The Effect of Competition Sounds on Balance Performance in Football Players

Abstract

Objective This study aimed to investigate the impact of competition environment sounds on the static and dynamic balance of football players.

Materials and Methods Thirty-two football players with a mean age of 21.12±2.99 years and a body mass index of 21.98±2.58 kg/m² were included in this study. The initial assessment condition (whether in a quiet environment or with competition sounds) was determined by simple randomization. Forty-eight hours later, at the same time of day, the tests were repeated with the environmental conditions reversed. Balance performance was assessed using the Tecnobody device for both static and dynamic balance.

Results In the static balance test, it was found that the surface area covered significantly decreased in the environment where competition sounds were played (p=0.014), while there was no significant change in overall sway (p=0.313), anteroposterior sway (p=0.852), or mediolateral sway (p=0.104). In the dynamic balance test, no significant change was observed in anteroposterior sway (p=0.411), but mediolateral sway (p=0.025) and overall sway (p=0.042) significantly decreased. Additionally, there was a significant improvement in the athletes’ score for reaching the target (p=0.003). The perceived difficulty levels during the tests were found to be significantly lower in both the static (p=0.048) and dynamic (p=0.001) balance tests in the environment where competition sounds were played.

Conclusion In conclusion, competition environment sounds were found to positively affect the balance performance of football players and reduce the perceived difficulty level. Incorporating balance training with competition sounds during athlete rehabilitation may contribute to improved balance recovery.

Zusammenfassung

Ziel Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es, den Einfluss von Anfeuerungsrufen, wie sie im Stadion bei Spielen zu hören sind, auf das statische und dynamische Gleichgewicht bei Fußballspielern zu untersuchen.

Material und Methode In die Studie wurden 32 Fußballspieler (mittleres Alter 21,12±2,99 Jahre, mittlerer Body-Mass-Index: 21,98±2,58 kg/m²) aufgenommen. Die Zuordnung zu den Rahmenbedingungen der Erstuntersuchung (entweder eine ruhige Umgebung oder mit Anfeuerungsrufen) erfolgte durch einfache Randomisierung. Nach 48 Stunden wurde dann die Untersuchung zur gleichen Tageszeit unter umgekehrten Umgebungsbedingungen wiederholt. Für die Prüfung der statischen und dynamischen Gleichgewichtsleistung wurde das Gerät TecnoBody verwendet.

Ergebnisse Bei der Prüfung des statischen Gleichgewichts zeigte sich, dass die beanspruchte Fläche bei Abspielen von Anfeuerungsrufen signifikant abnahm (p=0,014), wohingegen sich unter dieser Bedingung kein signifikanter Unterschied für Gesamtschwanken (p=0,313), anterior-posteriores Schwanken (p=0,852) und medial-laterales Schwanken (p=0,104) fand. Bei der Prüfung des dynamischen Gleichgewicht wurde kein signifikanter Unterschied für anterior-posteriores Schwanken (p=0,411) beobachtet, aber eine signifikante Abnahme des medial-lateralen Schwankens (p=0,025) und des Gesamtschwankens (p=0,042) festgestellt. Zudem konnte eine signifikante Verbesserung des Scores der Torerfolge der Sportler nachgewiesen werden (p=0,003). Der subjektiv empfundene Schwierigkeitsgrad während der Untersuchungen war sowohl bei der Prüfung des statischen als auch des dynamischen Gleichgewichts signifikant niedriger, wenn Anfeuerungsrufe abgespielt wurden (p=0,048 bzw. p=0,001).

Schlussfolgerung Zusammenfassend lässt sich festhalten, dass sich Anfeuerungsrufe positiv auf die Gleichgewichtsleistung von Fußballspielern auswirken und den subjektiv empfundenen Schwierigkeitsgrad senken. Im Rahmen der Rehabilitation von Sportlern könnte das Abspielen von Anfeuerungsrufen beim Gleichgewichtstraining zu einer besseren Wiederherstellung des Gleichgewichts beitragen.

Keywords

Sound - Balance - Football - Competition

Schlüsselwörter

Anfeuerungsrufe - Gleichgewicht - Fußball - Fußballspiel

Publication History

Received: 14 February 2024

Accepted after revision: 09 September 2024

Article published online:
21 October 2024

• References

• 1 Faigenbaum AD, Bagley J, Boise S. et al. Dynamic balance in children: performance comparison between two testing devices. Athlet Train Sports Health Care 2015; 7: 160-164
• 2 Jiganti MR, Meyer BC, Chang E. et al. Altered cortical activation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction during single-leg balance task. Translational Sports Medicine 2020; 3: 496-503
• 3 Lehmann JAM, Seufert T. The Influence of Background Music on Learning in the Light of Different Theoretical Perspectives and the Role of Working Memory Capacity. Front Psychol 2017; 31: 8-1902
• 4 Blackburn T, Guskiewicz KM, Petschauer MA. et al. Balance and joint stability: the relative contributions of proprioception and muscular strength. Journal of sport rehabilitation 2000; 9: 315-328
• 5 Guskiewicz KM, Perrin DH, Gansneder BM. Effect of mild head injury on postural stability in athletes. J Athl Train 1996; 31: 300-306
• 6 Ünel S, Yilmaz M, Albayram S. et al. Anastomoses of the vestibular, cochlear, and facial nerves. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 2012; 23: 1358-1361
• 7 Suarez H, Angeli S, Suarez A. et al. Balance sensory organization in children with profound hearing loss and cochlear implants. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology 2007; 71: 629-637
• 8 Forti S, Filipponi E, Di Berardino F. et al. The influence of music on static posturography. Journal of Vestibular Research 2010; 20: 351-356
• 9 Kahraman T, Beşli M, Ünver B. et al. Influence of different genres of music on static and dynamic balance control of young adults. Journal of Health Sciences and Professions. 2019 6. 342-349
• 10 Unver F, Buke M. The Effect of Music on Balance Parameters. Physikalische Medizin, Rehabilitationsmedizin, Kurortmedizin 2023; 33
• 11 Şimşek D, Ertan H. Postural control and sport: postural sensor motor strategies and postural sway in different sport branches. Spormetre Beden Egitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 2011; 9: 81-90
• 12 Schmidt RA, Lee TD. Motor Learning and Performance: From Principles to Application. 6th ed. Human Kinetics. 2019: 328
• 13 Magill RA, Anderson DI. Motor Learning and Control: Concepts and Applications. McGraw-Hill Education. 2017
• 14 Wulf G, Lewthwaite R. Optimizing performance through intrinsic motivation and attention for learning: The OPTIMAL theory of motor learning. Psychon Bull Rev 2016; 23: 1382-1414
• 15 Beilock SL, Carr TH. On the fragility of skilled performance: What governs choking under pressure?. J Exp Psychol Gen 2001; 130: 701
• 16 Alonso AC, Brech GC, Bourquin AM. et al. The influence of lower-limb dominance on postural balance. Sao Paulo medical journal=Revista paulista de medicina 2011; 129: 410-413
• 17 Nelson R, Petersen C. The reliability and minimal detectable change of the cardiovascular response and self-selected exercise intensity during forward and backward treadmill exercise in individuals with Parkinson disease. SAGE Open Med 2017; 5 2050312117736229
• 18 Jain S, Walia S, Khanna S. et al. Validity and Reliability of Prokin 252N (Tecnobody) Balance System for Assessment of Standing Balance in Individuals with Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Sci Eng Dev Res 2023; 8: 1084-1093
• 19 Cattaneo D, Jonsdottir J. Sensory impairments in quiet standing in subjects with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2009; 15: 59-67
• 20 Anderson J, Smith R. Postural stability and balance performance in football players. J Athl Train 2017; 52: 245-252
• 21 Williams P, Brown L, Green D. Dynamic balance in elite footballers. Int J Sports Med 2019; 40: 354-360
• 22 Russolo M. Sound-evoked postural responses in normal subjects. Acta oto-laryngologica 2002; 122: 21-27
• 23 Tanaka T, Kojima S, Takeda H. et al. The influence of moving auditory stimuli on standing balance in healthy young adults and the elderly. Ergonomics 2001; 44: 1403-1412
• 24 Hong SA, Kuziez D, Das N. et al. Hazardous sound outputs of white noise devices intended for infants. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology 2021; 146: 110757
• 25 Park SH, Lee K, Lockhart T. et al. Effects of sound on postural stability during quiet standing. Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation 2011; 8: 67
• 26 Xu H, Ohgami N, He T. et al. Improvement of balance in young adults by a sound component at 100 Hz in music. Scientific reports 2018; 8: 16894
• 27 Koelsch S, Siebel WA. Towards a neural basis of music perception. Trends in cognitive sciences 2005; 9: 578-584
• 28 Menon V, Levitin DJ. The rewards of music listening: response and physiological connectivity of the mesolimbic system. Neuroimage 2005; 28: 175-184
• 29 Kanegaonkar RG, Amin K, Clarke M. The contribution of hearing to normal balance. J Laryngol Otol 2012; 126: 984-988