CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Thromb Haemost
DOI: 10.1055/a-2325-5923
Review Article

2024 Chinese Expert Consensus Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation in the Elderly, Endorsed by Geriatric Society of Chinese Medical Association (Cardiovascular Group) and Chinese Society of Geriatric Health Medicine (Cardiovascular branch): Executive Summary

Yutang Wang
1   Department of Cardiology, Second Medical Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
,
2   Pulmonary Vessel and Thrombotic Disease, Sixth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
,
Mingzhao Qin
3   Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
,
Jin Fan
4   Department of Cardiology, Beijing Taikang Yanyuan Rehabilitation Hospital, Beijing, China
,
Ming Tang
5   Arrhythmia Center, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
,
Xinjun Zhang
6   Geriatric Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
,
Hao Wang
1   Department of Cardiology, Second Medical Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
,
Xiaoying Li
1   Department of Cardiology, Second Medical Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
,
7   Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
8   Department of Clinical Medicine, Danish Center for Health Services Research, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
,
Expert Reviewers › Author Affiliations
Funding The study was supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation (L232117) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82170309).


Abstract

The consensus guidelines of the Geriatric Society of Chinese Medical Association on the management of atrial fibrillation (AF) in the elderly was first published in 2011 and updated in 2016, with endorsement by Chinese Society of Geriatric Health Medicine. Since then, many important studies regarding the screening and treatment in the elderly population have been reported, necessitating this updated expert consensus guideline. The writing committee members comprehensively reviewed updated evidence pertaining to elderly patients with AF, and formulated this 2024 update. The highlighted issues focused on the following: screening for AF, geriatric comprehensive assessment, use of the Atrial fibrillation Better Care (ABC) pathway for the elderly patients, and special clinical settings related to elderly patients with AF. New recommendations addressing smart technology facilitated AF screening, ABC pathway based management, and optimal anticoagulation were developed, with a focus on the elderly.

Note

This is an executive summary of the full consensus guideline, which is published in Chinese Journal of Cardiac Arrhythmias (Chin J Cardiac Arrhythm 2024; DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cnl 13859-20240130-00012).


* The expert reviewers details are mentioned in the Supplementary Appendix (available in the online version)


The review process for this paper was fully handled by Christian Weber, Editor in Chief.


Supplementary Material



Publication History

Received: 04 April 2024

Accepted: 04 May 2024

Accepted Manuscript online:
14 May 2024

Article published online:
02 July 2024

© 2024. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany

 
  • References

  • 1 Li X, Ding W, Hua Y, Wang Y, Qin M, Fan J. Expert consensus on the management of atrial fibrillation in elderly population (2011), endorsed by Geriatric Society of Chinese Medical Association (Cardiovascular Group). Chin J Geriatric 2011; 30: 894-908
  • 2 Qing M, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Guo Y, Li X. Expert consensus on the management of atrial fibrillation in elderly population (2016), endorsed by Geriatric Society of Chinese Medical Association (Cardiovascular Group) and Chinese Society of Geriatric Health Medicine. Chin J Geriatric 2016; 35: 14-27
  • 3 Wang Y, Guo Y, Qin M, Fan J, Tang M, Wang H, Li X. 2024 Chinese expert consensus guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of Atrial Fibrillation in the Elderly, endorsed by Geriatric Society of Chinese Medical Association (Cardiovascular Group) and Chinese Society of Geriatric Health Medicine (Cardiovascular branch). Chin J Cardiac Arrhythm 2024. Doi: 103760/cmajcnl 13859–20240130–00012
  • 4 Zhang J, Johnsen SP, Guo Y, Lip GYH. Epidemiology of atrial fibrillation: geographic/ecological risk factors, age, sex, genetics. Card Electrophysiol Clin 2021; 13 (01) 1-23
  • 5 Guo Y, Tian Y, Wang H, Si Q, Wang Y, Lip GYH. Prevalence, incidence, and lifetime risk of atrial fibrillation in China: new insights into the global burden of atrial fibrillation. Chest 2015; 147 (01) 109-119
  • 6 Shi S, Tang Y, Zhao Q. et al; China Atrial Fibrillation Center Project Team). Prevalence and risk of atrial fibrillation in China: a national cross-sectional epidemiological study. Lancet Reg Health West Pac 2022; 23: 100439
  • 7 Chinese Medical Doctor Association. Blue Book on the prevention and treatment of atrial fibrillation in China 2018: People's Medical Publishing House in China, People's Health Electronic Audio and Video Publishing House in China. 2019
  • 8 Kotalczyk A, Guo Y, Stefil M, Wang Y, Lip GYH. ChiOTEAF Registry Investigators. Effects of the Atrial Fibrillation Better Care Pathway on outcomes among clinically complex Chinese patients with atrial fibrillation with multimorbidity and polypharmacy: a report from the ChiOTEAF registry. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11 (07) e024319
  • 9 Romiti GF, Proietti M, Bonini N. et al; GLORIA-AF Investigators. Clinical complexity domains, anticoagulation, and outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation: a report from the GLORIA-AF registry phase II and III. Thromb Haemost 2022; 122 (12) 2030-2041
  • 10 Grymonprez M, Petrovic M, De Backer TL, Steurbaut S, Lahousse L. The impact of polypharmacy on the effectiveness and safety of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation. Thromb Haemost 2024; 124 (02) 135-148
  • 11 Zheng Y, Li S, Liu X, Lip GYH, Guo L, Zhu W. Effect of oral anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation patients with polypharmacy: a meta-analysis. Thromb Haemost 2023; (e-pub ahead of print) DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1770724.
  • 12 Guo Y, Kotalczyk A, Imberti JF, Wang Y, Lip GYH. ChiOTEAF Registry Investigators. Poor adherence to guideline-directed anticoagulation in elderly Chinese patients with atrial fibrillation: a report from the Optimal Thromboprophylaxis in Elderly Chinese Patients with Atrial Fibrillation (ChiOTEAF) registry. Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes 2023; 9 (02) 169-176
  • 13 Gorog DA, Gue YX, Chao TF. et al. Assessment and mitigation of bleeding risk in atrial fibrillation and venous thromboembolism: executive summary of a European and Asia-Pacific Expert Consensus Paper. Thromb Haemost 2022; 122 (10) 1625-1652
  • 14 Kim HK, Tantry US, Smith Jr SC. et al. The East Asian Paradox: an updated position statement on the challenges to the current antithrombotic strategy in patients with cardiovascular disease. Thromb Haemost 2021; 121 (04) 422-432
  • 15 Kang DS, Yang PS, Kim D. et al. Racial differences in ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke: an ecological epidemiological study. Thromb Haemost 2024; (e-pub ahead of print) DOI: 10.1055/a-2278-8769.
  • 16 Kang DS, Yang PS, Kim D. et al. Racial differences in bleeding risk: an ecological epidemiological study comparing Korea and United Kingdom subjects. Thromb Haemost 2024; (e-pub ahead of print) DOI: 10.1055/a-2269-1123.
  • 17 Kwon S, Lee SR, Choi EK. et al. Impact of unhealthy lifestyles on patients with atrial fibrillation at low risk of stroke: a nationwide cohort study. Am J Med 2024; 137 (01) 37-46.e6
  • 18 Joglar JA, Chung MK, Armbruster AL. et al; Peer Review Committee Members. 2023 ACC/AHA/ACCP/HRS Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Atrial Fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2024; 149 (01) e1-e156
  • 19 Chung MK, Eckhardt LL, Chen LY. et al; American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee and Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Secondary Prevention Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology; Council on Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; and Council on Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health. Lifestyle and risk factor modification for reduction of atrial fibrillation: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2020; 141 (16) e750-e772
  • 20 Nagashima K, Okumura Y, Yokoyama K. et al; REAL AF StudyInvestigators. Comparison of continuous 24-h and 14-day monitoring for detection of otherwise unknown atrial fibrillation: a registry to identify Japanese concealed atrial fibrillation (REAL-AF)-based study. Heart Vessels 2020; 35 (05) 689-698
  • 21 Guo Y, Wang H, Zhang H. et al; MAFA II Investigators. Mobile photoplethysmographic technology to detect atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019; 74 (19) 2365-2375
  • 22 Chen Y, Wang W, Guo Y, Zhang H, Chen Y, Xie L. A single-center validation of the accuracy of a photoplethysmography-based smartwatch for screening obstructive sleep apnea. Nat Sci Sleep 2021; 13: 1533-1544
  • 23 Lubitz SA, Faranesh AZ, Selvaggi C. et al. Detection of atrial fibrillation in a large population using wearable devices: the Fitbit Heart Study. Circulation 2022; 146 (19) 1415-1424
  • 24 Guo Y, Zhang H, Lip GYH. mAF-App II Trial investigators. Consumer-led screening for atrial fibrillation: a report from the mAFA-II trial long-term extension cohort. JACC Asia 2022; 2 (06) 737-746
  • 25 Babar F, Cheema AM, Ahmad Z. et al. Sensitivity and specificity of wearables for atrial fibrillation in elderly populations: a systematic review. Curr Cardiol Rep 2023; 25 (07) 761-779
  • 26 Pandey AK, Xu K, Zhang L. et al. Lower versus standard INR targets in atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Thromb Haemost 2020; 120 (03) 484-494
  • 27 Vitolo M, Imberti JF, Maisano A. et al. Device-detected atrial high rate episodes and the risk of stroke/thrombo-embolism and atrial fibrillation incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Intern Med 2021; 92: 100-106
  • 28 Kirchhof P, Toennis T, Goette A. et al; NOAH-AFNET 6 Investigators. Anticoagulation with edoxaban in patients with atrial high-rate episodes. N Engl J Med 2023; 389 (13) 1167-1179
  • 29 Becher N, Toennis T, Bertaglia E. et al. Anticoagulation with edoxaban in patients with long atrial high-rate episodes ≥24 h. Eur Heart J 2024; 45 (10) 837-849
  • 30 Imberti JF, Bonini N, Tosetti A. et al. Atrial high-rate episodes detected by cardiac implantable electronic devices: dynamic changes in episodes and predictors of incident atrial fibrillation. Biology (Basel) 2022; 11 (03) 11
  • 31 Healey JS, Lopes RD, Granger CB. et al; ARTESIA Investigators. Apixaban for stroke prevention in subclinical atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2024; 390 (02) 107-117
  • 32 McIntyre WF, Benz AP, Becher N. et al. Direct oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention in patients with device-detected atrial fibrillation: a study-level meta-analysis of the NOAH-AFNET 6 and ARTESiA trials. Circulation 2024; 149 (13) 981-988
  • 33 Linz D, Gawalko M, Betz K. et al. Atrial fibrillation: epidemiology, screening and digital health. Lancet Reg Health Eur 2024; 37: 100786
  • 34 Guo Y, Romiti GF, Proietti M, Bonini N, Zhang H, Lip GYH. mAF-App II Trial Investigators. Mobile health technology integrated care in older atrial fibrillation patients: a subgroup analysis of the mAFA-II randomised clinical trial. Age Ageing 2022; 51 (11) 51
  • 35 Yao Y, Guo Y, Lip GYH. mAF-App II Trial investigators. The effects of implementing a mobile health-technology supported pathway on atrial fibrillation-related adverse events among patients with multimorbidity: the mAFA-II randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4 (12) e2140071
  • 36 Guo Y, Corica B, Romiti GF, Proietti M, Zhang H, Lip GYH. mAF-App II Trial Investigators. Mobile health technology integrated care in atrial fibrillation patients with diabetes mellitus in China: a subgroup analysis of the mAFA-II cluster randomized clinical trial. Eur J Clin Invest 2023; 53 (09) e14031
  • 37 Guo Y, Romiti GF, Corica B. et al. Mobile health-technology integrated care in atrial fibrillation patients with heart failure: a report from the mAFA-II randomized clinical trial. Eur J Intern Med 2023; 107: 46-51
  • 38 Guo Y, Romiti GF, Sagris D. et al; mAF-App II trial investigators. Mobile health-technology integrated care in secondary prevention atrial fibrillation patients: a post-hoc analysis from the mAFA-II randomized clinical trial. Intern Emerg Med 2023; 18 (04) 1041-1048
  • 39 Romiti GF, Pastori D, Rivera-Caravaca JM. et al. Adherence to the 'Atrial Fibrillation Better Care' pathway in patients with atrial fibrillation: impact on clinical outcomes-a systematic review and meta-analysis of 285,000 patients. Thromb Haemost 2022; 122 (03) 406-414
  • 40 Luo X, Xu W, Ming WK. et al. Cost-effectiveness of mobile health-based integrated care for atrial fibrillation: model development and data analysis. J Med Internet Res 2022; 24 (04) e29408
  • 41 Camacho EM, Lip GYH. Estimating the impact of implementing an integrated care management approach with Atrial fibrillation Better Care (ABC) pathway for patients with atrial fibrillation in England from 2020-2040. Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes 2023; (e-pub ahead of print) DOI: 10.1093/ehjqcco/qcad055.
  • 42 Serna MJ, Rivera-Caravaca JM, López-Gálvez R. et al. Dynamic assessment of CHA2DS2-VASc and HAS-BLED scores for predicting ischemic stroke and major bleeding in atrial fibrillation patients. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed) 2024; (e-pub ahead of print) DOI: 10.1016/j.rec.2024.02.011.
  • 43 Chao TF, Liao JN, Tuan TC. et al. Incident co-morbidities in patients with atrial fibrillation initially with a CHA2DS2-VASc score of 0 (Males) or 1 (females): implications for reassessment of stroke risk in initially 'low-risk' patients. Thromb Haemost 2019; 119 (07) 1162-1170
  • 44 Guo Y, Zhu H, Chen Y, Lip GYH. Comparing bleeding risk assessment focused on modifiable risk factors only versus validated bleeding risk scores in atrial fibrillation. Am J Med 2018; 131 (02) 185-192
  • 45 Chao TF, Lip GYH, Lin YJ. et al. Incident risk factors and major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation treated with oral anticoagulants: a comparison of baseline, follow-up and delta HAS-BLED scores with an approach focused on modifiable bleeding risk factors. Thromb Haemost 2018; 118 (04) 768-777
  • 46 Proietti M, Romiti GF, Vitolo M, Potpara TS, Boriani G, Lip GYH. Comparison of HAS-BLED and ORBIT bleeding risk scores in atrial fibrillation patients treated with non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants: a report from the ESC-EHRA EORP-AF General Long-Term Registry. Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes 2022; 8 (07) 778-786
  • 47 Borre ED, Goode A, Raitz G. et al. Predicting thromboembolic and bleeding event risk in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation: a systematic review. Thromb Haemost 2018; 118 (12) 2171-2187
  • 48 Guo Y, Lane DA, Chen Y, Lip GYH. mAF-App II Trial investigators. Regular bleeding risk assessment associated with reduction in bleeding outcomes: the mAFA-II randomized trial. Am J Med 2020; 133 (10) 1195-1202.e2
  • 49 Fong JH, Youn Y. Assessing patterns and stability of ADL hierarchical scales for functional disability assessment. Gerontologist 2023; 63 (04) 773-782
  • 50 Egashira R, Sato T, Miyake A. et al. The Japan Frailty Scale is a promising screening test for frailty and pre-frailty in Japanese elderly people. Gene 2022; 844: 146775
  • 51 Long J, Cai T, Huang X, Zhou Y, Kuang J, Wu L. Reference value for the TUGT in healthy older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Geriatr Nurs 2020; 41 (03) 325-330
  • 52 Jia X, Wang Z, Huang F. et al. A comparison of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) for mild cognitive impairment screening in Chinese middle-aged and older population: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21 (01) 485
  • 53 Shurrab M, Jackevicius CA, Austin PC. et al. Association between concurrent use of amiodarone and DOACs and risk of bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 2023; 186: 58-65
  • 54 Ray WA, Chung CP, Stein CM. et al. Risk for bleeding-related hospitalizations during use of amiodarone with apixaban or rivaroxaban in patients with atrial fibrillation : a retrospective cohort study. Ann Intern Med 2023; 176 (06) 769-778
  • 55 Gowda RM, Khan IA, Punukollu G. et al. Use of ibutilide for cardioversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation and flutter in elderly. Am J Ther 2004; 11 (02) 95-97
  • 56 Valembois L, Audureau E, Takeda A, Jarzebowski W, Belmin J, Lafuente-Lafuente C. Antiarrhythmics for maintaining sinus rhythm after cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019; 9 (09) CD005049
  • 57 Kirchhof P, Camm AJ, Goette A. et al; EAST-AFNET 4 Trial Investigators. Early rhythm-control therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2020; 383 (14) 1305-1316
  • 58 Rillig A, Borof K, Breithardt G. et al. Early rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation and high comorbidity burden. Circulation 2022; 146 (11) 836-847
  • 59 Guo Y, Wang H, Kotalczyk A, Wang Y, Lip GYH. ChiOTEAF Registry Investigators. One-year follow-up results of the Optimal Thromboprophylaxis in Elderly Chinese Patients with Atrial Fibrillation (ChiOTEAF) registry. J Arrhythm 2021; 37 (05) 1227-1239
  • 60 Guo Y, Kotalczyk A, Imberti JF, Wang Y, Lip GY. ChiOTEAF Registry Investigators. Oral anticoagulation improves survival in very elderly Chinese patients with atrial fibrillation: a report from the Optimal Thromboprophylaxis in Elderly Chinese Patients with Atrial Fibrillation (ChiOTEAF) registry. Int J Stroke 2022; 17 (06) 661-668
  • 61 Kotalczyk A, Guo Y, Wang Y, Lip GY. ChiOTEAF Registry Investigators. Are low doses of non-vitamin K antagonists effective in Chinese patients with atrial fibrillation? A report from the Optimal Thromboprophylaxis in Elderly Chinese Patients with Atrial Fibrillation (ChiOTEAF) registry. Int J Stroke 2021; (e-pub ahead of print) DOI: 10.1177/17474930211053140.
  • 62 Silverio A, Di Maio M, Prota C. et al. Safety and efficacy of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation: systematic review and meta-analysis of 22 studies and 440 281 patients. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother 2021; 7 (FI1): f20-f29
  • 63 Chao TF, Chiang CE, Chan YH. et al. Oral anticoagulants in extremely-high-risk, very elderly (>90 years) patients with atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2021; 18 (06) 871-877
  • 64 Chan YH, Chao TF, Chen SW. et al. Clinical outcomes in elderly atrial fibrillation patients at increased bleeding risk treated with very low dose vs. regular-dose non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants: a nationwide cohort study. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother 2023; 9 (08) 681-691
  • 65 Guo Y, Imberti JF, Kotalczyk A, Wang Y, Lip GYH. ChiOTEAF Registry Investigators. Atrial fibrillation better care pathway adherent care improves outcomes in Chinese patients with atrial fibrillation. JACC Asia 2022; 2 (04) 422-429
  • 66 Gibson CM, Mehran R, Bode C. et al. Prevention of bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing PCI. N Engl J Med 2016; 375 (25) 2423-2434
  • 67 Cannon CP, Bhatt DL, Oldgren J. et al; RE-DUAL PCI Steering Committee and Investigators. Dual antithrombotic therapy with dabigatran after PCI in atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2017; 377 (16) 1513-1524
  • 68 Lopes RD, Heizer G, Aronson R. et al; AUGUSTUS Investigators. Antithrombotic therapy after acute coronary syndrome or PCI in atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2019; 380 (16) 1509-1524
  • 69 Vranckx P, Valgimigli M, Eckardt L. et al. Edoxaban-based versus vitamin K antagonist-based antithrombotic regimen after successful coronary stenting in patients with atrial fibrillation (ENTRUST-AF PCI): a randomised, open-label, phase 3b trial. Lancet 2019; 394 (10206): 1335-1343
  • 70 Galli M, Andreotti F, D'Amario D, Porto I, Crea F. Stent thrombosis with dual antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation-ACS/PCI trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020; 75 (14) 1727-1728
  • 71 Fan J, Sun Z, Yu C. et al; China Kadoorie Biobank Collaborative Group. Multimorbidity patterns and association with mortality in 0.5 million Chinese adults. Chin Med J (Engl) 2022; 135 (06) 648-657
  • 72 Ogawa H, An Y, Nishi H. et al; Fushimi AF Registry Investigators. Characteristics and clinical outcomes in atrial fibrillation patients classified using cluster analysis: the Fushimi AF Registry. Europace 2021; 23 (09) 1369-1379
  • 73 Shantsila E, Choi EK, Lane DA, Joung B, Lip GYH. Atrial fibrillation: comorbidities, lifestyle, and patient factors. Lancet Reg Health Eur 2024; 37: 100784
  • 74 Chen N, Alam AB, Lutsey PL. et al. Polypharmacy, adverse outcomes, and treatment effectiveness in patients ≥75 with atrial fibrillation. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9 (11) e015089
  • 75 Proietti M, Raparelli V, Olshansky B, Lip GY. Polypharmacy and major adverse events in atrial fibrillation: observations from the AFFIRM trial. Clin Res Cardiol 2016; 105 (05) 412-420
  • 76 Hsieh HL, Kao CW, Cheng SM, Chang YC. A web-based integrated management program for improving medication adherence and quality of life, and reducing readmission in patients with atrial fibrillation: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res 2021; 23 (09) e30107
  • 77 Macha K, Marsch A, Siedler G. et al. Cerebral ischemia in patients on direct oral anticoagulants. Stroke 2019; 50 (04) 873-879
  • 78 Klijn CJ, Paciaroni M, Berge E. et al. Antithrombotic treatment for secondary prevention of stroke and other thromboembolic events in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack and non-valvular atrial fibrillation: a European Stroke Organisation guideline. Eur Stroke J 2019; 4 (03) 198-223
  • 79 Unverdorben M, von Heymann C, Santamaria A. et al. Elderly patients with atrial fibrillation in routine clinical practice-peri-procedural management of edoxaban oral anticoagulation therapy is associated with a low risk of bleeding and thromboembolic complications: a subset analysis of the prospective, observational, multinational EMIT-AF study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2020; 20 (01) 504
  • 80 Steffel J, Collins R, Antz M. et al; External reviewers. 2021 European Heart Rhythm Association Practical Guide on the Use of Non-Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. Europace 2021; 23 (10) 1612-1676
  • 81 Sherwood MW, Douketis JD, Patel MR. et al; ROCKET AF Investigators. Outcomes of temporary interruption of rivaroxaban compared with warfarin in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: results from the rivaroxaban once daily, oral, direct factor Xa inhibition compared with vitamin K antagonism for prevention of stroke and embolism trial in atrial fibrillation (ROCKET AF). Circulation 2014; 129 (18) 1850-1859
  • 82 Douketis JD, Healey JS, Brueckmann M. et al. Perioperative bridging anticoagulation during dabigatran or warfarin interruption among patients who had an elective surgery or procedure. Substudy of the RE-LY trial. Thromb Haemost 2015; 113 (03) 625-632
  • 83 Godier A, Dincq AS, Martin AC. et al. Predictors of pre-procedural concentrations of direct oral anticoagulants: a prospective multicentre study. Eur Heart J 2017; 38 (31) 2431-2439
  • 84 Shaw JR, Li N, Vanassche T. et al. Predictors of preprocedural direct oral anticoagulant levels in patients having an elective surgery or procedure. Blood Adv 2020; 4 (15) 3520-3527
  • 85 Villani ER, Tummolo AM, Palmer K. et al. Frailty and atrial fibrillation: A systematic review. Eur J Intern Med 2018; 56: 33-38