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DOI: 10.1055/a-2291-0560
Hepatitis E and diaphragmatic dysfunction: Case series and review of the literature
Hepatitis E und Zwerchfellfunktionsstörung: Fallserie und LiteraturreviewAbstract
Introduction The causes of diaphragmatic paresis are manifold. An association between neuralgic amyotrophy (NA) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection has been reported. We wondered about the prevalence of diaphragmatic disfunction and hepatitis E infection in our clinic.
Methods From July 1st, 2020 to August 31st, 2023, patients presenting with diaphragmatic dysfunction and simultaneous clinical symptoms of an acute NA, or a history of NA, as well as patients with previously unexplained diaphragmatic dysfunction were examined for HEV infection.
Results By August 31st, 2023, 13 patients with diaphragmatic dysfunction and HEV infection were diagnosed (4 women, 9 men). Mean age was 59 ± 10 years. Liver values were normal in all patients. The median latency to diagnosis was five months (range: 1–48 months); nine patients, 4 of them with typical symptoms of NA, presented with acute onset three patients showed bilateral diaphragmatic dysfunction. All patients had a positive IgG immunoblot. Seven patients, three with NA, had an elevated hepatitis E IgM titer and six of them also a positive IgM immunoblot. In all cases, O2C hepatitis genotype 3 was identified. In eight cases, all those with a high IgG titer >125, the O2 genotype 1 was also detected.
Conclusion NA that shows involvement of the phrenic nerve resulting in diaphragmatic dysfunction and dyspnoea, may be associated with HEV infection. The observation of 13 patients with diaphragmatic dysfunctions and HEV infection within a period of three years indicates a high number of undetected HEV-associated diaphragmatic dysfunction in the population, especially in the absence of NA symptoms. Therefore, even in diaphragmatic dysfunction without NA symptoms and causative damaging event, HEV infection should be considered, as it may represent a subform of NA with only phrenic nerve involvement. Therapy of HEV-associated diaphragmatic dysfunction in the acute phase is an open question. In view of the poor prognosis for recovery, antiviral therapy should be discussed. However, no relevant data are currently available.
Zusammenfassung
Einleitung Die Ursachen einer Zwerchfellparese sind vielfältig. Mittlerweile wird über einen Zusammenhang zwischen Neuralgischen Amyotrophie (NA) und einer Infektion durch Hepatitis-E-Virus(HEV) berichtet, sodass sich die Frage nach der Prävalenz von Zwerchfellstörungen und HEV-Infektionen in unserer Klinik ergab.
Methoden Vom 1. Juli 2020 bis zum 31. August 2023 wurden Patienten mit einer Zwerchfellfunktionsstörung und gleichzeitigen klinischen Symptomen einer akuten NA oder einer NA in der Vorgeschichte sowie einer bislang ungeklärten Zwerchfellfunktionsstörung auf eine HEV-Infektion hin untersucht.
Ergebnisse Bis zum 31. August 2023 wurden bei 13 Patienten eine Zwerchfellfunktionsstörung und eine Hepatitis-E-Infektion diagnostiziert (4 Frauen, 9 Männer). Das Durchschnittsalter betrug 59 ± 10 Jahre. Die Leberwerte waren bei allen Patienten normal. Die mittlere Latenzzeit bis zur Diagnose betrug 5 Monate (Bereich: 1–48 Monate). 9 Patienten – 4 davon mit typischen NA-Symptomen – stellten sich mit einem akuten Krankheitsverlauf vor. 3 Patienten zeigten eine beidseitige Zwerchfelldysfunktion. Alle Patienten hatten einen positiven IgG-Immunoblot. 7 Patienten, davon 3 mit NA, hatten einen erhöhten Hepatitis-E-IgM-Titer und 6 von ihnen auch einen positiven IgM-Immunoblot. In allen Fällen fand sich der O2C-Genotyp 3. Bei 8 Patienten – allesamt mit einem hohen IgG-Titer >125 – wurde auch der O2-Genotyp 1 nachgewiesen.
Schlussfolgerung Eine NA, die eine Beteiligung des Nervus phrenicus mit Zwerchfelldysfunktion und Dyspnoe zeigt, kann mit einer HEV-Infektion verbunden sein. Die Beobachtung von 13 Patienten mit Zwerchfellfunktionsstörungen und HEV-Infektion innerhalb eines Zeitraums von 3 Jahren lässt eine hohe Anzahl unentdeckter HEV-assoziierter Zwerchfellfunktionsstörungen in der Bevölkerung vermuten, insbesondere wenn keine NA-Symptome vorliegen. So sollte auch bei Zwerchfellfunktionsstörungen ohne NA-Symptome und ursächliches Schädigungsereignis eine HEV-Infektion in Betracht gezogen werden, da es sich möglicherweise um eine Unterform der neuralgischen Amyotrophie handelt, bei der nur der Nervus phrenicus betroffen ist. Die Therapie der HEV-assoziierten Zwerchfelldysfunktion in der Akutphase ist eine offene Frage. Angesichts der schlechten Prognose der Genesung sollte eine antivirale Therapie diskutiert werden. Allerdings liegen hierzu bisher keine Daten vor.
Keywords
Hepatitis E - neuralgic amyotrphy - diaphragmatic paresis - diaphragmatic dysfunction - phrenic nerveSchlüsselwörter
Hepatitis E - neuralgische Amyotrophie - Zwerchfellparese - Zwerchfelldysfunktion - N. phrenicusPublication History
Received: 05 December 2023
Accepted after revision: 18 March 2024
Article published online:
24 April 2024
© 2024. Thieme. All rights reserved.
Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany
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