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Am J Perinatol
DOI: 10.1055/a-2531-2783
Original Article

Preterm Births and Maternal-Fetal Medicine Physician Workforce Location in the United States

Andrea L. Greiner
1   Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
,
Sina Haeri
2   Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Ouma Health, Park City, Utah
,
Nichole L. Nidey
3   Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa
› Author Affiliations Funding None.
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Abstract

Objective

Examine for association between geographic disparity in the national maternal-fetal medicine (MFM) physician workforce distribution and preterm birth (PTB) rate in counties without MFM presence.

Study Design

Cohort study of PTBs in the United States from 2015 to 2019, utilizing National Center for Health Statistics natality data. The independent risk factor is the presence of an MFM physician in the county or county equivalent where the pregnant woman resides. Bivariate logistic regression analysis estimated the odds of county-level PTB rates higher than the national average (10.2%, March of Dimes 2019 national data) by MFM physician location.

Results

The Northeast, Southeast, and Pacific Coast regions of the United States had the highest density of physician practice locations whereas regions in the Midwest and Western United States had the lowest density. Of the 2,981 counties with PTB rates available, 90.3% (n = 2,691) did not have a practicing MFM physician. U.S. counties without an MFM physician are more likely to have a PTB rate higher than the national average, operating room (OR) = 1.56 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.22–1.99), compared with a county with at least one MFM physician.

Conclusion

Counties with no practicing MFM physician had a 56% increase in the odds of having PTB rates higher than the national average. The lack of proximate high-risk obstetric care is a geographic health disparity associated with PTB. The location of the MFM workforce has implications for both clinical care and health policy. These data suggest that attention should be directed toward where physicians practice and to increase access to care for at-risk pregnant women.

Key Points

  • U.S. regions with the highest concentration of MFM physicians remain unchanged from prior publications.

  • Only 9.7% of counties reporting PTB data have practicing MFM physicians.

  • Counties without an MFM physician have 56% higher odds of exceeding national PTB rates.

  • Regional disparities in MFM physician distribution may impact maternal and neonatal outcomes.

Keywords

maternal-fetal medicine - preterm birth - geographic disparity

Note

This work was presented at the 42nd Annual Meeting for the Society of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, virtual meeting, February 3 to 5, 2022.




Publication History

Received: 29 October 2024

Accepted: 03 February 2025

Article published online:
06 March 2025

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