Download PDF
Planta Med 2024; 90(07/08): 534-545
DOI: 10.1055/a-2214-0940
Biological and Pharmacological Activity
Original Papers

Variability of Chalcone Synthase in Chamomile Accessions (Matricaria chamomilla) [ # ]

Melanie Novak
Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
,
Dijana Jovanovic
Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
,
Johannes Novak
Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
› Author Affiliations
› Further Information
Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) is an important medicinal plant whose beneficial activities partly rely on certain flavonoids. The first dedicated step in flavonoid biosynthesis is chalcone synthase (CHS, EC 2.3.1.74). The genomic DNA of CHS was studied in six chamomile specimens from different genotypes to describe interspecimen, as well as interspecific, variability. One specimen of M. discoidea was included as an outgroup. The two exons of CHS of M. chamomilla (McCHS) and M. discoidea (MdCHS) were 188 bp and 1,011 bp long, separated by an intron of variable length between 192 and 199 bp in McCHS and 201 bp in MdCHS, respectively. The two exons with 5.3 and 6.2 mutations per 100 bp, respectively, were more conserved than the intron with 11.5 mutations per 100 bp. In total, 96 SNPs were detected in both species, of which 12 SNPs were only present in MdCHS and 80 SNPs only in McCHS. Overall, 70 haplotypes (multilocus genotypes, MLGs) were detected. The samples could be classified into two groups, a ʼcompactʼ group of a low number and diversity of haplotypes and a ʼvariableʼ group of a high number and diversity of haplotypes. Of the 74 SNPs in McCHS, only six SNPs were non-synonymous. However, the amino acid changes did not affect critical areas of the enzyme. The combination of the six SNPs resulted in nine translated amino acid MLGs. The CHS network located MdCHS, due to the crossing barrier, quite distant from chamomile. MdCHS docked to McCHS at a position from where McCHS divergently evolved into two directions.

Key words

Chamomile - Matricaria chamomilla - Asteraceae - chalcone synthase - flavonoids

# This work is dedicated to Professors Rudolf Bauer, Chlodwig Franz, Brigitte Kopp, and Hermann Stuppner for their invaluable contributions and commitment to Austrian pharmacognosy.




Publication History

Received: 31 July 2023

Accepted after revision: 01 November 2023

Article published online:
06 June 2024

© 2024. Thieme. All rights reserved.

Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany

 

  • References

  • 1 Fischer M, Oswald K, Adler W. Exkursionsflora für Österreich, Liechtenstein und Südtirol. 3rd ed.. ed. Linz: Land Oberösterreich, Biologiezentrum der oberösterreichischen Landesmuseen; 2008
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 2 Schilcher H, Imming P, Goeters S. Pharmacology and Toxicology. In: Franke R, Schilcher H. eds. Chamomile. Vol. 42. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants – Industrial Profiles. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press; 2005: 245-264
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 3 Pandith SA, Ramazan S, Khan MI, Reshi ZA, Shah MA. Chalcone synthases (CHSs): The symbolic type III polyketide synthases. Planta 2019; 251: 15
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 4 Sommer H, Saedler H. Structure of the chalcone synthase gene of Antirrhinum majus . Mol Gen Genet 1986; 202: 429-434
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 5 Radhakrishnan EK, Varghese RT, Vasudevan SE. Unusual intron in the second exon of a Type III polyketide synthase gene of Alpinia calcarata Rosc. Genet Mol Biol 2010; 33: 141-145
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 6 Ma LQ, Pang XB, Shen HY, Pu GB, Wang HH, Lei CY, Wang H, Li GF, Liu BY, Ye HC. A novel type III polyketide synthase encoded by a three-intron gene from Polygonum cuspidatum . Planta 2009; 229: 457-469
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 7 Zhang C, Yao X, Ren H, Wang K, Chang J. Isolation and characterization of three chalcone synthase genes in pecan (Carya illinoinensis). Biomolecules 2019; 9: 236
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 8 Han Y, Cao Y, Jiang H, Ding T. Genome-wide dissection of the chalcone synthase gene family in Oryza sativa . Mol Breeding 2017; 37: 1-12
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 9 Hu L, He H, Zhu C, Peng X, Fu J, He X, Chen X, Ouyang L, Bian J, Liu S. Genome-wide identification and phylogenetic analysis of the chalcone synthase gene family in rice. J Plant Res 2017; 130: 95-105
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 10 Ferrer JL, Jez JM, Bowman ME, Dixon RA, Noel JP. Structure of chalcone synthase and the molecular basis of plant polyketide biosynthesis. Nat Struct Biol 1999; 6: 775-784
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 11 Yin YC, Zhang XD, Gao ZQ, Hu T, Liu Y. The research progress of Chalcone Isomerase (CHI) in plants. Mol Biotechnol 2019; 61: 32-52
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 12 Sanjari S, Shobbar ZS, Ebrahimi M, Hasanloo T, Sadat-Noori SA, Tirnaz S. Chalcone synthase genes from milk thistle (Silybum marianum): isolation and expression analysis. J Genet 2015; 94: 611-617
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 13 Ruzicka J, Hacek M, Novak J. Mitochondrial relationships between various chamomile accessions. J Appl Genet 2021; 62: 73-84
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 14 Das M. Chamomile. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press; 2014
    CrossrefSearch in Google Scholar
  • 15 Albrecht S, Otto LG. Matricaria recutita L.: True Chamomile. In: Novak J, Blüthner WD. eds. Medicinal, Aromatic and Stimulant Plants. Vol. 12. Springer eBook Collection. Cham: Springer International Publishing; Imprint Springer; 2020: 313-331
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 16 Salamon I. Growing condition and breeding of chamomile (Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert) regarding the essential oil qualitative-quantitative characteristics in Slovakia. Herba Polonica 1994; 40: 68-74
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 17 Ruzicka J, Baumschlager G, Jovanovic D, Novak J. Three major chlorotype lineages in chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L., Asteraceae). Genet Resour Crop Evol 2023;
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 18 Kay Q. Experimental and Comparative Ecological Studies of Selected Weeds [Dissertation]. Oxford: University of Oxford; 1965
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 19 Mitsuoka S, Ehrendorfer F. Cytogenetics and evolution of Matricaria and related genera (Asteraceae-anthemideae). Oesterr Bot Z 1972; 120: 155-200
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 20 Inceer H, Garnatje T, Hayırlıoğlu-Ayaz S, Pascual-Díaz JP, Vallès J, Garcia S. A genome size and phylogenetic survey of Mediterranean Tripleurospermum and Matricaria (Anthemideae, Asteraceae). PLoS One 2018; 13: e0203762
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 21 Schmiderer C, Lukas B, Novak J. Der Einfluss verschiedener DNS-Extraktionsmethoden und Verdünnungen auf den Amplifikationserfolg in der PCR von verschiedenen Arznei- und Gewürzpflanzen. ZAG 2013; 18: 65-72
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 22 Tamura K, Stecher G, Kumar S. MEGA11: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 11. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38: 3022-3027
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 23 Paradis E. pegas: An R package for population genetics with an integrated-modular approach. Bioinformatics 2010; 26: 419-420
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 24 Kamvar ZN, Tabima JF, Grünwald NJ. Poppr: An R package for genetic analysis of populations with clonal, partially clonal, and/or sexual reproduction. PeerJ 2014; 2: e281
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 25 Kamvar ZN, Brooks JC, Grünwald NJ. Novel R tools for analysis of genome-wide population genetic data with emphasis on clonality. Front Genet 2015; 6: 208
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 26 Csárdi G, Nepusz T. The igraph software package for complex network research. Complex Systems 2006; 1695
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 27 Traag VA, Waltman L, van Eck NJ. From Louvain to Leiden: Guaranteeing well-connected communities. Sci Rep 2019; 9: 5233
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar