Relationship between Workload, Psychological State and Recovery in Female Soccer Athletes

Abstract

This study assessed the multifaceted relations between measures of workload, psychological state, and recovery throughout an entire soccer season in female collegiate soccer athletes (19.8±1.2 yrs, 132±12.3 lbs, 63±3.2 in). A prospective longitudinal study was utilized to measure workload (GPS training load, Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE), psychological state (mental stress, mental fatigue, and mood), and recovery (sleep duration, sleep quality, and soreness), during 90 observations (59 training sessions and 21 games). Separate linear-mixed effect models were used to assess outcomes of RPE, soreness, and sleep duration. A linear mixed-effects model explained 59% of the variance in RPE following each session. Specifically, each standard deviation increase in GPS load and mental stress in the morning prior to training increased RPE by 1.46 (SE=0.08) and 0.29 (SE=0.07), respectively, following that day’s training. Furthermore, a significant interaction was found between several predictor variables and chronological day in the season while predicting RPE. Specifically, for each standard deviation increase in GPS load, RPE went up by 0.0055 per day during the season suggesting that load had a higher impact on RPE as the season progressed. In contrast, the interaction of day by mental stress, sleep duration, and soreness continued to be stronger as the season progressed. Each linear mixed-effect model predicted a larger amount of variance when accounting for individual variations in the random effects.

Keywords

longitudinal study - workload program design - psychological stress

Publikationsverlauf

Eingereicht: 16. Januar 2024

Angenommen: 10. April 2024

Accepted Manuscript online:
10. April 2024

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
31. Juli 2024

• References

• 1 DiFiori JP, Benjamin HJ, Brenner JS. et al. Overuse injuries and burnout in youth sports: A position statement from the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine. Br J Sports Med 2014; 48: 287-288
• 2 Menting SGP, Hendry DT, Schiphof-Godart L. et al. Optimal Development of Youth Athletes Toward Elite Athletic Performance: How to Coach Their Motivation, Plan Exercise Training, and Pace the Race. Front Sports Act Living 2019; 1: 14
• 3 NCAA. NCAA Student Athlete Well Being Survey. 2022.
• 4 Eime RM, Young JA, Harvey JT. et al. A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for adults: Informing development of a conceptual model of health through sport. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2013; 10: 135
• 5 Bourdon PC, Cardinale M, Murray A. et al. Monitoring Athlete Training Loads: Consensus Statement. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2017; 12: S2161-S2170
• 6 Dubuc-Charbonneau N, Durand-Bush N, Forneris T. Exploring levels of student-athlete burnout at two Canadian universities. Canadian Journal of Higher Education 2014; 44: 135-151
• 7 Kelecek S, Koruc Z. Competitive anxiety and burnout: A longitudinal study. Acta Medica Mediterranea 2022; 38: 2333-2339
• 8 Sampson JA, Murray A, Williams S. et al. Subjective wellness, acute: Chronic workloads, and injury risk in college football. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33: 3367-3373
• 9 Rice SM, Purcell R, De Silva S. et al. The Mental Health of Elite Athletes: A Narrative Systematic Review. Sports Med 2016; 46: 1333-1353
• 10 Simon JE, Docherty CL. Current Health-Related Quality of Life Is Lower in Former Division I Collegiate Athletes Than in Non–Collegiate Athletes. Am J Sports Med 2014; 42: 423-429
• 11 Simon JE, Docherty CL. Current Health-Related Quality of Life in Former National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Collision Athletes Compared With Contact and Limited-Contact Athletes. J Athl Train 2016; 51: 205-212
• 12 Eckard TG, Padua DA, Hearn DW. et al. The Relationship Between Training Load and Injury in Athletes: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2018; 48: 1929-1961
• 13 Gupta L, Morgan K, Gilchrist S. Does Elite Sport Degrade Sleep Quality? A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2017; 47: 1317-1333
• 14 Angus RG, Heslegrave RJ, Myles WS. Effects of prolonged sleep-deprivation, with and without chronic physical exercise, on mood and performance. Psychophysiol 1985; 22: 276-282
• 15 Cosh S, Tully PJ. Stressors, Coping, and Support Mechanisms for Student Athletes Combining Elite Sport and Tertiary Education: Implications for Practice. Sport Psychol 2015; 29: 120-133
• 16 Dowell TL, Waters AM, Usher W. et al. Tackling Mental Health in Youth Sporting Programs: A Pilot Study of a Holistic Program. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2021; 52: 15-29
• 17 Griffin A, Kenny IC, Comyns TM. et al. The Association Between the Acute:Chronic Workload Ratio and Injury and its Application in Team Sports: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2020; 50: 561-580
• 18 Impellizzeri FM, Rampinini E, Coutts AJ. et al. Use of RPE-based training load in soccer. Med Sci Sports Ex 2004; 36: 1042-1047
• 19 Clemente FM, Mendes B, Palao JM. et al. Seasonal player wellness and its longitudinal association with internal training load: Study in elite volleyball. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2019; 59: 345-351
• 20 Govus AD, Coutts A, Duffield R. et al. Relationship Between Pretraining Subjective Wellness Measures, Player Load, and Rating-of-Perceived-Exertion Training Load in American College Football. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13: 95-101
• 21 Starr LR, Davila J. Temporal patterns of anxious and depressed mood in generalized anxiety disorder: A daily diary study. Behaviour Res Ther 2012; 50: 131-141
• 22 Duignan C, Doherty C, Caulfield B. et al. Single-Item Self-Report Measures of Team-Sport Athlete Wellbeing and Their Relationship With Training Load: A Systematic Review. J Athl Train 2020; 55: 944-953
• 23 Duignan CM, Slevin PJ, Caulfield BM. et al. Mobile Athlete Self-Report Measures and the Complexities of Implementation. J Sports Sci Med 2019; 18: 405-412
• 24 Drew MK, Finch CF. The Relationship Between Training Load and Injury, Illness and Soreness: A Systematic and Literature Review. Sports Med 2016; 46: 861-883
• 25 Watson A, Brickson S. Impaired Sleep Mediates the Negative Effects of Training Load on Subjective Well-Being in Female Youth Athletes. Sports Health-a Multidisciplinary Approach 2018; 10: 244-249
• 26 RT. R Studio: An Integrated Development Environment for R. PBC 2021; Boston, MA.
• 27 Ludecke D. Performance: An R Package for Assessment, Comparison and Testing of Statistical Models. J Open Source Software 2021; 6: 3139
• 28 Schielzeth H, Dingemanse NJ, Nakagawa S. et al. Robustness of linear mixed-effects models to violations of distributional assumptions. Meth Ecology Evol 2020; 11: 1141-1152
• 29 Francoeur R. Could sequential residual centering resolve low sensitivity in moderated regression? Simulations and Cancer Symptom Clusters. Open J Statistics. 2013 3. 24-44
• 30 Bates D, Machler M, Boker B. et al. Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects models Using LME4. J Statistical Soft 2015; 67: 1-48
• 31 Ludecke D, Ben Shachar M, Patil I. et al. An R Package for Assessment, Comparison and Testing of Statistical Models. J open Source Software 2021; 6: 31-39
• 32 Watson A, Brickson S. Relationships Between Sport Specialization, Sleep, and Subjective Well-Being in Female Adolescent Athletes. Clin J Sport Med 2019; 29: 384-390
• 33 Impellizzeri FM, Marcora SM, Castagna C. et al. Physiological and performance effects of generic versus specific aerobic training in soccer players. Int J Sports Med 2006; 27: 483-492
• 34 Impellizzeri FM, Rampinini E, Marcora SM. Physiological assessment of aerobic training in soccer. J Sports Sci 2005; 23: 583-592
• 35 Casamichana D, Castellano J, Calleja-Gonzalez J. et al. Relationship between indicators of training load in soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 27: 369-374
• 36 Aloulou A, Duforez F, Léger D. et al. The Relationships Between Training Load, Type of Sport, and Sleep Among High-Level Adolescent Athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16: 890-899