Download PDF
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Laryngorhinootologie 2024; 103(S 01): S188-S213
DOI: 10.1055/a-2178-2957
Referat

Pädiatrische Rhinologie

Article in several languages: deutsch | English
Stephan Hackenberg
1   Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Kopf- und Halschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg
,
Ariane Renson
2   Klinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen
,
Stefani Maria Röseler
2   Klinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen
,
Ingo Baumann
3   Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenklinik, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg
,
Miray-Su Yilmaz Topcuoglu
3   Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenklinik, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg
,
Helge Hebestreit
4   Kinderklinik und Poliklinik, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg
› Author Affiliations
› Further Information
Also available at
   Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

The following review article highlights key topics in pediatric rhinology that are currently the focus in research and at conferences as well as in the interdisciplinary discussion between otorhinolaryngologists and pediatricians. In particular, congenital malformations such as choanal atresia or nasal dermoid cysts are discussed, followed by statements on the current procedures for sinogenic orbital complications as well as on the diagnosis and therapy of chronic rhinosinusitis in children. Furthermore, updates on the role of the ENT specialist in the care for children with cystic fibrosis and primary ciliary dyskinesia are provided.

Keywords

Pediatric - rhinology - dermoid - choanal atresia - chronic rhinosinusitis - orbital - cystic fibrosis - primary ciliary dyskinesia - angiofibroma


Publication History

Article published online:
02 May 2024

© 2024. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial-License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany

 

  • Literatur

  • 1 Rahbar R, Shah P, Mulliken JB, Robson CD, Perez-Atayde AR, Proctor MR, Kenna MA, Scott MR, McGill TJ, Healy GB. The presentation and management of nasal dermoids: a 30-year experience. Arch Otloaryngol Head Neck Surg 2003; 129: 464-471
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 2 Ortlib T, Ambro BT, Pereira KD. Midline approach to pediatric nasofrontal dermoid cysts. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015; 141: 174-177
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 3 Hartley BEJ, Eze N, Trozzi M, Toma S, Hewitt R, Jephson C, Cochrane L, Wyatt M, Albert D. Nasal dermoids in children: a proposal for a new classification based on 103 cases at Great Ormond Street Hospital. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 79: 18-22
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 4 El-Fattah AMA, Naguib A, El-Sisi H, Kamal E, Tawfik A. Midline nasofrontal dermoids in children: a review of 29 cases managed at Mansoura University Hospitals. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2016; 83: 88-92
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 5 Kotowski M, Szydlowski J. Radiological diagnostics in nasal dermoids: pittfalls, predictive values and literature analysis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 149: 110842
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 6 Pierce CA, Komofaos P, Alvarez S, Wallace RD. Excision and fat grafting of nasal tip dermoid cysts through an open rhinoplasty approach. J Craniofacial Surg 2016; 27: e18-e20
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 7 Carroll WW, Farhood Z, White DR, Patel KG. Nasal dorsum reconstruction after pediatric nasal dermoid excision. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 140: 110502
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 8 Deutsch E, Kaufman M, Eilon A. Transnasal endoscopic management of choanal atresia. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1997; 40: 19-26
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 9 Josephson GD, Vickery CL, Giles WC, Gross CW. Transnasal endoscopic repair of congenital choanal atresia: long-term results. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998; 124: 537-540
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 10 Hengerer AS, Brickman TM, Jeyakumar A. Choanal atresia: embryologic analysis and evolution of treatment, a 30-year experience. Laryngoscope 2008; 118: 862-866
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 11 Baumann I, Sommerburg O, Amrhein P, Plinkert PK, Koitschev A. Diagnostik und Management der Choanalatresie. HNO 2018; 66: 329-338
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 12 Jung H. Die angeborene Choanalatresie und deren operative Korrektur. Laryngorhinootologie 1994; 73: 586-590
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 13 Kwong KM. Current updates on choanal atresia. Front Pediatr 2015; 3: 52
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 14 Pagon RA, Graham JM, Zonana J, Yong SL. Coloboma, congenital heart disease, and choanal atresia with multiple anomalies: CHARGE association. J Pediatr 1981; 99: 223-227
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 15 Harris J, Robert E, Källén B. Epidemiology of choanal atresia with special reference to the CHARGE association. Pediatrics 1997; 99: 363-367
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 16 Burrow TA, Saal HM, de Alarcon A, Martin LJ, Cotton RT, Hopkin RJ. Characterization of congenital anomalies in individuals with choanal atresia. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2009; 135: 543-547
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 17 Cedin AC, Atallah AN, Andriolo RB, Cruz OL, Pignatari SN. Surgery for congenital choanal atresia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; CD008993
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 18 Urbančič J, Vozel D, Battelino S, Boršoš I, Bregant L, Glavan M, Iglič Č, Jenko K, Lanišnik B, Soklič Košak T. Management of Choanal Atresia: National Recommendations with a Comprehensive Literature Review. Children (Basel) 2023; 10: 91
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 19 Riepl R, Scheitauer M, Hoffmann TK, Rotter N. Transnasal endoscopic treatment of bilateral choanal atresia in newborns using balloon dilatation: own results and review of literature. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 78: 459-464
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 20 Moreddu E, Rizzi M, Adil E. et al. International Pediatric Otolaryngology Group (IPOG) consensus recommendations: Diagnosis, pre-operative, operative and post-operative pediatric choanal atresia care. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2019; 123: 151-155
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 21 Lau K, Stavrakas M, Ray J. Lasers in Rhinology-An Update. Ear Nose Throat J 2021; 100: 77S-82S
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 22 De Vinventiis GC, Panatta ML, De Corso E, Marini G, Bianchi A, Giuliani M, Sitzia E, Tucci FM. Endoscopic treatment of choanal atresia and use of balloon dilation: our experience. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital 2020; 40: 44-49
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 23 Alsubaie HM, Almosa WH, Al-Qahtani AS, Margalani O. Choanal Atresia Repair With Stents and Flaps: A Systematic Review Article. Allergy Rhinol (Providence) 2021; 12 21526567211058052
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 24 Strychowsky JE, Kawai K, Moritz E, Rahbar R, Adil EA. To stent or not to stent? A meta-analysis of endonasal congenital bilateral choanal atresia repair. Laryngoscope 2016; 126: 218-227
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 25 Sung JY, Cho KS, Bae YC, Bae SH. Image-guided navigation surgery for bilateral choanal atresia with a Tessier number 3 facial cleft in an adult. Arch Craniofac Surg 2020; 21: 64-68
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 26 Rodríguez H, Cuestas G, Passali D. A 20-year experience in microsurgical treatment of choanal atresia. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp 2014; 65: 85-92
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 27 Gundle L, Ojha S, Hendry J, Rosen H. Stenting versus stentless repair for bilateral choanal atresia: A systematic review of the literature. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 151: 110926
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 28 Carter JM, Lawlor C, Guarisco JL. The efficacy of mitomycin and stenting in choanal atresia repair: a 20 year experience. In J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 78: 307-311
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 29 Kapadia MK, Freitag SK, Woog JJ. Evaluation and management of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2006; 39: 959-977 vii
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 30 Gupta AK, Bansal S. Primary endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy in children-analysis of 18 patients. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2006; 70: 1213-1217
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 31 Eloy P, Leruth E, Cailliau A, Collet S, Bertrand B, Rombaux P. Pediatric endonasal endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2009; 73: 867-871
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 32 Gioacchini FM, Alicandri-Ciufelli M, Kaleci S, Re M. The outcomes of endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy in children: A systematic review. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 79: 947-952
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 33 Leone CR, Van Gemert JV. The success rate of silicone intubation in congenital lacrimal obstruction. Ophthalmic Surg 1990; 21: 90-92
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 34 Zloto O, Koval T, Yakirevich A, Ben Simon GJ, Weissman A, Ben Artsi E, Ben Shoshan J, Priel A. Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy with and without mucosal flap-is there any difference?. Eye (Lond) 2020; 34: 1449-1453
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 35 Vanderveen DK, Jones DT, Tan H, Petersen RA. Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy in children. J AAPOS 2001; 5: 143-147
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 36 Berlucchi M, Staurenghi G, Brunori PR, Tomenzoli D, Nicolai P. Transnasal endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy for the treatment of lacrimal pathway stenoses in pediatric patients. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2003; 67: 1069-1074
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 37 Bernal-Sprekelsen M, Massegur Solench H, Tomás Barberán M. Paediatric endoscopic sinus surgery (PESS): review of the indications. Rev Laryngol Otol Rhinol (Bord) 2003; 124: 145-150
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 38 Nitin T, Uddin S, Paul G. Enddonasal endoscopic dacrycystorhinostomy with and without stents – a comparative study. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2022; 74: 1433-1441
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 39 Cheng S, Feng Y, Xu L, Li Y, Huang J. Efficacy of mitomycin C in endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013; 13: e62737
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 40 Saniasiaya J, Abdullah B, Husain S, Wang DY, Mohammad ZW. Primary endoscopic endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy for pediatric nasolacrimal duct obstruction: A systematic review. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2017; 31: 328-333
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 41 Stenner M, Rudack C. Erkrankungen der Nase und der Nasennebenhöhlen im Kindesalter. Laryngo-Rhino-Otol 2014; 93: S24-S48
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 42 Kais A, Chaiban R, Makary AC, Ramadan HH. Seasonal variations, acute rhinosinusitis and orbital infections in children. Am J Otolaryngol 2023; 44: 103918
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 43 Chandler JR, Langenbrunner DJ, Stevens ER. The pathogenesis of orbital complications in acute sinusitis. Laryngoscope 1970; 80: 1414-1428
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 44 Sobol SE, Marchand J, Tewfik TL, Manoukian JJ, Schloss MD. Orbital complications of sinusitis in children. J Otolaryngol 2002; 31: 131-136
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 45 Al-Madani MV, Khatatbeh AE, Rawashdeh RZ, Al-Khtoum NF, Shawagfeh NR. The prevalence of orbital complications among children and adults with acute rhinosinusitis. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2013; 79: 716-719
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 46 Santos JC, Pinto S, Ferreira S, Maia C, Alves S, da Silva V. Pediatric preseptal and orbital cellulitis: A 10-year experience. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2019; 120: 82-88
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 47 Knipping S, Hirt J, Hirt R. Management of orbital complications. Laryngo-Rhino-Otol 2015; 94: 819-826
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 48 Miranda-Barrios J, Bravo-Queipo-de-Llano B, Baquero-Artigao F, Granados-Fernandez M, Noval S, Rabanal I, Méndez-Echevarría A, Del Rosal T, Sainz T, Aracil J, Calvo C. Preseptal Versus Orbital Cellulitis in Children: An Observational Study. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2021; 40: 969-974
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 49 Orman G, Kralik SF, Desai N, Meoded A, Vallejo JG, Huisman TAGM, Tran BH. Imaging of Paranasal Sinus Infections in Children: A Review. J Neuroimaging 2020; 30: 572-586
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 50 Trottier ED, St-Armand BF, Vincent M, Chevalier I, Autmizguine J, Tremblay S, Gouin S. Outpatient management of moderate cellulitis in children using high-dose oral cephalexin. Paediatr Child Health 2022; 27: 213-219
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 51 Raponi I, Giovannetti F, Buracchi M, Priore P, Battisti A, Scagnet M, Genitori L, Valentini V. Management of orbital and brain complications of sinusitis: A practical algorithm. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2021; 49: 1124-1129
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 52 Welkoborsky HJ, Pitz S, Grass S, Breuer B, Holte APV, Bertram O, Wiechens B. Sinogenic orbital complications. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2022; 119: 31-37
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 53 McDermott SM, Onwuka A, Elmaraghy C, Walz PC. Management Patterns in Pediatric Complicated Sinusitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020; 163: 814-821
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 54 Welkoborsky HJ, Graß S, Deichmüller C, Bertram O, Hinni ML. Orbital complications in children: differential diagnosis of a challenging disease. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 272: 1157-1163
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 55 Nageswaran S, Woods CR, Benjamin DK, Givner LB, Shetty AK. Orbital cellulitis in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2006; 25: 695-699
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 56 Zhao EE, Koochakzadeh S, Nguyen SA, Yoo F, Pecha P, Schlosser RJ. Orbital complications of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis in the pediatric population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 135: 110078
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 57 Sinclair CF, Berkowitz RG. Prior antibiotic therapy for acute sinusitis in children and the development of subperiosteal orbital abscess. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2007; 71: 1003-1006
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 58 Chrobok V, Pellant A, Mandysova P, Mejzlik J, Dedkova J, Celakovsky P. Rhinogenic orbital inflammation-what has changed over the past 50 years?. Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove) 2019; 62: 94-98
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 59 Sharma S, Josephson GD. Orbital complications of acute sinusitis in infants: a systematic review and report of a case. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2014; 140: 1070-1073
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 60 Badr DT, Gaffin JM, Phipatanakul W. Pediatric rhinosinusitis. Curr Treat Options Allergy 2016; 3: 268-281
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 61 Heath J, Hartzell L, Putt C, Kennedy JL. Chronic Rhinosinusitis in Children: Pathophysiology, Evaluation, and Medical Management. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2018; 29: 37
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 62 Sidell D, Shapiro NL, Bhattacharyya N. Obesity and the risk of chronic rhnisinusitis, allergic rhinitis and acute otitis media in school-age children. Laryngoscope 2013; 123: 2360-2363
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 63 Westman M, Stjärne P, Bergström A, Kull I, Toskala E, Cardell LO, Wickman M, Holmström M. Chronic rhinosinusitis is rare but bothersome in adolescents from a Swedish population-based cohort. J Allery Clin Immunol 2015; 136: 512-514
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 64 Orb Q, Curtin K, Oakley GM, Wong J, Meier J, Orlandi RR, Alt JA. Familial risk of pediatric chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope 2016; 126: 739-745
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 65 Purkey MT, Li J, Mentsch F, Grant SFA, Desrosiers M, Hakonarson H, Toskala E. Genetic variation in genes encoding airway epithelial potassium channels is associated with chronic rhinosinusitis in a pediatric population. PLoS One 2014; 9: e89329
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 66 BuSaba NY, Cunningham MJ. Connexin 26 and 30 genes mutations in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope 2008; 118: 310-313
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 67 Haruna S, Sawada K, Nakajima T, Moriyama H. Relationship between pediatric sinusitis and middle turbinate pneumatization–ethmoidal sinus pyocele thought to be caused by middle turbinate pneumatization. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2005; 69: 375-379
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 68 Al-Qudah M. The relationship between anatomical variations of the sino-nasal region and chronic sinusitis extension in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2008; 72: 817-821
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 69 Reh DD, Higgins TS, Smith TL. Impact of tobacco smoke on chronic rhinosinusitis: a review of the literature. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2012; 2: 362-369
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 70 Ramadan HH. Surgical management of chronic sinusitis in children. Laryngoscope 2004; 114: 2103-2109
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 71 Siedek V, Stelter K, Betz CS, Berghaus A, Leunig A. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery–a retrospective analysis of 115 children and adolescents with chronic rhinosinusitis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2009; 73: 741-745
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 72 Fokkens WJ, Lund VJ, Hopkins C, Hellings PW, Kern R, Reitsma S. et al. European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2020. Rhinology 2020; 29: 1-464
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 73 Bettadahalli V, Chakravarti A. Post-adenoidectomy quality of life in children with refractory chronic rhinosinusitis. J Laryngol Otol 2017; 131: 773-778
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 74 Ramadan HH, Makary CA. Can computed tomography score predict outcome of adenoidectomy for chronic rhinosinusitis in children. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2014; 28: e80-e81
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 75 Ickrath P, Morbach H, Schwaneck EC, Gehrke T, Scherzad A, Hagen R, Hackenberg S. Recurrent infections of the upper aerodigestive tract in patients with primary immunodeficiency. HNO 2019; 67: 819-824
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 76 Pearce MS, Salotti JA, Little MP, McHugh K, Lee C, Kim KP, Howe NL, Ronckers CM, Rajaraman P, Sir Craft AW, Parker L, Berrington de González A. Radiation exposure from CT scans in childhood and subsequent risk of leukaemia and brain tumours: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 2012; 380: 499-505
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 77 Hill M, Bhattacharyya N, Hall TR, Lufkin R, Shapiro NL. Incidental paranasal sinus imaging abnormalities and the normal Lund score in children. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004; 130: 171-175
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 78 Hummel T, Bensafi M, Nikolaus J, Knecht M, Laing DG, Schaal B. Olfactory function in children assessed with psychophysical and electrophysiological techniques. Behav Brain Res 2007; 180: 133-138
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 79 Don DM, Yellon RF, Casselbrant ML, Bluestone CD. Efficacy of a stepwise protocol that includes intravenous antibiotic therapy for the management of chronic sinusitis in children and adolescents. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001; 12: 1093-1098
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 80 Chong LY, Head K, Hopkins C, Philpott C, Burton MJ, Schilder AG. Different types of intranasal steroids for chronic rhinosinusitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 4: CD011993
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 81 Ozturk F, Bakirtas A, Ileri F, Turktas I. Efficacy and tolerability of systemic methylprednisolone in children and adolescents with chronic rhinosinusitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128: 348-352
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 82 Shoseyov D, Bibi H, Shai P, Shoseyov N, Shazberg G, Hurvitz H. Treatment with hypertonic saline versus normal saline nasal wash of pediatric chronic sinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immonol 1998; 101: 602-605
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 83 Beswick DM, Messner AH, Hwang PH. Pediatric Chronic Rhinosinusitis Management in Rhinologists and Pediatric Otolaryngologists. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2017; 126: 634-639
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 84 Jeffe JS, Bhushan B, Schroeder JW. Nasal saline irrigation in children: a study of compliance and tolerance. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2012; 76: 409-413
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 85 Brietzke SE, Brigger MT. Adenoidectomy outcomes in pediatric rhinosinusitis: a meta-analysis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2008; 72: 1541-1545
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 86 Brietzke SE, Shin JJ, Choi S, Lee JT, Parikh SR, Pena M, Prager JD, Ramadan H, Veling M, Corrigan M, Rosenfeld RM. Clinical consensus statement: pediatric chronic rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2014; 151: 542-553
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 87 Lusk RP, Bothwell MR, Piccirillo J. Long-term follow-up for children treated with surgical intervention for chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope 2006; 116: 2099-2107
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 88 Jiang XJ, Guo XY, Yuan W, Li Q, Zhong C, Jiang Z, Xiang ZL, Li TJ, Wei Y, Zhang X. Long-term improvements in quality of life after functional endoscopic sinus surgery for adolescents with chronic rhinosinusitis. Acta Otolaryngol 2012; 132: 798-802
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 89 Cornet ME, Georgalas C, Reinartz SM, Fokkens WJ. Long-term results of functional endoscopic sinus surgery in children with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Rhinology 2013; 51: 328-334
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 90 Simmonds JC, Paz-Lansberg M, Scangas G, Metson R. Endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis: 22-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test 5-year results. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2022; 12: 257-265
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 91 Younis RT. The pros and cons of second-look sinonasal endoscopy after endoscopic sinus surgery in children. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005; 131: 267-269
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 92 Wang PP, Ge WT, Ni X, Tang LX, Zhang J, Yang XJ, Sun JH. Endoscopic Treatment of Isolated Sphenoid Sinus Disease in Children. Ear Nose Throat J 2019; 98: 425-430
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 93 Clement WA, Sooby P, Doherty C, Qayyum N, Irwin G. Acute isolated sphenoid sinusitis in children: A case series and systematic review of the literature. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 140: 110492
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 94 You W, Lin ZR, Wang YZ, Wang WW, Lin RS, Qiu SQ, Guo AS. Analysis of the Causes and Experience in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Meningocele Caused by Sternberg’s Canal of the Sphenoid Sinus: Two Case Reports and a Review of the Literature. Curr Med Imaging 2023; 19: 1063-1070
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 95 Bahadir O, Bahadir A, Kosucu P, Livaoglu M. The effect of maxillary sinus surgery on its development. Acta Otolaryngol 2008; 128: 551-555
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 96 Lee S, Fernandez J, Mirjalili SA, Kirkpatrick J. Pediatric paranasal sinuses-Development, growth, pathology, & functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Clin Anat 2022; 35: 745-761
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 97 Odat H, Almardeeni D, Tanash M, Al-Qudah M. Anatomical variation of the sphenoid sinus in paediatric patients and its association with age and chronic rhinosinusitis. J Laryngol Otol 2019; 133: 482-486
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 98 Pyrhönen K, Kulmala P. Atopic diseases of the parents predict the offspring’s atopic sensitization and food allergy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2021; 32: 859-871
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 99 Scadding GK, Smith PK, Blaiss M, Roberts G, Hellings PW, Gevaert P, Mc Donald M, Sih T, Halken S, Zieglmayer PU, Schmid-Grendelmeier P, Valovirta E, Pawankar R, Wahn U. 2021; Allergic Rhinitis in Childhood and the New EUFOREA Algorithm. Front Allergy 2: 706589
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 100 Thamm R, Poethko-Müller C, Hüther A, Thamm M. RKI- Journal of Health Monitoring 2018; 3
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 101 Keller T, Hohmann C, Standl M, Wijga AH, Gehring U, Melén E. et al. The sex-shift in single disease and multimorbid asthma and rhinitis during puberty – a study by MeDALL. Allergy 2018; 73: 602-614
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 102 Bergmann KC, Heinrich J, Niemann H. Current status of allergy prevalence in Germany. Position paper of the Environmental Medicine Commission of the Robert Koch Institute. Allergo J Int 2016; 25: 6-10
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 103 Bousquet J, Schünemann HJ, Togias A. et al. Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma Working Group. Next-generation Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guidelines for allergic rhinitis based on Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) and real-world evidence. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 145: 70-80
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 104 Wise SK, Damask C, Roland LT. et al. International consensus statement on allergy and rhinology: Allergic rhinitis – 2023. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2023; 13: 293-859
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 105 Kleine-Tebbe J, Ballmer-Weber B, Beyer K, Erdmann S, Fuchs T, Henzgen M, Huttegger I, Jappe U, Jäger L, Lepp U, Niggemann B, Raithel M, Reese M, Saloga J, Szépfalusi Z, Vieths S, Worm M, Zuberbier T, Werfel T. Leitlinie: In-vitro-Diagnostik und molekulare Grundlagen von IgE-vermittelten Nahrungsmittelallergien. Allergo J 2009; 18: 132-146
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 106 Gureczny T, Heindl B, Klug L, Wantke F, Hemmer W, Wöhrl S. Allergy screening with extract-based skin prick tests demonstrates higher sensitivity over in-vitro molecular allergy testing. Clin Transl Allergy 2023; e12220
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 107 Cuevas M, Polk ML, Becker S, Huppertz T, Hagemann J, Bergmann C, Wrede H, Schlenter W, Haxel B, Bergmann KC, Klimek L. Rhinitis allergica in storage mite allergy. Allergo J Int 2022; 31: 59-68
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 108 Höflich C, Balakirski G, Hajdu Z. et al. Management of patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis: Diagnostic consideration of sensitization to non-frequent pollen allergens. Clin Transl Allergy 2021; e12058
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 109 Ott H, Koop MV, Lange L. Kinderallergologie in Klinik und Praxis. 2. Auflage. Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg; 2023.
    CrossrefSearch in Google Scholar
  • 110 Chaker AM. Biologics in rhinology – forthcoming personalized concepts: the future starts Ttday. Laryngorhinootologie. 2018; 97: S142-S184
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 111 Wartna JB, Bohnen AM, Elshout G, Pijnenburg MW, Pols DH, Gerth van Wijk RR, Bindels PJ. Symptomatic treatment of pollen-related allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in children: randomized controlled trial. Allergy 2017; 72: 636-644
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 112 Pfaar O. et al. Guideline on allergen immunotherapy in IgE-mediated allergic diseases. Allergol Select 2022; 6: 167-232
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 113 Stuck BA. et al. Guideline for “rhinosinusitis”-long version: S2k guideline of the German College of General Practitioners and Familiy Physicans and the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery. HNO 2018; 669: 38-74
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 114 Bundesärztekammer (BÄK), Kassenärztliche Bundesvereinigung (KBV), Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften (AWMF). Nationale VersorgungsLeitlinie Asthma – Langfassung, 4. Auflage Version 1 2020;
    CrossrefPubMed
  • 115 Ring J, Beyer K, Biedermann T. et al. Guideline (S2k) on acute therapy and management of anaphylaxis: 2021 update: S2k-Guideline of the German Society for Allergology and Clinical Immunology (DGAKI), the Medical Association of German Allergologists (AeDA), the Society of Pediatric Allergology and Environmental Medicine (GPA), the German Academy of Allergology and Environmental Medicine (DAAU), the German Professional Association of Pediatricians (BVKJ), the Society for Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care (GNPI), the German Society of Dermatology (DDG), the Austrian Society for Allergology and Immunology (ÖGAI), the Swiss Society for Allergy and Immunology (SGAI), the German Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (DGAI), the German Society of Pharmacology (DGP), the German Respiratory Society (DGP), the patient organization German Allergy and Asthma Association (DAAB), the German Working Group of Anaphylaxis Training and Education (AGATE). Allergo J Int 2021; 30: 1-25
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 116 Greenhawt M, Sindher SB, Wang J, O’Sullivan M, du Toit G, Kim EH, Albright D, Anvari S, Arends N, Arkwright PD, Bégin P, Bluemchen K. et al. Phase 3 Trial of epicutaneous immunotherapy in toddlers with peanut allergy. N Engl J Med 2023; 388: 1755-1766
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 117 Lucendo AJ, Arias A, Tenias JM. Relation between eosinophilic esophagitis and oral immunotherapy for food allergy: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2014; 113: 624-629
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 118 Madisch A, Koop H. et al. Update S2k-Leitlinie Gastroösophageale Refluxkrankheit und eosinophile Ösophagitis der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Gastroenterologie, Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten (DGVS) März 2023 – AWMF-Registernummer: 021 – 013. Z Gastroenterol 2023; 61: 862-933
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 119 Papapostolou G, Kiotseridis H, Romberg K, Dahl Å, Bjermer L, Lindgren M, Aronsson D, Tunsäter A, Tufvesson E. Cognitive dysfunction and quality of life during pollen season in children with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2021; 32: 67-76
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 120 Bensnes SS. You sneeze, you lose: The impact of pollen exposure on cognitive performance during high-stakes high school exams. J Health Econ 2016; 49: 1-13
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 121 Jáuregui I, Mullol J, Dávila I, Ferrer M, Bartra J, Del Cuvillo A, Montoro J, Sastre J, Valero A. Allergic rhinitis and school performance. J Invest Allergol Clin Immunol 2009; 19: 32-39
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 122 Marshall PS, O’Hara C, Steinberg P. Effects of seasonal allergic rhinitis on selected cognitive abilities. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2000; 84: 403-410
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 123 Yang CF, Yang CC, Wang IJ. Association between allergic diseases, allergic sensitization and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children: A large-scale, population-based study. J Chin Med Assoc 2018; 81: 277-283
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 124 Schans JV, Çiçek R, de Vries TW, Hak E, Hoekstra PJ. Association of atopic diseases and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analyses. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 74: 139-148
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 125 Gao Z, Chen X, Xiang R, Zhang W, Tan L, Fan W, Liu P, Lv H, Xu Y. Changes in resting-state spontaneous brain activity in patients with allergic rhinitis: a pilot neuroimaging study. Front Neurosci 2021; 15: 697299
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 126 Fuhrmann S, Tesch F, Romanos M, Abraham S, Schmitt J. ADHD in school-age children is related to infant exposure to systemic H1-antihistamines. Allergy 2020; 75: 2956-2957
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 127 Karanth TK, Karanth VKLK, Ward BK, Woodworth BA, Karanth L. Medical interventions for chronic rhinosinusitis in cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022; 4: CD012979
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 128 Liang J, Higgins T, Ishman SL, Boss EF, Benke JR, Lin SY. Medical management of chronic rhinosinusitis in cystic fibrosis: a systematic review. Laryngoscope 2014; 124: 1308-1313
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 129 Jayawardena ADL, Fracchia MS, Bartley BL. et al. Working towards consensus in the management of pediatric chronic rhinosinusitis in cystic fibrosis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 135: 110047
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 130 Farzal Z, Dean KM, Sreenath SB. et al. Streamlining care in cystic fibrosis: survey of otolaryngologist, pulmonologist, and patient experiences. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2020; 10: 591-603
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 131 Mainz JG, Schumacher U, Schädlich K, Hentschel J, Koitschev C, Koitschev A, Riethmüller J, Prenzel F, Sommerburg O, Wiedemann B, Staab D, Gleiber W, Fischer R, Beck JF, Arnold C. Cooperators. Sino nasal inhalation of isotonic versus hypertonic saline (6.0%) in CF patients with chronic rhinosinusitis – Results of a multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. J Cyst Fibros 2016; 15: e57-e66
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 132 Mainz JG, Schien C, Schiller I, Schädlich K, Koitschev A, Koitschev C, Riethmüller J, Graepler-Mainka U, Wiedemann B, Beck JF. Sinonasal inhalation of dornase alfa administered by vibrating aerosol to cystic fibrosis patients: a double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over trial. J Cyst Fibros 2014; 13: 461-470
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 133 Nährlich L, Burkhart M, Wosniok J. Deutsches Mukoviszidose-Register: Berichtsband. Bonn: Mukoviszidose e.V. Mukoviszidose Institut GmbH; 2021
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 134 Sheikh SI, Long FR, McCoy KS, Johnson T, Ryan-Wenger NA, Hayes D. Ivacaftor improves appearance of sinus disease on computerised tomography in cystic fibrosis patients with G551D mutation. Clin Otolaryngol 2015; 40: 16-21
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 135 Wucherpfennig L, Wuennemann F, Eichinger M, Seitz A, Baumann I, Stahl M, Graeber SY, Zhao S, Chung J, Schenk JP, Alrajab A, Kauczor HU, Mall MA, Sommerburg O, Wielpütz MO. Long-term effects of lumacaftor/ivacaftor on paranasal sinus abnormalities in children with cystic fibrosis detected with magnetic resonance imaging. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14: 1161891
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 136 Wucherpfennig L, Wuennemann F, Eichinger M, Schmitt N, Seitz A, Baumann I, Stahl M, Graeber SY, Chung J, Schenk JP, Alrajab A, Kauczor HU, Mall MA, Sommerburg O, Wielpütz MO. Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Detects Onset and Progression of Chronic Rhinosinusitis from Infancy to School Age in Cystic Fibrosis. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2023; 20: 687-697
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 137 Stapleton AL, Kimple AJ, Goralski JL, Nouraie SM, Branstetter BF, Shaffer AD, Pilewski JM, Senior BA, Lee SE, Zemke AC. Elexacaftor-Tezacaftor- Ivacaftor improves sinonasal outcomes in cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2022; 21: 792-799
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 138 Beswick DM, Humphries SM, Balkissoon CD, Strand M, Vladar EK, Ramakrishnan VR, Taylor-Cousar JL. Olfactory dysfunction in cystic fibrosis: Impact of CFTR modulator therapy. J Cyst Fibros 2022; 21: e141-e147
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 139 Wang C, Johnson R, Horani S, Brown C, Mitchell R, Shah G. Chronic rhinosinusitis and endoscopic sinus surgery in children admitted for pulmonary exacerbations of cystic fibrosis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 140: 110548
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 140 Virgin FW, Thurm C, Sanders DB, Freeman AJ, Cogen J, Gamel B, Sawicki G, Fink AK. Prevalence, variability, and predictors of sinus surgery in pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol 2021; 56: 4029-4038
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 141 Hughes A, Adil EA. What is the role of endoscopic sinus surgery in adult patients with cystic fibrosis. Laryngoscope 2015; 125: 2018-2020
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 142 Hughes A, Adil EA. Is Endoscopic sinus surgery beneficial post lung transplantation in cystic fibrosis patients?. Laryngoscope 2021; 131: 1446-1447
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 143 Kawai K, Dombrowski N, Sawicki GS, Adil EA. Improvement of pulmonary function in cystic fibrosis patients following endoscopic sinus surgery. Laryngoscope. 2021; 131: 1930-1938
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 144 Rampinelli V, Ferrari M, Poli P, Lancini D, Mattavelli D, Timpano S, Redaelli de Zinis LO, Badolato R, Padoan R, Berlucchi M. Paranasal mucoceles in children with cystic fibrosis: Management of a not so rare clinical condition. Am J Otolaryngol 2021; 42: 103107
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 145 Helmen ZM, Little RE, Robey T. Utility of second-look endoscopy with debridement after pediatric functional endoscopic sinus surgery in patients with cystic fibrosis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2020; 129: 1153-1162
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 146 Maggiore G, Pietragalla M, De Amicis C, Nardi C, Bruno C, Gallo O, Bonasera L, Perrone A, Cavallo A, Colagrande S, Taccetti G, Locatello LG. The Risks of Complications During Endoscopic Sinus Surgery in Cystic Fibrosis Patients: An Anatomical and Endoscopic Study. Laryngoscope 2021; 131: E2481-E2489
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 147 Sommerburg O, Wielpütz MO, Trame JP, Wuennemann F, Opdazaite E, Stahl M, Puderbach MU, Kopp-Schneider A, Fritzsching E, Kauczor HU, Baumann I, Mall MA, Eichinger M. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Detects Chronic Rhinosinusitis in Infants and Preschool Children with Cystic Fibrosis. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2020; 17: 714-723
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 148 Stevens DA, Moss RB, Kurup VP. et al. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in cystic fibrosis-state of the art: Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Consensus Conference. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37: S225-S364
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 149 Kaplan A. Canadian guidelines for chronic rhinosinusitis: clinical summary. Can Fam Physician 2013; 59: 1275 1281
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 150 Kimple AJ, Senior BA, Naureckas ET. et al. Cystic fibrosis foundation otolaryngology care multidisciplinary consensus recommendations. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2022; 12: 1089-1103
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 151 Hackenberg S, Scherzad A. Primäre Ziliendyskinesie (PCD) – interdisziplinäre Diagnostik und Therapie. Laryngo-Rhino-OTol 2020; 99: 326-337
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 152 Kurkowiak M, Zietkiewicz E, Witt M. Recent advances in primary ciliary dyskinesia genetics. J Med Genet 2015; 52: 1-9
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 153 Raidt J, Wallmeier J, Hjeij R, Onnebrink JG, Pennekamp P, Loges NT, Olbrich H, Häffner K, Dougherty GW, Omran H, Werner C. Ciliary beat pattern and frequency in genetic variants of primary ciliary dyskinesia. Eur Respir J 2014; 44: 1579-1588
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 154 Goutaki M, Shoemark A. Diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia. Clin Chest Med 2022; 43: 127-140
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 155 Rademacher J, Buck A, Schwerk N, Price M, Fuge J, Welte T, Ringshausen FC. Nasal Nitric Oxide Measurement and a Modified PICADAR Score for the Screening of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia in Adults with Bronchiectasis. Pneumologie 2017; 71: 543-548
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 156 Lodes N, Seidensticker K, Perniss A, Nietzer S, Oberwinkler H, May T, Walles T, Hebestreit H, Hackenberg S, Steinke M. Investigation on ciliary functionality of different airway epithelial cell lines in three-dimensional cell culture. Tissue Eng Part A 2020; 26: 432-440
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 157 Olbrich H, Cremers C, Loges NT. et al. Loss-of-function GAS8 mutations cause primary ciliary dyskinesia and disrupt the nexin-dynein regulatory complex. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 97: 546-554
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 158 Shapiro AJ, Leigh MW. Value of transmission electron microscopy for primary ciliary dyskinesia diagnosis in the era of molecular medicine: Genetic defects with normal and non-diagnostic ciliary ultrastructure. Ultrastruct Pathol 2017; 41: 373-385
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 159 Wei S, Xie H, Cheng Y. Progress in diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia. J Paediatr Child Health 2022; 58: 1736-1740
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 160 Midilli R, Karci B, Akyildiz S. Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma: analysis of 42 cases and important aspects of endoscopic approach. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2009; 73: 401-408
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 161 Sikdar A, Khan S, Nivsarkar S, Phatak S. Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma in Adolescent Female with Subsequent ICA Canal Dehiscence: An Unknown Entity. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2022; 74: 4680-4687
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 162 Lund VJ, Stammberger H, Nicolai P. et al. European position paper on endoscopic management of tumours of the nose, paranasal sinuses and skull base. Rhinol Suppl 2010; 22: 1-143
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 163 Li W, Ni Y, Lu H, Hu L, Wang D. Current perspectives on the origin theory of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma. Discov Med 2019; 27: 245-254
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 164 Hwang HC, Mills SE, Patterson K, Gown AM. Expression of androgen receptors in nasopharyngeal angiofibroma: an immunohistochemical study of 24 cases. Mod Pathol 1998; 11: 1122-1126
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 165 Klockars T, Renkonen S, Leivo I, Hagstrom J, Makitie AA. Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma: no evidence for inheritance or association with familial adenomatous polyposis. Fam Cancer 2010; 9: 401-403
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 166 Kumagami H. Estradiol, dihydrotestosterone, and testosterone in juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma tissue. Am J Rhinol 1993; 7: 101-104
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 167 Doody J, Adil EA, Trenor CC, Cunningham MJ. The Genetic and Molecular Determinants of Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma: A Systematic Review. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2019; 128: 1061-1072
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 168 Schlauder SM, Knapp C, Steffensen TS, Bui MM. Aromatase may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2009; 28: 232-238
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 169 Sitenga G, Granger P, Hepola K, Aird J, Silberstein PT. The use of flutamide for the neoadjuvant treatment of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma: a review of the literature comparing results by pubertal status and tumor stage. Int J Dermatol 2022; 61: 1346-1352
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 170 Diaz A, Wang E, Bujnowski D, Arimoto R, Armstrong M, Cyberski T, Nordgren R, Seal SM, Kass-Hout T, Roxbury C. Embolization in juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Laryngosckope 2023;
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 171 Manogaran RS, Mathialagan A, Singh V, Mishra P, Jain R, Keshri A. Role of transarterial angiography with embolization in deciding surgical approach to juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma: a step-ladder approach. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base 2021; 82: 547-555
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 172 Cohen-Cohen S, Scheitler KM, Choby G, Janus J, Moore EJ, Kasperbauer JL, Cloft HJ, Link M, Van Gompel JJ. Contemporary surgical management of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base 2021; 83: e266-e273
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar