
3
Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of South of
Minas Gerais - IFSULDEMINAS at Muzambinho, Brazil
,
Pedro J Benito
2
LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance. Faculty
of Physical Activity and Sport Science-INEF. Universidad Politécnica de
Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
1
Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Science (FC), São
Paulo State University (UNESP) at Bauru, Brazil
4
Graduate Program in Human Developmental and Technologies, Biosciences
Institute (IB), São Paulo State University (UNESP) at Rio Claro,
Brazil
5
College of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto University,
Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
,
Dalton Müller Pessôa Filho
1
Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Science (FC), São
Paulo State University (UNESP) at Bauru, Brazil
4
Graduate Program in Human Developmental and Technologies, Biosciences
Institute (IB), São Paulo State University (UNESP) at Rio Claro,
Brazil
› Author AffiliationsFunding Information
This study took place with the financial support
of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación of Spain (process n.
DEP2008–06354-C04–01). The collaboration of E.A.C was possible
thanks to the scholarships granted by CAPES, in the scope of the Program
CAPES-PrInt, process number 88887.310463/2018–00, International
Cooperation Project number 88887.310796/2018–00 (scholarship number:
88887.572557/2020–00). The authors D.M.P.F. and C.M.N. would like
also to thank the Program CAPES-PrInt for the scholarship’s numbers
88887.695292/2022–00 and 88887.695289/2022–00.
Authors also would like to thanks the “Federal Institute of Education, Science
and Technology of South of Minas Gerais - IFSULDEMINAS” for funding this study
partially.
This study investigated running cost (CRun), peak oxygen consumption
(V̇ O2peak), and ventilatory threshold (VT1)
responses to exercise programs for individuals with obesity. Ninety-four
individuals (38.2±7.7 years;
33.4±2.9 kg/m²) were assigned into strength
(n=24), endurance (n=26), combined (n=22), and physical
activity (control, n=22) groups for 22 weeks, plus diet recommendation.
The V̇ O2peak, VT1, and CRun were
assessed through a maximal incremental step test. The change of V̇
O2peak in combined (9.9%) differed from the other groups,
with lower values in women than men (0.7% vs. 6.2%). The
VT1 change in combined (16.4%) differed from the strength
(4.9%) and physical activity (1.2%) groups, with the change in
endurance (12.7%) also being higher than the physical activity group.
Only men in the combined group increased absolute V̇ O2peak,
while both sexes increased VT1 in the endurance and combined groups.
No effects for groups and sex were significant for CRun in moderate
(<VT1) or high-intensity (>VT1)
running zones, despite CRun changes in <VT1 and
>VT1 zones correlated with the alterations of V̇
O2peak and VT1 (r²=0.29–0.59).
Therefore, moderate aerobic exercise stimulus is suitable for VT1
improvement in individuals with obesity, with the increase in CRun
associated to the chances of increasing V̇ O2peak in men and
when combining strength with aerobic exercises.
Key Words
aerobic training -
strength training -
cardiorespiratory fitness -
exercise economy -
sex
Georg Thieme Verlag Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart,
Germany
References
1
Carbone S,
Del Buono MG,
Ozemek C.
et al.
Obesity, risk of diabetes and role of physical activity, exercise training and
cardiorespiratory fitness. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2019; 62: 327-333
2
Boutari C,
Mantzoros CS.
A 2022 update on the epidemiology of obesity and a call to action: as its twin
COVID-19 pandemic appears to be receding, the obesity and dysmetabolism pandemic
continues to rage on. Metabolism 2022; 133: 155217
4
Lavie CJ,
Arena R,
Swift DL.
et al.
Exercise and the cardiovascular system: clinical science and cardiovascular
outcomes. Circ Res 2015; 117: 207-219
5
Stiegler P,
Cunliffe A.
The role of diet and exercise for the maintenance of fat-free mass and resting
metabolic rate during weight loss. Sports Med 2006; 36: 239-262
7
Weiss EP,
Jordan RC,
Frese EM.
et al.
Effects of weight loss on lean mass, strength, bone, and aerobic capacity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49: 206-217
8
Lafortuna CL,
Maffiuletti NA,
Agosti F.
et al.
Gender variations of body composition, muscle strength and power output in
morbid obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2005; 29: 833-841
10
Armstrong A,
Jungbluth Rodriguez K,
Sabag A.
et al.
Effect of aerobic exercise on waist circumference in adults with overweight or
obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2022; 23: e13446
11
Donnelly JE,
Jacobsen DJ,
Heelan KS.
et al.
The effects of 18 months of intermittent vs. continuous exercise on aerobic
capacity, body weight and composition, and metabolic fitness in previously
sedentary, moderately obese females. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000; 24: 566-572
12
O'Donoghue G,
Blake C,
Cunningham C.
et al.
What exercise prescription is optimal to improve body composition and
cardiorespiratory fitness in adults living with obesity? A network
meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2021; 22: e13137
13
Donnelly JE,
Blair SN,
Jakicic JM.
et al.
American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Appropriate physical
activity intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain
for adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41: 459-471
16
Wilson JM,
Marin PJ,
Rhea MR.
et al.
Concurrent training: a meta-analysis examining interference of aerobic and
resistance exercises. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 26: 2293-2307
17
Melanson KJ,
Dell'Olio J,
Carpenter MR.
et al.
Changes in multiple health outcomes at 12 and 24 weeks resulting from 12 weeks
of exercise counseling with or without dietary counseling in obese adults. Nutrition 2004; 20: 849-856
18
Salvadori A,
Fanari P,
Marzullo P.
et al.
Short bouts of anaerobic exercise increase non-esterified fatty acids release in
obesity. Eur J Nutr 2014; 53: 243-249
19
Tuomainen P,
Peuhkurinen K,
Kettunen R.
et al.
Regular physical exercise, heart rate variability and turbulence in a 6-year
randomized controlled trial in middle-aged men: the DNASCO study. Life Sci 2005; 77: 2723-2734
20
Hunter GR,
Bamman MM,
Larson-Meyer DE.
et al.
Inverse relationship between exercise economy and oxidative capacity in
muscle. Eur J Appl Physiol 2005; 94: 558-568
21
Morales-Alamo D,
Losa-Reyna J,
Torres-Peralta R.
et al.
What limits performance during whole-body incremental exercise to exhaustion in
humans?. J Physiol 2015; 593: 4631-4648
24
Salvadego D,
Lazzer S,
Busti C.
et al.
Gas exchange kinetics in obese adolescents. Inferences on exercise tolerance and
prescription. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 299: R1298-1305
25
Emerenziani GP,
Ferrari D,
Migliaccio S.
et al.
Effects of body weight loss program on parameters of muscle performance in
female obese adults. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2019; 59: 624-631
27
Alemayehu M,
Wubshet M,
Mesfin N.
et al.
Effect of health care on quality of life among human immunodeficiency virus
infected adults with and without visceral Leishmaniasis in northwest Ethiopia: a
longitudinal follow-up study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 98: 747-752
28
Castro EA,
Peinado AB,
Benito PJ.
et al.
What is the most effective exercise protocol to improve cardiovascular fitness
in overweight and obese subjects?. J Sport Health Sci 2017; 6: 454-461
29
Muollo V,
Rossi AP,
Milanese C.
et al.
Prolonged unsupervised Nordic walking and walking exercise following six months
of supervision in adults with overweight and obesity: A randomised clinical
trial. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 31: 1247-1256
30
Zapico AG,
Benito PJ,
Gonzalez-Gross M.
et al.
Nutrition and physical activity programs for obesity treatment (PRONAF study):
methodological approach of the project. BMC Public Health 2012; 12: 1100
31
Gargallo Fernandez MM,
Breton Lesmes I,
Basulto Marset J.
et al.
Evidence-based nutritional recommendations for the prevention and treatment of
overweight and obesity in adults (FESNAD-SEEDO consensus document). The role of
diet in obesity treatment (III/III). Nutr Hosp 2012; 27: 833-864
32
Ortega R,
Requejo A,
Lopez-Sobaler A.
Questionnaires for dietetic studies and the assessment of nutritional status.
In: Requejo A, Ortega, R, editor. Nutriguía manual of clinical nutrition
in primary care. Madrid: Editoria Complutense;; 2003
33
Benito PJ,
Bermejo LM,
Peinado AB.
et al.
Change in weight and body composition in obese subjects following a hypocaloric
diet plus different training programs or physical activity recommendations. J Appl Physiol 2015; 118: 1006-1013
34
Trowell D,
Vicenzino B,
Saunders N.
et al.
Effect of strength training on biomechanical and neuromuscular variables in
distance runners: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med 2020; 50: 133-150
35
Mikkola J,
Rusko H,
Izquierdo M.
et al.
Neuromuscular and cardiovascular adaptations during concurrent strength and
endurance training in untrained men. Int J Sports Med 2012; 33: 702-710
36
Villareal DT,
Aguirre L,
Gurney AB.
et al.
Aerobic or resistance exercise, or both, in dieting obese older adults. N Engl J Med 2017; 376: 1943-1955
37
Bateman LA,
Slentz CA,
Willis LH.
et al.
Comparison of aerobic versus resistance exercise training effects on metabolic
syndrome (from the Studies of a Targeted Risk Reduction Intervention Through
Defined Exercise - STRRIDE-AT/RT). Am J Cardiol 2011; 108: 838-844
38
Corres P,
Fryer SM,
Aguirre-Betolaza AM.
et al.
A metabolically healthy profile is a transient stage when exercise and diet are
not supervised: long-term effects in the EXERDIET-HTA Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17: 2830
39
Dai H,
Xiang J,
Hou Y.
et al.
Fat mass to fat-free mass ratio and the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver
disease and fibrosis in non-obese and obese individuals. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2021; 18: 21
40
Vella CA,
Ontiveros D,
Zubia RY.
Cardiac function and arteriovenous oxygen difference during exercise in obese
adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 111: 915-923
43
Wheatley CM,
Snyder EM,
Johnson BD.
et al.
Sex differences in cardiovascular function during submaximal exercise in
humans. Springerplus 2014; 3: 445
44
Putman CT,
Xu X,
Gillies E.
et al.
Effects of strength, endurance and combined training on myosin heavy chain
content and fibre-type distribution in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 2004; 92: 376-384
45
Nishijima H,
Kondo K,
Yonezawa K.
et al.
Quantification and physiological significance of the rightward shift of the
V-slope during incremental cardiopulmonary exercise testing. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2017; 9: 9
46
Borges JH,
Carter SJ,
Singh H.
et al.
Inverse relationship between changes of maximal aerobic capacity and changes in
walking economy after weight loss. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118: 1573-1578
47
Creasy SA,
Rogers RJ,
Davis KK.
et al.
Effects of supervised and unsupervised physical activity programmes for weight
loss. Obes Sci Pract 2017; 3: 143-152
49
Castro EA,
Carraca EV,
Cupeiro R.
et al.
The effects of the type of exercise and physical activity on eating behavior and
body composition in overweight and obese subjects. Nutrients 2020; 12: 557
