Download PDF
Endoscopy
DOI: 10.1055/a-2304-3219
Guideline

Colorectal polypectomy and endoscopic mucosal resection: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline – Update 2024

Monika Ferlitsch
 1   Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
 2   Department of Gastroenterology, Evangelical Hospital, Vienna, Austria
,
Cesare Hassan
 3   Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
 4   Endoscopy Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center – IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
,
Raf Bisschops 
 5   Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, TARGID, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
,
Pradeep Bhandari
 6   Endoscopy Department, Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK
,
Mário Dinis-Ribeiro
 7   Department of Gastroenterology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
 8   MEDCIDS/Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
 9   Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC) and RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Porto, Portugal
,
Mauro Risio
10   Department of Pathology, Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
,
Gregorios A. Paspatis
11   Gastroenterology Department, Venizeleio General Hospital, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
,
Alan Moss
12   Department of Gastroenterology, Western Health, Melbourne, Australia
13   Department of Medicine, Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
,
Diogo Libânio 
 7   Department of Gastroenterology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
 8   MEDCIDS/Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
 9   Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC) and RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Porto, Portugal
,
Vincente Lorenzo-Zúñiga 
14   Endoscopy Unit, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital / IISLaFe, Valencia, Spain
15   Department of Medicine, Catholic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
,
Andrei M. Voiosu 
16   Gastroenterology Department, Colentina Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
17   Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
,
Matthew D. Rutter 
18   Department of Gastroenterology, North Tees and Hartlepool NHS Foundation Trust, Stockton-on-Tees, UK
19   Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
,
Maria Pellisé 
20   Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
21   Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
,
Leon M. G. Moons
22   III Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
,
Andreas Probst
23   Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
,
Halim Awadie 
24   Ellen and Pinchas Mamber Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
,
Arnaldo Amato 
25   Digestive Endoscopy and Gastroenterology Department, Ospedale A. Manzoni, Lecco, Italy
,
Yoji Takeuchi 
26   Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
,
Alessandro Repici
 3   Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
 4   Endoscopy Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center – IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
,
Gabriel Rahmi
27   Hepatogastroenterology and Endoscopy Department, Hôpital européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
28   Laboratoire de Recherches Biochirurgicales, APHP-Centre Université de Paris, Paris, France
,
Hugo U. Koecklin 
29   Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
30   Teknon Medical Center, Barcelona, Spain
,
Eduardo Albéniz 
31   Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN); Navarrabiomed, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
,
Lisa-Maria Rockenbauer
 1   Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
,
Elisabeth Waldmann
 1   Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
,
Helmut Messmann
22   III Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
,
Konstantinos Triantafyllou 
32   Hepatogastroenterology Unit, Second Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodastrian University of Athens, Attikon University General Hospital, Athens, Greece
,
Rodrigo Jover
33   Servicio de Medicina Digestiva, Hospital General Universitario Dr. Balmis, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria ISABIAL, Departamento de Medicina Clínica, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
,
Ian M. Gralnek
24   Ellen and Pinchas Mamber Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
34   Rappaport Faculty of Medicine Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
,
Evelien Dekker 
35   Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
,
Michael J. Bourke
36   Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
37   University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
› Author Affiliations
› Further Information
Also available at
   Permissions and Reprints

Main Recommendations

1 ESGE recommends cold snare polypectomy (CSP), to include a clear margin of normal tissue (1–2 mm) surrounding the polyp, for the removal of diminutive polyps (≤ 5 mm).

Strong recommendation, high quality of evidence.

2 ESGE recommends against the use of cold biopsy forceps excision because of its high rate of incomplete resection.

Strong recommendation, moderate quality of evidence.

3 ESGE recommends CSP, to include a clear margin of normal tissue (1–2 mm) surrounding the polyp, for the removal of small polyps (6–9 mm).

Strong recommendation, high quality of evidence.

4 ESGE recommends hot snare polypectomy for the removal of nonpedunculated adenomatous polyps of 10–19 mm in size.

Strong recommendation, high quality of evidence.

5 ESGE recommends conventional (diathermy-based) endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) for large (≥ 20 mm) nonpedunculated adenomatous polyps (LNPCPs).

Strong recommendation, high quality of evidence.

6 ESGE suggests that underwater EMR can be considered an alternative to conventional hot EMR for the treatment of adenomatous LNPCPs.

Weak recommendation, moderate quality of evidence.

7 Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) may also be suggested as an alternative for removal of LNPCPs of ≥ 20 mm in selected cases and in high-volume centers.

Weak recommendation, low quality evidence.

8 ESGE recommends that, after piecemeal EMR of LNPCPs by hot snare, the resection margins should be treated by thermal ablation using snare-tip soft coagulation to prevent adenoma recurrence.

Strong recommendation, high quality of evidence.

9 ESGE recommends (piecemeal) cold snare polypectomy or cold EMR for SSLs of all sizes without suspected dysplasia.

Strong recommendation, moderate quality of evidence.

10 ESGE recommends prophylactic endoscopic clip closure of the mucosal defect after EMR of LNPCPs in the right colon to reduce to reduce the risk of delayed bleeding.

Strong recommendation, high quality of evidence.

11 ESGE recommends that en bloc resection techniques, such as en bloc EMR, ESD, endoscopic intermuscular dissection, endoscopic full-thickness resection, or surgery should be the techniques of choice in cases with suspected superficial invasive carcinoma, which otherwise cannot be removed en bloc by standard polypectomy or EMR.

Strong recommendation, moderate quality of evidence.

Supplementary Material



Publication History

Article published online:
26 April 2024

© 2024. European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. All rights reserved.

Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany

 

  • References

  • 1 Bretthauer M, Loberg M, Wieszczy P. et al. Effect of colonoscopy screening on risks of colorectal cancer and related death. NEJM 2022; 387: 1547-1556
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Ferlitsch M, Moss A, Hassan C. et al. Colorectal polypectomy and endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR): European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Clinical Guideline. Endoscopy 2017; 49: 270-297
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Bianco MA, Cipolletta L, Rotondano G. et al. Prevalence of nonpolypoid colorectal neoplasia: an Italian multicenter observational study. Endoscopy 2010; 42: 279-285
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Burgess NG, Hourigan LF, Zanati SA. et al. Risk stratification for covert invasive cancer among patients referred for colonic endoscopic mucosal resection: a large multicenter cohort. Gastroenterology 2017; 153: 732-742.e1
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 van Doorn SC, Hazewinkel Y, East JE. et al. Polyp morphology: an interobserver evaluation for the Paris classification among international experts. Am J Gastroenterol 2015; 110: 180-187
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Cocomazzi F, Gentile M, Perri F. et al. Interobserver agreement of the Paris and simplified classifications of superficial colonic lesions: a Western study. Endosc Int Open 2021; 9: E388-E394
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Bogie RMM, Veldman MHJ, Snijders L. et al. Endoscopic subtypes of colorectal laterally spreading tumors (LSTs) and the risk of submucosal invasion: a meta-analysis. Endoscopy 2018; 50: 263-282
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 D'Amico F, Amato A, Iannone A. et al. Risk of covert submucosal cancer in patients with granular mixed laterally spreading tumors. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 19: 1395-1401
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Bisschops R, East JE, Hassan C. et al. Advanced imaging for detection and differentiation of colorectal neoplasia: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline – Update 2019. Endoscopy 2019; 51: 1155-1179
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Sidhu M, Shahidi N, Vosko S. et al. Incremental benefit of dye-based chromoendoscopy to predict the risk of submucosal invasive cancer in large nonpedunculated colorectal polyps. Gastrointest Endosc 2022; 95: 527-534.e2
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 IJspeert JE, Bastiaansen BA, van Leerdam ME. et al. Development and validation of the WASP classification system for optical diagnosis of adenomas, hyperplastic polyps and sessile serrated adenomas/polyps. Gut 2016; 65: 963-970
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Hazewinkel Y, López-Cerón M, East JE. et al. Endoscopic features of sessile serrated adenomas: validation by international experts using high-resolution white-light endoscopy and narrow-band imaging. Gastrointest Endosc 2013; 77: 916-924
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Dekker E, Houwen B, Puig I. et al. Curriculum for optical diagnosis training in Europe: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Position Statement. Endoscopy 2020; 52: 899-923
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Shahidi N, Vosko S, van Hattem WA. et al. Optical evaluation: the crux for effective management of colorectal neoplasia. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2020; 13: 1756284820922746
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Yamada M, Saito Y, Sakamoto T. et al. Endoscopic predictors of deep submucosal invasion in colorectal laterally spreading tumors. Endoscopy 2016; 48: 456-464
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Shahidi N, Vosko S, Gupta S. et al. A rectum-specific selective resection algorithm optimizes oncologic outcomes for large nonpedunculated rectal polyps. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 21: 72-80.e2
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Ma MX, Tate DJ, Sidhu M. et al. Effect of pre-resection biopsy on detection of advanced dysplasia in large nonpedunculated colorectal polyps undergoing endoscopic mucosal resection. Endoscopy 2023; 55: 267-273
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Houwen B, Hassan C, Coupé VMH. et al. Definition of competence standards for optical diagnosis of diminutive colorectal polyps: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Position Statement. Endoscopy 2022; 54: 88-99
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Abu Dayyeh BK, Thosani N, Konda V. et al. ASGE Technology Committee systematic review and meta-analysis assessing the ASGE PIVI thresholds for adopting real-time endoscopic assessment of the histology of diminutive colorectal polyps. Gastrointest Endosc 2015; 81: 502.e1-e16
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Zachariah R, Samarasena J, Luba D. et al. Prediction of polyp pathology using convolutional neural networks achieves "resect and discard" thresholds. Am J Gastroenterol 2020; 115: 138-144
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Bourke MJ. Top tips for cold snare polypectomy (with video). Gastrointest Endosc 2022; 95: 1226-1232
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Nagl S, Ebigbo A, Goelder SK. et al. Underwater vs conventional endoscopic mucosal resection of large sessile or flat colorectal polyps: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology 2021; 161: 1460-1474.e1
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Moss A, Bourke MJ, Williams SJ. et al. Endoscopic mucosal resection outcomes and prediction of submucosal cancer from advanced colonic mucosal neoplasia. Gastroenterology 2011; 140: 1909-1918
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Moss A, Williams SJ, Hourigan LF. et al. Long-term adenoma recurrence following wide-field endoscopic mucosal resection (WF-EMR) for advanced colonic mucosal neoplasia is infrequent: results and risk factors in 1000 cases from the Australian Colonic EMR (ACE) study. Gut 2015; 64: 57-65
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Belderbos TD, Leenders M, Moons LM. et al. Local recurrence after endoscopic mucosal resection of nonpedunculated colorectal lesions: systematic review and meta-analysis. Endoscopy 2014; 46: 388-402
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Klein A, Tate DJ, Jayasekeran V. et al. Thermal ablation of mucosal defect margins reduces adenoma recurrence after colonic endoscopic mucosal resection. Gastroenterology 2019; 156: 604-613.e3
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Sidhu M, Shahidi N, Gupta S. et al. Outcomes of thermal ablation of the mucosal defect margin after endoscopic mucosal resection: a prospective, international, multicenter trial of 1000 large nonpedunculated colorectal polyps. Gastroenterology 2021; 161: 163-170.e3
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Jayanna M, Burgess NG, Singh R. et al. Cost analysis of endoscopic mucosal resection vs surgery for large laterally spreading colorectal lesions. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 14: 271-278.e1–e2
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Cronin O, Sidhu M, Shahidi N. et al. Comparison of the morphology and histopathology of large nonpedunculated colorectal polyps in the rectum and colon: implications for endoscopic treatment. Gastrointest Endosc 2022; 96: 118-124
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Pimentel-Nunes P, Libânio D, Bastiaansen BAJ. et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection for superficial gastrointestinal lesions: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline – Update 2022. Endoscopy 2022; 54: 591-622
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Tagawa T, Yamada M, Minagawa T. et al. Endoscopic characteristics influencing postpolypectomy bleeding in 1147 consecutive pedunculated colonic polyps: a multicenter retrospective study. Gastrointest Endosc 2021; 94: 803-811.e6
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Kim HS, Kim TI, Kim WH. et al. Risk factors for immediate postpolypectomy bleeding of the colon: a multicenter study. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101: 1333-1341
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Soh JS, Seo M, Kim KJ. Prophylactic clip application for large pedunculated polyps before snare polypectomy may decrease immediate postpolypectomy bleeding. BMC Gastroenterol 2020; 20: 68
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Gweon TG, Lee KM, Lee SW. et al. Effect of prophylactic clip application for the prevention of postpolypectomy bleeding of large pedunculated colonic polyps: a randomized controlled trial. Gastrointest Endosc 2021; 94: 148-154
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Arimoto J, Chiba H, Ashikari K. et al. Safety and efficacy of cold snare polypectomy for pedunculated (Ip) polyps measuring less than 10 mm in diameter. Int J Colorectal Dis 2020; 35: 859-867
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Arimoto J, Chiba H, Ashikari K. et al. Management of less than 10-mm-sized pedunculated (Ip) polyps with thin stalk: hot snare polypectomy versus cold snare polypectomy. Dig Dis Sci 2021; 66: 2353-2361
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Arimoto J, Chiba H, Tachikawa J. et al. Evaluation of cold snare polypectomy for small pedunculated (Ip) polyps with thin stalks: a prospective clinical feasibility study. Scand J Gastroenterol 2022; 57: 253-259
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Chiba H, Tachikawa J, Arimoto J. et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection of large pedunculated polyps with wide stalks: a retrospective multicenter study. Endoscopy 2021; 53: 77-80
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Srinivasan S, Siersema PD, Desai M. Is jumbo biopsy forceps comparable to cold snare for diminutive colorectal polyps? a meta-analysis. Endosc Int Open 2021; 9: E9-E13
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Huh CW, Kim JS, Choi HH. et al. Jumbo biopsy forceps versus cold snares for removing diminutive colorectal polyps: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Gastrointest Endosc 2019; 90: 105-111
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Desai S, Gupta S, Copur-Dahi N. et al. A prospective randomized study comparing jumbo biopsy forceps to cold snare for the resection of diminutive colorectal polyps. Surg Endosc 2020; 34: 1206-1213
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Perrod G, Perez-Cuadrado-Robles E, Coron E. et al. Comparison of cold biopsy forceps vs cold snare for diminutive colorectal polyp removal: A multicenter non-inferiority randomized controlled trial. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2022; 46: 101867
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Wei MT, Louie CY, Chen Y. et al. Randomized controlled trial investigating cold snare and forceps polypectomy among small polyps in rates of complete resection: The TINYPOLYP Trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2022; 117: 1305-1310
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Kuwai T, Yamada T, Toyokawa T. et al. Local recurrence of diminutive colorectal polyps after cold forceps polypectomy with jumbo forceps followed by magnified narrow-band imaging: a multicenter prospective study. Endoscopy 2019; 51: 253-260
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Komeda Y, Kashida H, Sakurai T. et al. Removal of diminutive colorectal polyps: A prospective randomized clinical trial between cold snare polypectomy and hot forceps biopsy. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23: 328-335
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Shinozaki S, Kobayashi Y, Hayashi Y. et al. Efficacy and safety of cold versus hot snare polypectomy for resecting small colorectal polyps: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Dig Endosc 2018; 30: 592-599
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Zhang Q, Gao P, Han B. et al. Polypectomy for complete endoscopic resection of small colorectal polyps. Gastrointest Endosc 2018; 87: 733-740
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Pedersen IB, Rawa-Golebiewska A, Calderwood AH. et al. Complete polyp resection with cold snare versus hot snare polypectomy for polyps of 4–9 mm: a randomized controlled trial. Endoscopy 2022; 54: 961-969
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 de Benito Sanz M, Hernández L, Garcia Martinez MI. et al. Efficacy and safety of cold versus hot snare polypectomy for small (5–9 mm) colorectal polyps: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Endoscopy 2022; 54: 35-44
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Papastergiou V, Paraskeva KD, Fragaki M. et al. Cold versus hot endoscopic mucosal resection for nonpedunculated colorectal polyps sized 6–10 mm: a randomized trial. Endoscopy 2018; 50: 403-411
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Ito T, Takahashi K, Tanabe H. et al. Safety and efficacy of cold snare polypectomy for small colorectal polyps: A prospective randomized control trial and one-year follow-up study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100: e26296
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Kim SJ, Lee BI, Jung ES. et al. Hot snare polypectomy versus endoscopic mucosal resection for small colorectal polyps: a randomized controlled trial. Surg Endosc 2021; 35: 5096-5103
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Chang LC, Chang CY, Chen CY. et al. Cold versus hot snare polypectomy for small colorectal polyps: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2023; 176: 311-319
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Takamaru H, Saito Y, Hammoud GM. et al. Comparison of postpolypectomy bleeding events between cold snare polypectomy and hot snare polypectomy for small colorectal lesions: a large-scale propensity score-matched analysis. Gastrointest Endosc 2022; 95: 982-989.e6
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Sidhu M, Forbes N, Tate DJ. et al. A randomized controlled trial of cold snare polypectomy technique: technique matters more than snare wire diameter. Am J Gastroenterol 2022; 117: 100
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Pohl H, Srivastava A, Bensen SP. et al. Incomplete polyp resection during colonoscopy-results of the complete adenoma resection (CARE) study. Gastroenterology 2013; 144: 74-80.e1
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Moss A, Bourke MJ, Kwan V. et al. Succinylated gelatin substantially increases en bloc resection size in colonic EMR: a randomized, blinded trial in a porcine model. Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 71: 589-595
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Yamashina T, Uedo N, Akasaka T. et al. Comparison of underwater vs conventional endoscopic mucosal resection of intermediate-size colorectal polyps. Gastroenterology 2019; 157: 451-461.e2
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Gessl I, Waldmann E, Penz D. et al. Resection rates and safety profile of cold vs. hot snare polypectomy in polyps sized 5–10 mm and 11–20 mm. Dig Liver Dis 2019; 51: 536-541
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Piraka C, Saeed A, Waljee AK. et al. Cold snare polypectomy for non-pedunculated colon polyps greater than 1 cm. Endosc Int Open 2017; 5: E184-E189
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Tate DJ, Awadie H, Bahin FF. et al. Wide-field piecemeal cold snare polypectomy of large sessile serrated polyps without a submucosal injection is safe. Endoscopy 2018; 50: 248-252
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Thoguluva Chandrasekar V, Spadaccini M, Aziz M. et al. Cold snare endoscopic resection of nonpedunculated colorectal polyps larger than 10 mm: a systematic review and pooled-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc 2019; 89: 929-936.e3
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Tutticci NJ, Hewett DG. Cold EMR of large sessile serrated polyps at colonoscopy (with video). Gastrointest Endosc 2018; 87: 837-842
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Uraoka T, Takizawa K, Tanaka S. et al. Guidelines for colorectal cold polypectomy (supplement to "Guidelines for colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection/endoscopic mucosal resection"). Dig Endosc 2022; 34: 668-675
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Ket SN, Mangira D, Ng A. et al. Complications of cold versus hot snare polypectomy of 10–20 mm polyps: A retrospective cohort study. JGH Open 2020; 4: 172-177
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Rex DK, Anderson JC, Pohl H. et al. Cold versus hot snare resection with or without submucosal injection of 6- to 15-mm colorectal polyps: a randomized controlled trial. Gastrointest Endosc 2022; 96: 330-338
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 van Hattem WA, Shahidi N, Vosko S. et al. Piecemeal cold snare polypectomy versus conventional endoscopic mucosal resection for large sessile serrated lesions: a retrospective comparison across two successive periods. Gut 2021; 70: 1691-1697
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Yoshida N, Inoue K, Tomita Y. et al. Cold snare polypectomy for large sessile serrated lesions is safe but follow-up is needed: a single-centre retrospective study. United European Gastroenterol J 2021; 9: 370-377
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Mangira D, Raftopoulos S, Hartley I. et al. Cold snare polypectomy (CSP)/cold EMR (C-EMR) for medium-sized (10–19mm) sessile colonic polyps: a prospective multicentre study. Endoscopy 2022; 54 (Suppl. 01) 262
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Mangira D, Raftopoulos S, Vogrin S. et al. Effectiveness and safety of cold snare polypectomy and cold endoscopic mucosal resection for nonpedunculated colorectal polyps of 10–19 mm: a multicenter observational cohort study. Endoscopy 2023; 55: 627-635
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Suzuki S, Gotoda T, Kusano C. et al. Width and depth of resection for small colorectal polyps: hot versus cold snare polypectomy. Gastrointest Endosc 2018; 87: 1095-1103
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Barros RA, Monteverde MJ, Dumonceau JM. et al. Cold snare polypectomy without submucosal injection: safety and efficacy in 615 large serrated lesions. Endosc Int Open 2021; 9: E1421-E1426
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Shimodate Y, Itakura J, Takayama H. et al. Impact of submucosal saline solution injection for cold snare polypectomy of small colorectal polyps: a randomized controlled study. Gastrointest Endosc 2020; 92: 715-722.e1
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Tate DJ, Argenziano ME, Anderson J. et al. Curriculum for training in endoscopic mucosal resection in the colon: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Position Statement. Endoscopy 2023; 55: 645-679
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Abu Arisha M, Scapa E, Wishahi E. et al. Impact of margin ablation after EMR of large nonpedunculated colonic polyps in routine clinical practice. Gastrointest Endosc 2023; 97: 559-567
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Burgess NG, Metz AJ, Williams SJ. et al. Risk factors for intraprocedural and clinically significant delayed bleeding after wide-field endoscopic mucosal resection of large colonic lesions. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 12: 651-661.e1–e3
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Burgess NG, Bassan MS, McLeod D. et al. Deep mural injury and perforation after colonic endoscopic mucosal resection: a new classification and analysis of risk factors. Gut 2017; 66: 1779-1789
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Bar-Yishay I, Shahidi N, Gupta S. et al. Outcomes of deep mural injury after endoscopic resection: an international cohort of 3717 large non-pedunculated colorectal polyps. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 20: e139-e147
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Rodríguez Sánchez J, Alvarez-Gonzalez MA, Pellisé M. et al. Underwater versus conventional EMR of large nonpedunculated colorectal lesions: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Gastrointest Endosc 2023; 97: 941-951.e2
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Yen AW, Leung JW, Wilson MD. et al. Underwater versus conventional endoscopic resection of nondiminutive nonpedunculated colorectal lesions: a prospective randomized controlled trial (with video). Gastrointest Endosc 2020; 91: 643-654.e2
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Lenz L, Martins B, Andrade de Paulo G. et al. Underwater versus conventional EMR for nonpedunculated colorectal lesions: a randomized clinical trial. Gastrointest Endosc 2023; 97: 549-558
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Chandan S, Khan SR, Kumar A. et al. Efficacy and histologic accuracy of underwater versus conventional endoscopic mucosal resection for large (>20 mm) colorectal polyps: a comparative review and meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc 2021; 94: 471-482.e9
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Tziatzios G, Gkolfakis P, Triantafyllou K. et al. Higher rate of en bloc resection with underwater than conventional endoscopic mucosal resection: A meta-analysis. Dig Liver Dis 2021; 53: 958-964
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Choi AY, Moosvi Z, Shah S. et al. Underwater versus conventional EMR for colorectal polyps: systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc 2021; 93: 378-389
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Garg R, Singh A, Mohan BP. et al. Underwater versus conventional endoscopic mucosal resection for colorectal lesions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endosc Int Open 2020; 8: E1884-E1894
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Ni DQ, Lu YP, Liu XQ. et al. Underwater vs conventional endoscopic mucosal resection in treatment of colorectal polyps: A meta-analysis. World J Clin Cases 2020; 8: 4826-4837
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Tan DJH, Ng CH, Lim XC. et al. Is underwater endoscopic mucosal resection of colon polyps superior to conventional techniques? A network analysis of endoscopic mucosal resection and submucosal dissection. Endosc Int Open 2022; 10: E154-E162
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Yamashina T, Hanaoka N, Setoyama T. et al. Efficacy of underwater endoscopic mucosal resection for nonpedunculated colorectal polyps: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cureus 2021; 13: e17261
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Ohata K, Kobayashi N, Sakai E. et al. Long-term outcomes after endoscopic submucosal dissection for large colorectal epithelial neoplasms: a prospective, multicenter, cohort trial from Japan. Gastroenterology 2022; 163: 1423-1434.e2
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Jacques J, Schaefer M, Wallenhorst T. et al. Endoscopic en bloc versus piecemeal resection of large nonpedunculated colonic adenomas: a randomized comparative trial. Ann Intern Med 2024; 177: 29-38
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Burgess NG, Bourke MJ. Endoscopic submucosal dissection versus endoscopic mucosal resection of large colon polyps: use both for the best outcomes. Ann Int Med 2024; 177: 89-90
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Bahin FF, Heitman SJ, Rasouli KN. et al. Wide-field endoscopic mucosal resection versus endoscopic submucosal dissection for laterally spreading colorectal lesions: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Gut 2018; 67: 1965-1973
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Tate DJ, Bahin FF, Desomer L. et al. Cold-forceps avulsion with adjuvant snare-tip soft coagulation (CAST) is an effective and safe strategy for the management of non-lifting large laterally spreading colonic lesions. Endoscopy 2018; 50: 52-62
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Kumar V, Broadley H, Rex DK. Safety and efficacy of hot avulsion as an adjunct to EMR (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc 2019; 89: 999-1004
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 van der Voort VRH, Moons LMG, de Graaf W. et al. Efficacy and safety of cap-assisted endoscopic mucosal resection for treatment of nonlifting colorectal polyps. Endoscopy 2022; 54: 509-514
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Kimoto Y, Sakai E, Inamoto R. et al. Safety and efficacy of cold snare polypectomy without submucosal injection for large sessile serrated lesions: a prospective study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 20: e132-e138
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Mangira D, Cameron K, Simons K. et al. Cold snare piecemeal EMR of large sessile colonic polyps ≥20 mm (with video). Gastrointest Endosc 2020; 91: 1343-1352
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Albéniz E, Álvarez MA, Espinós JC. et al. Clip closure after resection of large colorectal lesions with substantial risk of bleeding. Gastroenterology 2019; 157: 1213-1221.e4
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Pohl H, Grimm IS, Moyer MT. et al. Clip closure prevents bleeding after endoscopic resection of large colon polyps in a randomized trial. Gastroenterology 2019; 157: 977-984.e3
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 Gupta S, Sidhu M, Shahidi N. et al. Effect of prophylactic endoscopic clip placement on clinically significant post-endoscopic mucosal resection bleeding in the right colon: a single-centre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 7: 152-160
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 101 Bahin FF, Rasouli KN, Williams SJ. et al. Prophylactic clipping for the prevention of bleeding following wide-field endoscopic mucosal resection of laterally spreading colorectal lesions: an economic modeling study. Endoscopy 2016; 48: 754-761
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 102 Whitfield AM, Burgess NG, Bahin FF. et al. Histopathological effects of electrosurgical interventions in an in vivo porcine model of colonic endoscopic mucosal resection. Gut 2022; 71: 864-870
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 Kemper G, Turan AS, Schoon EJ. et al. Endoscopic techniques to reduce recurrence rates after colorectal EMR: systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg Endosc 2021; 35: 5422-5429
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 Forbes N, Gupta S, Frehlich L. et al. Clip closure to prevent adverse events after EMR of proximal large nonpedunculated colorectal polyps: meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomized controlled trials. Gastrointest Endosc 2022; 96: 721-731.e2
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 105 Albéniz E, Fraile M, Ibáñez B. et al. A scoring system to determine risk of delayed bleeding after endoscopic mucosal resection of large colorectal lesions. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 14: 1140-1147
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 106 Albéniz E, Gimeno-García AZ, Fraile M. et al. Clinical validation of risk scoring systems to predict risk of delayed bleeding after EMR of large colorectal lesions. Gastrointest Endosc 2020; 91: 868-878.e3
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 107 Parikh ND, Zanocco K, Keswani RN. et al. A cost-efficacy decision analysis of prophylactic clip placement after endoscopic removal of large polyps. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 11: 1319-1324
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 108 Albéniz E, Enguita-Germán M, Gimeno-García AZ. et al. The answer to "When to Clip" after colorectal endoscopic mucosal resection based on a cost-effectiveness analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2021; 116: 311-318
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 109 Paspatis GA, Arvanitakis M, Dumonceau JM. et al. Diagnosis and management of iatrogenic endoscopic perforations: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Position Statement – Update 2020. Endoscopy 2020; 52: 792-810
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 110 Arezzo A, Passera R, Marchese N. et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of endoscopic submucosal dissection vs endoscopic mucosal resection for colorectal lesions. United European Gastroenterol J 2016; 4: 18-29
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 111 Kothari ST, Huang RJ, Shaukat A. et al. ASGE review of adverse events in colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2019; 90: 863-876.e33
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 112 Derbyshire E, Hungin P, Nickerson C. et al. Colonoscopic perforations in the English National Health Service Bowel Cancer Screening Programme. Endoscopy 2018; 50: 861-870
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 113 Khater S, Rahmi G, Perrod G. et al. Over-the-scope clip (OTSC) reduces surgery rate in the management of iatrogenic gastrointestinal perforations. Endosc Int Open 2017; 5: E389-E394
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 114 Ma MX, Bourke MJ. Complications of endoscopic polypectomy, endoscopic mucosal resection and endoscopic submucosal dissection in the colon. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2016; 30: 749-767
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 115 Holt BA, Jayasekeran V, Sonson R. et al. Topical submucosal chromoendoscopy defines the level of resection in colonic EMR and may improve procedural safety (with video). Gastrointest Endosc 2013; 77: 949-953
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 116 Sidhu M, Tate DJ, Desomer L. et al. The size, morphology, site, and access score predicts critical outcomes of endoscopic mucosal resection in the colon. Endoscopy 2018; 50: 684-692
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 117 Uno Y, Munakata A. The non-lifting sign of invasive colon cancer. Gastrointest Endosc 1994; 40: 485-489
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 118 Kim HG, Thosani N, Banerjee S. et al. Effect of prior biopsy sampling, tattoo placement, and snare sampling on endoscopic resection of large nonpedunculated colorectal lesions. Gastrointest Endosc 2015; 81: 204-213
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 119 Shahidi N, Vosko S, Gupta S. et al. Previously attempted large nonpedunculated colorectal polyps are effectively managed by endoscopic mucosal resection. Am J Gastroenterol 2021; 116: 958-966
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 120 Ohmori M, Yamasaki Y, Iwagami H. et al. Propensity score-matched analysis of endoscopic resection for recurrent colorectal neoplasms: A pilot study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 36: 2568-2574
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 121 Schmidt A, Beyna T, Schumacher B. et al. Colonoscopic full-thickness resection using an over-the-scope device: a prospective multicentre study in various indications. Gut 2018; 67: 1280-1289
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 122 Zwager LW, Bastiaansen BAJ, Bronzwaer MES. et al. Endoscopic full-thickness resection (eFTR) of colorectal lesions: results from the Dutch colorectal eFTR registry. Endoscopy 2020; 52: 1014-1023
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 123 Meier B, Stritzke B, Kuellmer A. et al. Efficacy and safety of endoscopic full-thickness resection in the colorectum: results from the German Colonic FTRD Registry. Am J Gastroenterol 2020; 115: 1998-2006
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 124 Zwager LW, Mueller J, Stritzke B. et al. Adverse events of endoscopic full-thickness resection: results from the German and Dutch nationwide colorectal FTRD registry. Gastrointest Endosc 2023; 97: 780-789.e4
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 125 Faller J, Jacques J, Oung B. et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection with double clip and rubber band traction for residual or locally recurrent colonic lesions after previous endoscopic mucosal resection. Endoscopy 2020; 52: 383-388
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 126 Kobayashi R, Hirasawa K, Ikeda R. et al. The feasibility of colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection for the treatment of residual or recurrent tumor localized in therapeutic scar tissue. Endosc Int Open 2017; 5: E1242-E1250
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 127 Kandiah K, Subramaniam S, Chedgy F. et al. A novel non-thermal resection tool in endoscopic management of scarred polyps. Endosc Int Open 2019; 7: E974-E978
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 128 Kaul V, Diehl D, Enslin S. et al. Safety and efficacy of a novel powered endoscopic debridement tissue resection device for management of difficult colon and foregut lesions: first multicenter U.S. experience. Gastrointest Endosc 2021; 93: 640-646
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 129 Longcroft-Wheaton G, Duku M, Mead R. et al. Risk stratification system for evaluation of complex polyps can predict outcomes of endoscopic mucosal resection. Dis Colon Rectum 2013; 56: 960-966
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 130 Bronzwaer MES, Koens L, Bemelman WA. et al. Volume of surgery for benign colorectal polyps in the last 11 years. Gastrointest Endosc 2018; 87: 552-561.e1
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 131 Peery AF, Cools KS, Strassle PD. et al. Increasing rates of surgery for patients with nonmalignant colorectal polyps in the United States. Gastroenterology 2018; 154: 1352-1360.e3
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 132 Meulen LWT, van der Zander QEW, Bogie RMM. et al. Evaluation of polypectomy quality indicators of large nonpedunculated colorectal polyps in a nonexpert, bowel cancer screening cohort. Gastrointest Endosc 2021; 94: 1085-1095.e2
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 133 Rodrigues R, Geyl S, Albouys J. et al. Effect of implementing a regional referral network on surgical referral rate of benign polyps found during a colorectal cancer screening program: A population-based study. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2021; 45: 101488
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 134 Ahlenstiel G, Hourigan LF, Brown G. et al. Actual endoscopic versus predicted surgical mortality for treatment of advanced mucosal neoplasia of the colon. Gastrointest Endosc 2014; 80: 668-676
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 135 Djinbachian R, Iratni R, Durand M. et al. Rates of incomplete resection of 1- to 20-mm colorectal polyps: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 2020; 159: 904-914.e12
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 136 Saito Y, Sakamoto T, Dekker E. et al. First report from the International Evaluation of Endoscopic classification Japan NBI Expert Team: International multicenter web trial. Dig Endosc 2023; DOI: 10.1111/den.14682.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 137 Kuellmer A, Mueller J, Caca K. et al. Endoscopic full-thickness resection for early colorectal cancer. Gastrointest Endosc 2019; 89: 1180-1189.e1
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 138 Dolan RD, Bazarbashi AN, McCarty TR. et al. Endoscopic full-thickness resection of colorectal lesions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc 2022; 95: 216-224.e18
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 139 Acuna SA, Elmi M, Shah PS. et al. Preoperative localization of colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg Endosc 2017; 31: 2366-2379
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 140 Wang R, Zhan HL, Li DZ. et al. Application of endoscopic tattooing with carbon nanoparticlet in the treatment for advanced colorectal cancer. Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi 2020; 23: 56-64
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 141 Hershorn O, Park J, Singh H. et al. Rates and predictors of repeat preoperative endoscopy for elective colorectal resections: how can we avoid repeated procedures?. Surg Endosc 2022; 36: 4115-4123
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 142 Rodríguez de Santiago E, Dinis-Ribeiro M, Pohl H. et al. Reducing the environmental footprint of gastrointestinal endoscopy: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) and European Society of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Nurses and Associates (ESGENA) Position Statement. Endoscopy 2022; 54: 797-826
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 143 Shahidi N, Gupta S, Whitfield A. et al. Simple optical evaluation criteria reliably identify the post-endoscopic mucosal resection scar for benign large non-pedunculated colorectal polyps without tattoo placement. Endoscopy 2022; 54: 173-177
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 144 Medina-Prado L, Hassan C, Dekker E. et al. When and how to use endoscopic tattooing in the colon: an international Delphi agreement. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 19: 1038-1050
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 145 Barquero D, González V, García O. et al. Ways to perform an endoscopic tattoo. Prospective and randomized study in patients with colorectal neoplasm. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2021; 113: 519-523
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 146 Milone M, Vignali A, Manigrasso M. et al. Sterile carbon particle suspension vs India ink for endoscopic tattooing of colonic lesions: a randomized controlled trial. Tech Coloproctol 2019; 23: 1073-1078
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 147 Zhang S, Wang Q, Feng Y. et al. Clip or tattooing: a comparative study for preoperative colon cancer endoscopic localization. Front Oncol 2022; 12: 846900
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 148 Pioche M, Wallenhorst T, Lepetit H. et al. Endoscopic mucosal resection with anchoring of the snare tip: multicenter retrospective evaluation of effectiveness and safety. Endosc Int Open 2019; 7: E1496-E1502
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 149 Jung Y, Moon JR, Jeon SR. et al. Usefulness of narrow-band imaging for the detection of remnant sessile-serrated adenoma (SSA) tissue after endoscopic resection: the KASID multicenter study. Surg Endosc 2021; 35: 5217-5224
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 150 Yoshida N, Fukumoto K, Hasegawa D. et al. Recurrence rate and lesions characteristics after cold snare polypectomy of high-grade dysplasia and T1 lesions: A multicenter analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 36: 3337-3344
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 151 Tate DJ, Desomer L, Klein A. et al. Adenoma recurrence after piecemeal colonic EMR is predictable: the Sydney EMR recurrence tool. Gastrointest Endosc 2017; 85: 647-656.e6
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 152 Rashid MU, Khetpal N, Zafar H. et al. Colon mucosal neoplasia referred for endoscopic mucosal resection: Recurrence of adenomas and prediction of submucosal invasion. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2020; 12: 198-211
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 153 Mehta N, Abushahin A, Sadaps M. et al. Recurrence with malignancy after endoscopic resection of large colon polyps with high-grade dysplasia: incidence and risk factors. Surg Endosc 2021; 35: 2500-2508
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 154 Song EM, Yang HJ, Lee HJ. et al. Endoscopic resection of cecal polyps involving the appendiceal orifice: a KASID multicenter study. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62: 3138-3148
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 155 Emmanuel A, Williams S, Gulati S. et al. Incidence of microscopic residual adenoma after complete wide-field endoscopic resection of large colorectal lesions: evidence for a mechanism of recurrence. Gastrointest Endosc 2021; 94: 368-375
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 156 Komeda Y, Watanabe T, Sakurai T. et al. Risk factors for local recurrence and appropriate surveillance interval after endoscopic resection. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25: 1502-1512
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 157 Alexandrino G, Figueiredo ML, Domingues TD. et al. The risk of residual or recurring adenoma after piecemeal endoscopic mucosal resection of large non-pedunculated colorectal polyps is predictable. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 32: 713-717
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 158 Barosa R, Mohammed N, Rembacken B. Risk stratification of colorectal polyps for predicting residual or recurring adenoma using the Size/Morphology/Site/Access score. United European Gastroenterol J 2018; 6: 630-638
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 159 Burgess NG, Bourke MJ. Can we stop routine biopsy of post-endoscopic mucosal resection scars?. Endoscopy 2023; 55: 608-610
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 160 Rahmi G, Tanaka S, Ohara Y. et al. Efficacy of endoscopic submucosal dissection for residual or recurrent superficial colorectal tumors after endoscopic mucosal resection. J Dig Dis 2015; 16: 14-21
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 161 Ichkhanian Y, Vosoughi K, Diehl DL. et al. A large multicenter cohort on the use of full-thickness resection device for difficult colonic lesions. Surg Endosc 2021; 35: 1296-1306
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 162 Tate DJ, Desomer L, Argenziano ME. et al. Treatment of adenoma recurrence after endoscopic mucosal resection. Gut 2023; 72: 1875-1886
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 163 Burgess NG, Bahin FF, Bourke MJ. Colonic polypectomy (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc 2015; 81: 813-835
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 164 Klein A, Bourke MJ. Advanced polypectomy and resection techniques. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2015; 25: 303-333
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 165 Fahrtash-Bahin F, Holt BA, Jayasekeran V. et al. Snare tip soft coagulation achieves effective and safe endoscopic hemostasis during wide-field endoscopic resection of large colonic lesions (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc 2013; 78: 158-163.e1
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 166 Albéniz E, Montori S, Rodríguez de Santiago E. et al. Preventing postendoscopic mucosal resection bleeding of large nonpedunculated colorectal lesions. Am J Gastroenterol 2022; 117: 1080-1088
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 167 Triantafyllou K, Gkolfakis P, Gralnek IM. et al. Diagnosis and management of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline. Endoscopy 2021; 53: 850-868
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 168 Sengupta N, Feuerstein JD, Jairath V. et al. Management of patients with acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding: an updated ACG Guideline. Am J Gastroenterol 2023; 118: 208-231
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 169 Rodríguez de Santiago E, Hernández-Tejero M, Rivero-Sánchez L. et al. Management and outcomes of bleeding within 30 days of colonic polypectomy in a large, real-life, multicenter cohort study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 19: 732-742.e6
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 170 Metz AJ, Bourke MJ, Moss A. et al. Factors that predict bleeding following endoscopic mucosal resection of large colonic lesions. Endoscopy 2011; 43: 506-511
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 171 Slivka A, Parsons WG, Carr-Locke DL. Endoscopic band ligation for treatment of post-polypectomy hemorrhage. Gastrointest Endosc 1994; 40: 230-232
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 172 Bugajski M, Wieszczy P, Pisera M. et al. Effectiveness of digital feedback on patient experience and 30-day complications after screening colonoscopy: a randomized health services study. Endosc Int Open 2019; 7: E537-E544
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 173 Hoff G, de Lange T, Bretthauer M. et al. Patient-reported adverse events after colonoscopy in Norway. Endoscopy 2017; 49: 745-753
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 174 Holt BA, Bassan MS, Sexton A. et al. Advanced mucosal neoplasia of the anorectal junction: endoscopic resection technique and outcomes (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc 2014; 79: 119-126
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 175 Shichijo S, Takeuchi Y, Shimodate Y. et al. Performance of perioperative antibiotics against post-endoscopic submucosal dissection coagulation syndrome: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Gastrointest Endosc 2022; 95: 349-359
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 176 Kuo E, Wang K, Liu X. A focused review on advances in risk stratification of malignant polyps. Gastroenterology Res 2020; 13: 163-183
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 177 Walsh CM, Qayed E, Aihara H. et al. Core curriculum for ergonomics in endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2021; 93: 1222-1227
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 178 Siau K, Hayee BH, Gayam S. Endoscopy's current carbon footprint. Techn Innov Gastrointest Endosc 2021; 23: 344-352
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 179 Shandro B, Chang V, Mathur J. et al. Real-life cost savings and capacity improvements on implementation of the new BSG post-polypectomy surveillance guideline. Clin Med (Lond) 2020; 20: 116-117
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 180 Hassan C, Ponchon T, Bisschops R. et al. European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Publications Policy – Update 2020. Endoscopy 2020; 52: 123-126
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar