Download PDF
Int J Sports Med 2024; 45(05): 390-398
DOI: 10.1055/a-2253-0103
Orthopedics & Biomechanics

Difference of Knee Strength Recovery Between Revision and Primary ACL Reconstruction

Marc Dauty
1   Service de Médecine Physique et Réadapatation Locomotrice et Respiratoire, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
2   Service de Médecine du Sport, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
3   Institut Régional de Médecine du Sport, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
,
Philippe Combes
1   Service de Médecine Physique et Réadapatation Locomotrice et Respiratoire, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
,
Marie Gernigon 
4   CIAMS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
5   CIAMS, Université d'Orléans, Orleans, France
,
Pierre Menu
1   Service de Médecine Physique et Réadapatation Locomotrice et Respiratoire, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
2   Service de Médecine du Sport, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
,
Vincent Crenn
6   Clinique Chirurgicale Orthopédique et Traumatologique, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
,
Pauline Daley
1   Service de Médecine Physique et Réadapatation Locomotrice et Respiratoire, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
2   Service de Médecine du Sport, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
,
Alban Fouasson-Chailloux
1   Service de Médecine Physique et Réadapatation Locomotrice et Respiratoire, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
2   Service de Médecine du Sport, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
3   Institut Régional de Médecine du Sport, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
7   Inserm, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
› Author Affiliations
› Further Information
Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Different grafting procedures are available to restore knee stability after revision anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. We compared knee strength recovery between ACL revision surgery and primary reconstruction. One hundred and ten patients with ACL revision surgery were matched with 110 patients with primary reconstruction based on the graft procedure. The isokinetic knee strength had been assessed for the first 9 months post-surgery. Knee laxity, function, and activity score were also evaluated. Limb symmetry index for knee extensor and flexor strength was not different at 4-, 6- and 9-months post-surgery between revision surgery and primary reconstruction. These results depended on ipsilateral or contralateral graft choice. Ipsilateral hamstring tendon (HT) and contralateral bone-patellar-tendon-bone (BPTB) graft procedures were similar for a revision of a BPTB graft failure. Contralateral HT procedure was better than ipsilateral BPTB procedure for a revision of a HT graft failure. The early recovery of isokinetic knee strength after ACL revision surgery regardless of the HT or BPTB procedures, was similar to the recovery after primary ACL reconstruction with the same graft technique. These results apparently depended on a temporary quadriceps arthrogenic muscle inhibition and on a persistent donor site morbidity, concerning the new and the previous grafts, respectively.

Keywords

revision ACL reconstruction - strength - arthrogenic muscle inhibition - donor site morbidity - return to activity


Publication History

Received: 27 February 2023

Accepted: 24 January 2024

Accepted Manuscript online:
24 January 2024

Article published online:
24 February 2024

© 2024. Thieme. All rights reserved.

Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany

 

  • References

  • 1 Mall NA, Chalmers PN, Moric M. et al. Incidence and trends of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the United States. Am J Sports Med 2014; 42: 2363-2370
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Gornitzky AL, Lott A, Yellin JL. et al. Sport-Specific Yearly Risk and Incidence of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears in High School Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Am J Sports Med 2016; 44: 2716-2723
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Beynnon BD, Vacek PM, Newell MK. et al. The Effects of Level of Competition, Sport, and Sex on the Incidence of First-Time Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury. Am J Sports Med 2014; 42: 1806-1812
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Mather RC, Koenig L, Kocher MS. et al. Societal and economic impact of anterior cruciate ligament tears. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2013; 95: 1751-1759
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Schilaty ND, Nagelli C, Bates NA. et al. Incidence of Second Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears and Identification of Associated Risk Factors From 2001 to 2010 Using a Geographic Database. Orthop J Sports Med 2017; 5: 2325967117724196
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Herzog MM, Marshall SW, Lund JL. et al. Trends in Incidence of ACL Reconstruction and Concomitant Procedures Among Commercially Insured Individuals in the United States, 2002-2014. Sports Health 2018; 10: 523-531
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Spindler KP, Kuhn JE, Freedman KB. et al. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction autograft choice: bone-tendon-bone versus hamstring: does it really matter? A systematic review. Am J Sports Med 2004; 32: 1986-1995
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Feller JA, Webster KE. A randomized comparison of patellar tendon and hamstring tendon anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 2003; 31: 564-573
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Wiggins AJ, Grandhi RK, Schneider DK. et al. Risk of Secondary Injury in Younger Athletes After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Am J Sports Med 2016; 44: 1861-1876
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 MARS Group. Wright RW, Huston LJ. et al. Descriptive epidemiology of the Multicenter ACL Revision Study (MARS) cohort. Am J Sports Med 2010; 38: 1979-1986
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Jaecker V, Zapf T, Naendrup J-H. et al. Differences between traumatic and non-traumatic causes of ACL revision surgery. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2018; 138: 1265-1272
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Magnussen RA, Trojani C, Granan L-P. et al. Patient demographics and surgical characteristics in ACL revision: A comparison of French, Norwegian, and North American cohorts. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2015; 23: 2339-2348
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Snaebjörnsson T, Svantesson E, Sundemo D. et al. Young age and high BMI are predictors of early revision surgery after primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A cohort study from the Swedish and Norwegian knee ligament registries based on 30,747 patients. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2019; 27: 3583-3591
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Henle P, Bieri KS, Brand M. et al. Patient and surgical characteristics that affect revision risk in dynamic intraligamentary stabilization of the anterior cruciate ligament. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2018; 26: 1182-1189
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Astur DC, Cachoeira CM, da Silva Vieira T. et al. Increased incidence of anterior cruciate ligament revision surgery in paediatric verses adult population. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2018; 26: 1362-1366
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Andernord D, Desai N, Björnsson H. et al. Patient predictors of early revision surgery after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A cohort study of 16,930 patients with 2-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med 2015; 43: 121-127
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Sandon A, Engström B, Forssblad M. High Risk of Further Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury in a 10-Year Follow-up Study of Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Reconstructed Soccer Players in the Swedish National Knee Ligament Registry. Arthroscopy 2020; 36: 189-195
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Schlumberger M, Schuster P, Schulz M. et al. Traumatic graft rupture after primary and revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Retrospective analysis of incidence and risk factors in 2915 cases. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2017; 25: 1535-1541
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Pullen WM, Bryant B, Gaskill T. et al. Predictors of Revision Surgery After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 2016; 44: 3140-3145
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Wasserstein D, Khoshbin A, Dwyer T. et al. Risk factors for recurrent anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A population study in Ontario, Canada, with 5-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med 2013; 41: 2099-2107
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Wilde J, Bedi A, Altchek DW. Revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Sports Health 2014; 6: 504-518
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Erickson BJ, Cvetanovich G, Waliullah K. et al. Two-Stage Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Orthopedics 2016; 39: e456-464
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Kim DK, Park G, Kadir KBHMS. et al. Comparison of Knee Stability, Strength Deficits, and Functional Score in Primary and Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstructed Knees. Sci Rep 2018; 8: 9186
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 MARS Group, MARS Group. Effect of graft choice on the outcome of revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the Multicenter ACL Revision Study (MARS) Cohort. Am J Sports Med 2014; 42: 2301-2310
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Legnani C, Zini S, Borgo E. et al. Can graft choice affect return to sport following revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery?. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2016; 136: 527-531
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Dauty M, Tortellier L, Rochcongar P. Isokinetic and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with hamstrings or patella tendon graft: Analysis of literature. Int J Sports Med 2005; 26: 599-606
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Petersen W, Taheri P, Forkel P. et al. Return to play following ACL reconstruction: A systematic review about strength deficits. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2014; 134: 1417-1428
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Dauty M, Menu P, Fouasson-Chailloux A. et al. Muscular isokinetic strength recovery after knee anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction revision: Preliminary study. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2014; 57: 55-65
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Dauty M, Tortelier L, Huguet D. et al. Consequences of pain on isokinetic performance after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using a semitendinosus and gracilis autograft. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot 2006; 92: 455-463
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Shelbourne KD, Nitz P. Accelerated rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1992; 15: 256-264
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 De Carlo MS, Sell KE, Shelbourne KD. et al. Current Concepts on Accelerated ACL Rehabilitation. J Sport Rehabil 1994; 3: 304-318
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 MacDonald PB, Hedden D, Pacin O. et al. Effects of an accelerated rehabilitation program after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with combined semitendinosus-gracilis autograft and a ligament augmentation device. Am J Sports Med 1995; 23: 588-592
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Muneta T, Sekiya I, Ogiuchi T. et al. Effects of aggressive early rehabilitation on the outcome of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with multi-strand semitendinosus tendon. Int Orthop 1998; 22: 352-356
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Dauty M, Edouard P, Menu P. et al. Isokinetic quadriceps symmetry helps in the decision to return to running after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2021; 101543
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Undheim MB, Cosgrave C, King E. et al. Isokinetic muscle strength and readiness to return to sport following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Is there an association? A systematic review and a protocol recommendation. Br J Sports Med 2015; 49: 1305-1310
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Impellizzeri FM, Bizzini M, Rampinini E. et al. Reliability of isokinetic strength imbalance ratios measured using the Cybex NORM dynamometer. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2008; 28: 113-119
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Boyer P, Djian P, Christel P. et al. Reliability of the KT-1000 arthrometer (Medmetric) for measuring anterior knee laxity: Comparison with Telos in 147 knees. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot 2004; 90: 757-764
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Gifstad T, Drogset JO, Viset A. et al. Inferior results after revision ACL reconstructions: A comparison with primary ACL reconstructions. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2013; 21: 2011-2018
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Birchmeier T, Lisee C, Geers B. et al. Reactive Strength Index and Knee Extension Strength Characteristics Are Predictive of Single-Leg Hop Performance After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33: 1201-1207
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Rohman E, Steubs JT, Tompkins M. Changes in involved and uninvolved limb function during rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Implications for Limb Symmetry Index measures. Am J Sports Med 2015; 43: 1391-1398
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Reid A, Birmingham TB, Stratford PW. et al. Hop testing provides a reliable and valid outcome measure during rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Phys Ther 2007; 87: 337-349
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Lysholm J, Gillquist J. Evaluation of knee ligament surgery results with special emphasis on use of a scoring scale. Am J Sports Med 1982; 10: 150-154
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Tegner Y, Lysholm J. Rating systems in the evaluation of knee ligament injuries. Clin Orthop 1985; 198: 43-49
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Yan X, Yang X-G, Feng J-T. et al. Does Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Reconstruction Provide Similar Clinical Outcomes to Primary ACL Reconstruction? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Orthop Surg 2020; 12: 1534-1546
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Grossman MG, ElAttrache NS, Shields CL. et al. Revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Three- to nine-year follow-up. Arthroscopy 2005; 21: 418-423
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Woods GW, Fincher AL, O’Connor DP. et al. Revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using the lateral third of the ipsilateral patellar tendon after failure of a central-third graft: a preliminary report on 10 patients. Am J Knee Surg 2001; 14: 23-31
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 O’Shea JJ, Shelbourne KD. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with a reharvested bone-patellar tendon-bone graft. Am J Sports Med 2002; 30: 208-213
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Palmieri-Smith RM, Kreinbrink J, Ashton-Miller JA. et al. Quadriceps inhibition induced by an experimental knee joint effusion affects knee joint mechanics during a single-legged drop landing. Am J Sports Med 2007; 35: 1269-1275
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Reeves ND, Maffulli N. A case highlighting the influence of knee joint effusion on muscle inhibition and size. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol 2008; 4: 153-158
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Rice DA, McNair PJ, Lewis GN. et al. Quadriceps arthrogenic muscle inhibition: The effects of experimental knee joint effusion on motor cortex excitability. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 16: 502
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Konrath JM, Vertullo CJ, Kennedy BA. et al. Morphologic Characteristics and Strength of the Hamstring Muscles Remain Altered at 2 Years After Use of a Hamstring Tendon Graft in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 2016; 44: 2589-2598
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Yasuda K, Tsujino J, Ohkoshi Y. et al. Graft site morbidity with autogenous semitendinosus and gracilis tendons. Am J Sports Med 1995; 23: 706-714
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Shelbourne KD, Urch SE. Primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using the contralateral autogenous patellar tendon. Am J Sports Med 2000; 28: 651-658
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Rousseau B, Dauty M, Letenneur J. et al. Rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Inpatient or outpatient rehabilitation? A series of 103 patients. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot 2001; 87: 229-236
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Dauty M, Huguet D, Tortellier L. et al. Retraining between months 4 and 6 after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with hamstring graft: Comparison between cycling and running with an untrained operated subject group. Ann Readaptation Med Phys 2006; 49: 218-225
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Mastrokalos DS, Springer J, Siebold R. et al. Donor site morbidity and return to the preinjury activity level after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using ipsilateral and contralateral patellar tendon autograft: A retrospective, nonrandomized study. Am J Sports Med 2005; 33: 85-93
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Legnani C, Peretti G, Borgo E. et al. Revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with ipsi- or contralateral hamstring tendon grafts. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol Orthop Traumatol 2017; 27: 533-537
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar