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CC BY 4.0 · Sustainability & Circularity NOW 2024; 01: a23346930
DOI: 10.1055/a-2334-6930
DOI: 10.1055/a-2334-6930
Original Article
Urine as a Biobased Fertilizer: The Netherlands as Case Study
Supported by: EU 818309
Abstract
Humankind has grown increasingly dependent on mineral fertilizer to feed a growing world population. However, nutrients are rarely recovered and recycled after consumption, leading to environmental waste issues now and potential supply issues in the future. Urine is rich in these nutrients and is therefore a prime candidate as a precursor for biobased fertilizers. This work presents a case study to remove potentially present contaminants from human urine using activated carbon adsorbents to adhere to Dutch fertilizer legislation. In the urine, three pharmaceuticals were identified by target analysis and 11 other contaminants by suspect screening using liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF/MS). These were successfully removed by treatments with both granulated and powdered activated carbon, albeit with a loss of 16–17% and 2–4% of dissolved nutrients, respectively. Further screening of inorganic contaminants and persistent organic pollutants by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and gas chromatography quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (GC-Q-Orbitrap/MS) showed that all prerequisites for fertilizer status are met, paving the way for its future legal use as a biobased fertilizer in the Netherlands.
Keywords
Nutrient recycling - Biobased fertilizer - Activated carbon adsorbent - Pharmaceutical removal - Fertilizer legislative framework - Target analysis - Suspect screeningSupporting Information
- Supporting information for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2334-6930.
- Supporting Information
- Supporting Information
Primary Data
Primary data for this article are available online at https://zenodo.org/record/10992983 and can be cited using the following DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10992983
Publication History
Received: 22 April 2024
Accepted after revision: 24 May 2024
Accepted Manuscript online:
28 May 2024
Article published online:
01 July 2024
© 2024. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction so long as the original work is properly cited. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany
Bibliographical Record
S. Beijer, S. Das, R. Helmus, P. Scheer, B. Jansen, J. C. Slootweg. Urine as a Biobased Fertilizer: The Netherlands as Case Study. Sustainability & Circularity NOW 2024; 01: a23346930.
DOI: 10.1055/a-2334-6930
S. Beijer, S. Das, R. Helmus, P. Scheer, B. Jansen, J. C. Slootweg. Urine as a Biobased Fertilizer: The Netherlands as Case Study. Sustainability & Circularity NOW 2024; 01: a23346930.
DOI: 10.1055/a-2334-6930
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