Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/a-2461-2705
Coexistence of obesity and unhealthy cardiorespiratory fitness in a cohort of boys
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine: 1) the coexistence of excessive body weight and low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), at a level to be considered unhealthy, and 2) the stability (tracking) of this profile. 1754 European boys, aged 8- to 14-years old, were tested for CRF and based on international cut points were classified as having healthy (H) or unhealthy (UN) CRF. Based on BMI they were classified as having normal weight (N), or overweight or obesity (OO). Chi-square was performed with four groups (i.e. N/H, N/UN, OO/H and OO/UN) and the odds ratios were calculated (cross-sectional analysis). A sub-group of 353 boys were followed for an average of 3.79±0.83 years (range: 2.97− 6.06; longitudinal analysis). The odds that a boy was with OO/UN profile compared to the normal body weight category ranged from 2.67 (13-years old) to 6.74 (9-years old). 56.6% of the participants remained in the same category, whereas 28.0% of them had ≥1 change in category to worst in the second assessment (Cohen Kappa= 0.557, p<0.001; substantial agreement). The odds ratios of having boys with unhealthy profile of combined excessive body weight and low CRF ranged from medium to large. The stability of unhealthy profile was substantial.
Publication History
Received: 12 August 2024
Accepted after revision: 04 November 2024
Accepted Manuscript online:
04 November 2024
Article published online:
02 December 2024
© 2024. Thieme. All rights reserved.
Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Oswald-Hesse-Straße 50, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany
-
References
- 1 Fogelholm M. Physical activity, fitness and fatness: Relations to mortality, morbidity and disease risk factors. A systematic review. Obes Rev 2010; 11: 202-221
- 2 Ozemek C, Laddu DR, Lavie CJ. et al. An Update on the Role of Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Structured Exercise and Lifestyle Physical Activity in Preventing Cardiovascular Disease and Health Risk. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2018; 61: 484-490
- 3 Ortega FB, Cadenas-Sanchez C, Duck-Chul Lee DC. et al. Fitness and Fatness as Health Markers through the Lifespan: An Overview of Current Knowledge. Prog Prev Med (N Y) 2018; 3: e0013
- 4 Barry VW, Baruth M, Beets MW. et al. Fitness vs. fatness on all-cause mortality: A meta-analysis. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2014; 56: 382-390
- 5 Lee CD, Blair SN, Jackson AS. Cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, and all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in men. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69: 373-380
- 6 Wei M, Kampert JB, Barlow CE. et al. Relationship between low cardiorespiratory fitness and mortality in normal-weight, overweight, and obese men. JAMA 1999; 282: 1547-1553
- 7 Umer A, Kelley GA, Cottrell LE. et al. Childhood obesity and adult cardiovascular disease risk factors: A systematic review with meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 2017; 17: 683
- 8 van Sluijs EMF, Ekelund U, Crochemore-Silva I. et al. Physical activity behaviours in adolescence: Current evidence and opportunities for intervention. Lancet 2021; 398: 429-442
- 9 World Health Organization (WHO). WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. Licence: CC
- 10 Simmonds M, Llewellyn A, Owen CG. et al. Predicting adult obesity from childhood obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2016; 17: 95-107
- 11 Nevill AM, Duncan MJ, Gaya A. et al. Secular trends in the physical fitness of Brazilian youth: Evidence that fitness is declining for the majority but not for a fit minority. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33: 2079-2089
- 12 Nassis GP, Psarra G, Sidossis LS. Central and total adiposity are lower in overweight and obese children with high cardiorespiratory fitness. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005; 59: 137-141
- 13 Ahlqvist VH, Higueras-Fresnillo S. et al. Physical fitness in male adolescents and atherosclerosis in middle age: A population-based cohort study. Br J Sports Med. 2024 58. bjsports-2023-107663
- 14 Legantis CD, Nassis GP, Dipla K. et al. Role of cardiorespiratory fitness and obesity on hemodynamic responses in children. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2012; 52: 311-318
- 15 Nassis GP, Papantakou K, Skenderi K. et al. Aerobic exercise training improves insulin sensitivity without changes in body weight, body fat, adiponectin, and inflammatory markers in overweight and obese girls. Metabolism 2005; 54: 1472-1479
- 16 Zaqout M, Michels N, Bammann K. et al. Influence of physical fitness on cardio-metabolic risk factors in European children. The IDEFICS study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 40: 1119-1125
- 17 Dankel SJ, Loenneke JP, Loprinzi PD. Health outcomes in relation to physical activity status, overweight/obesity, and history of overweight/obesity: A review of the watch paradigm. Sports Med 2017; 47: 1029-1034
- 18 Savva SC, Tornaritis M, Savva ME. et al. Waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio are better predictors of cardiovascular disease risk factors in children than body mass index. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000; 24: 1453-1458
- 19 Psarra G, Nassis GP, Sidossis LS. Short-term predictors of abdominal obesity in children. Eur J Public Health 2006; 16: 520-525
- 20 Cole TJ. Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: International survey. BMJ 2000; 320: 1240-1243
- 21 Léger LA, Lambert JA. maximal multistage 20-m shuttle run test to predict VO2 max. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1982; 49: 1-12
- 22 Ortega FB, Leskošek B, Blagus R. et al. European fitness landscape for children and adolescents: Updated reference values, fitness maps and country rankings based on nearly 8 million test results from 34 countries gathered by the FitBack network. Br J Sports Med 2023; 57: 299-310
- 23 Nassis GP, Sidossis LS. Methods for assessing body composition, cardiovascular and metabolic function in children and adolescents: Implications for exercise studies. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2006; 9: 560-567
- 24 Ruiz JR, Cavero-Redondo I, Ortega FB. et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness cut points to avoid cardiovascular disease risk in children and adolescents; what level of fitness should raise a red flag? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2016; 50: 1451-1458
- 25 Olivier J, Bell ML. Effect sizes for 2x2 contingency tables. PLoS one 2013; 8: e58777
- 26 Muñoz SR, Bangdiwala SI. Interpretation of Kappa and B statistics measures of agreement. J Appl Stat 1997; 24: 105-112
- 27 Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y. Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing. J R Stat Soc: Ser B (Methodol) 1995; 57: 289-300
- 28 Tambalis KD, Panagiotakos DB, Psarra G. et al. Current data in Greek children indicate decreasing trends of obesity in the transition from childhood to adolescence; results from the National Action for Children’s Health (Eyzhn) program. J Prev Med Hyg 2018; 59: E36-E47
- 29 Herman KM, Craig CL, Gauvin L. et al. Tracking of obesity and physical activity from childhood to adulthood: The Physical Activity Longitudinal Study. Int J Pediatr Obes 2009; 4: 281-288
- 30 Perez-Bey A, Ruiz JR, Ortega FB. et al. Bidirectional associations between fitness and fatness in youth: A longitudinal study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30: 1483-1496
- 31 Cadenas-Sanchez C, Medrano M, Villanueva A. et al. Differences in specific abdominal fat depots between metabolically healthy and unhealthy children with overweight/obesity: The role of cardiorespiratory fitness. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33: 1462-1472
- 32 Santos-Beneit G, Bodega P, de Cos-Gandoy A. et al. Effect of Time-Varying Exposure to School-Based Health Promotion on Adiposity in Childhood. J Am Coll Cardiol 2024; 84: 499-508
- 33 Lavie CJ, Neeland IJ, Ortega FB. Intervention in School-Aged Children to Prevent Progression of Obesity and Cardiometabolic Disease: A Paradigm Shift Indeed. J Am Coll Cardiol 2024; 84: 509-511
- 34 Bouchard C, Sarzynski MA, Rice TK. et al. Genomic predictors of the maximal O₂ uptake response to standardized exercise training programs. J Appl Physiol 1985; 2011: 1160-1170