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CC BY 4.0 · TH Open 2024; 08(04): e340-e349
DOI: 10.1055/a-2495-1444
Review Article

Why Current Detection of Vascular Calcification Falls Short and How to Improve on It

Anouk Gentier 
1   Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), University Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
2   Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
,
Mueez Aizaz
2   Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
3   Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
,
Maurice Halder
4   Department for Renal and Hypertensive, Rheumatological and Immunological Diseases (Department of Medicine II), RWTH Aachen, Medical Faculty, Aachen, Germany
,
Alexandru Florea
2   Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
3   Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
5   Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
,
Ingrid Dijkgraaf
1   Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), University Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
2   Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
3   Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
,
Felix M. Mottaghy
2   Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
3   Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
5   Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
,
Tilman Hackeng
1   Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), University Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
2   Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
,
M Eline Kooi 
2   Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
3   Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
› Author Affiliations Funding The research was funded by the H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions under grant number 722609. This funding was provided as part of the European Commission’s Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, specifically under the H2020 Excellent Science initiative.
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Abstract

Vascular calcification is a common phenomenon in various vascular diseases, where its presence heralds increased occurrence of adverse disease events, which invariably lead to increased morbidity and mortality in patients. Although the impact of calcification has become apparent, adequate and early detection of the most damaging form of early microcalcification is still in its infancy, preventing reliable identification of locations that would benefit from intervention. In this review, we will provide an overview of the current state-of-the-art noninvasive calcification imaging and its persisting limitations. We discuss promising approaches that may address these limitations in the future. In this context particular attention will be paid to imaging modalities such as CT, PET, and ultrasonography and molecular and cellular mechanisms and agents involved in physiological bone formation.

Keywords

imaging - cardiovascular disease - noninvasive imaging - early detection - vascular calcification


Publication History

Received: 04 July 2024

Accepted: 02 December 2024

Article published online:
27 December 2024

© 2024. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction so long as the original work is properly cited. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany

 

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