Datura stramonium – A Dangerous Weed and Alternative Drug of Abuse: An Overview of Poisoning Cases in 21st Century

Abstract

Datura stramonium is a well-known cosmopolitan weed known by several common names: thorn apple (due to the appearance of its fruits), Angelʼs trumpet (linked to its flowers), loco seed (referring to the hallucinogenic properties of its seeds), jimson weed (originating from the first recorded poisoning involving this plant), and apple of Peru (indicating the plantʼs origin). All parts of the plant contain the tropane alkaloids hyoscyamine, scopolamine, and atropine together with several minor alkaloids, which cause poisoning such as typical anticholinergic syndrome with neuropsychiatric effects. A review of 114 papers from various databases (Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar) revealed that poisoning incidents involving this plant have been relatively common from 2001 to 2024. The analysis indicated that all cases of poisoning from D. stramonium can be categorized into two main groups: accidental and misuse. Accidental poisonings are primarily linked to the contamination of other crops in the field, leading to mass poisoning of humans and animals. They can also result from misidentifying the plant as another edible species, childrenʼs curiosity, and self-medication. On the other hand, misuse is typically associated with recreational drug use, suicide attempts, criminal activities, and magico-religious practices. To prevent poisoning from this plant, it is essential to eliminate the weed from fields, yards, gardens, and other disturbed areas. Additionally, it is important to educate the general public about the plantʼs appearance and the dangers associated with its consumption, particularly in the context of self-medication and recreational drug use.

Keywords

accidental poisoning - Datura stramonium - misuse - Solanaceae - tropane alkaloids

Publikationsverlauf

Eingereicht: 03. Januar 2025

Angenommen nach Revision: 20. Februar 2025

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
14. März 2025

• References

• 1 Bonde K. The genus Datura: From research subject to powerful hallucinogen. EthnoLeaflets 1998; 1: 10
• 2 Steenkamp PA, Harding NM, van Heerden FR, van Wyk BE. Fatal Datura poisoning: Identification of atropine and scopolamine by high performance liquid chromatography/photodiode array/mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2004; 145: 31-39
• 3 Jackson BP, Wallis TE. Structure of the roots of Datura stramonium L. and Datura tatula L. J Pharm Pharmacol 1955; 7: 384-405
• 4 Kant L. Datura stramonium poisoning in farm animals. Just Agriculture 2022; 3: 1-4
• 5 Mitchell JE, Mitchell FN, Charlottesville VA. Jimson weed (Datura stramonium) poisoning in childhood. J Pediatr 1955; 47: 227-230
• 6 Stiles FC. Stramonium poisoning. J Pediatr 1951; 39: 354-356
• 7 Wiebe TH, Sigurdson ES, Katz LY. Angelʼs Trumpet (Datura stramonium) poisoning and delirium in adolescents in Winnipeg, Manitoba: Summer 2006. Paediatr Child Health 2008; 13: 193-196
• 8 Gunaydin YK, Yildiz CG, Isikoglu V, Kokulu K, Maracar N, Akilli NB, Koylu R, Cander B. Datura stramonium poisoning: Two case reports. J Emerg Med Case Rep 2017; 8: 4-6
• 9 Korkmaz MF, Bostanci M, Onur H, Cagan E. Datura stramonium poisoning: A case report and review of the literature. Eur Res J 2019; 5: 186-188
• 10 Jennings RE, Orange ENJ. Stramonium poisoning: A review of the literature and report of two cases. J Pediatr 1935; 6: 657-664
• 11 Stella L, Vitelli MR, Palazzo E, Oliva P, De Novellis V, Capuano A, Scafuro MA, Berrino L, Rossi F, Maione S. Datura stramonium intake: A report on three cases. J Phychoactive Drugs 2010; 42: 507-512
• 12 Maheshwari NO, Khan A, Chopade BA. Rediscovering the medicinal properties of Datura sp.: A review. J Med Plants Res 2013; 7: 2885-2897
• 13 Pymm R. An account of recreational Datura intoxication at Leiden university in the seventeenth century. Pharm Hist 2021; 51: 97-105
• 14 Shi Z, Zou W, Zhu Z, Xiong Z, Li S, Dong P, Zhu Z. Tropane alkaloids (hyoscyamine, scopolamine and atropine) from genus Datura: Extractions, contents, syntheses and effects. Ind Crops Prod 2022; 186: 115283
• 15 Mihálik D, Hancinský R, Kanuková Š, Mrkvová M, Kraic J. Elicitation of hyoscyamine production in Datura stramonium L. plants using tobamoviruses. Plants 2022; 11: 3319
• 16 Bamisi O, Oluwalabani AO, Arogundade TT, Olajide OJ. Neuroinflammation and oxidative redox imbalance drive memory dysfunction in adolescent rats prenatally exposed to Datura stramonium . Neurotoxicol Teratol 2024; 106: 107394
• 17 Bradley PB. Drugs Affecting the Parasympathetic System. In: Bradley PB. editor Introduction to Neuropharmacology. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1989: 69-82
• 18 Lorrai R, Cavaterra D, Giammaria S, Sbardella D, Tundo GR, Boccaccini A. Eye diseases: When the solution comes from plant alkaloids. Planta Med 2024; 90: 426-439
• 19 Bendel RE, Phillips MB. Preoperative use of atropine to prevent intraoperative floppy-iris syndrome in patients taking tamsulosin. J Cataract Refract Surg 2006; 32: 1603-1605
• 20 Jokanović M. Medical treatment of acute poisoning with organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides. Toxicol Lett 2009; 190: 107-115
• 21 Rosman Y, Makarovsky I, Bentur Y, Shrot S, Dushnistky T, Krivoy A. Carbamate poisoning: Treatment recommendations in the setting of a mass casualties event. Am J Emerg Med 2009; 27: 1117-1124
• 22 Renner UD, Oertel R, Kirch W. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in clinical use of scopolamine. Ther Drug Monit 2005; 27: 655-665
• 23 Corallo CE, Whitfield A, Wu A. Anticholinergic syndrome following an unintentional overdose of scopolamine. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2009; 5: 719-723
• 24 Nogue S, Pujol L, Sanz P, de la Tore R. Datura stramonium poisoning. Identification of tropane alkaloids in urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Int Med Res 1995; 23: 132-137
• 25 Van Meurs A, Cohen A, Edelbroek P. Atropine poisoning after eating chapattis contaminated with Datura stramonium (thorn apple). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1992; 86: 221
• 26 Al-Shaikh AM, Sablay ZM. Hallucinogenic plant poisoning in children. Saudi Med J 2005; 26: 118-121
• 27 Rakotomavo F, Andriamasy C, Rasamoelina N, Raveloson N. Datura stramonium intoxication in two children. Pediatr Int 2014; 56: e14-e16
• 28 Diker D, Markovitz D, Rothman M, Sendovski U. Coma as a presenting sign of Datura stramonium seed tea poisoning. Eur J Intern Med 2007; 18: 336-338
• 29 Krenzelok EP. Aspects of Datura poisoning and treatment. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2010; 48: 104-110
• 30 Pillay V, Sasidharan A. Oleander and Datura poisoning: An update. Indian J Crit Care Med 2019; 23: S250-S255
• 31 Colella M, Strada L, Bianchini D, Ajmar G, Del Sette M. Stroke or stramonium? A novel stroke mimic. Neurol Sci 2019; 40: 631-632
• 32 Lagadinou M, Tsoupra S, Davoulos C, Goutou P, Assimakopoulos S, Marangos M. An unusual presentation of Datura stramonium intoxication mimicking encephalitis in Western Greece. Achaiki Iatriki 2023; 42: 152-156
• 33 Fretz R, Schmid D, Brueller W, Girsch L, Pichler AM, Riediger K, Safer M, Allerberger F. Food poisoning due to Jimson weed mimicking Bacillus cereus food intoxication in Austria, 2006. Int J Infect Dis 2007; 11: 557-558
• 34 Melvin K, Hourani D. Datura stramonium toxicity mistakenly diagnosed as „bath salt“ intoxication: A case report. W V Med J 2014; 110: 22-25
• 35 Larson E, Park BL, Thomas A, Ciener D, Augenstein J, Mazor S, Burns R. Pediatric Toxidrome simulation curriculum: Jimson Weed toxicity . MedEdPORTAL 2023; 19: 11329
• 36 Forrester MB. Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium) exposures in Texas, 1998–2004. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2006; 69: 1757-1762
• 37 Tepe M, Karaca B, Celik B, Yldirim B. Seven siblings admitted to emergency with Datura poisoning: Cases from Northern Syria. Eurasian J Toxicol 2023; 5: 20-22
• 38 Soni P, Siddiqui AA, Dwivedi J, Soni V. Pharmacological properties of Datura stramonium L. as a potential medicinal tree: An overview. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012; 2: 1002-1008
• 39 Gaire BP, Subedi L. A review on the pharmacological and toxicological aspects of Datura stramonium L. J Integr Med 2013; 11: 73-79
• 40 Benitez G, March-Salas M, Villa-Kamel A, Chaves-Jimenez U, Hernandez J, Montes-Osuna N, Moreno-Chocano J, Carinanos P. The genus Datura L. (Solanaceae) in Mexico and Spain – Ethnobotanical perspective at the interface of medical and illicit uses. J Ethnopharmacol 2018; 219: 133-151
• 41 Showkat S, Dharumadurai D, Kumar TS. Phytochemical profiling, spectroscopic identification of active compounds, and mechanism of the anticandidal properties of Datura stramonium L. using SwissADMET prediction and molecular docking analysis. Microb Pathog 2025; 198: 107104
• 42 Fatur K, Kreft S. Nixing the nightshades: Traditional knowledge of intoxicating members of the Solanaceae among hallucinogenic plant and mushroom users in Slovenia. PLoS One 2021; 16: e0247688
• 43 Feyisa M, Kassahun A, Giday M. Medicinal plants used in ethnoveterinary practices in Adea Berga District, Oromia Region of Ethiopia. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2021; 2021: 5641479
• 44 Kharchoufa L, Bouhrim M, Bencheikh N, Addi M, Hano C, Mechchate H, Elachouri M. Potential toxicity of medicinal plants inventoried in Northeastern Morocco: An ethnobotanical approach. Plants 2021; 10: 1108
• 45 Fatur K. “Hexing herbs” in ethnobotanical perspective: A historical review of the uses of anticholinergic solanaceae plants in Europe. Econ Bot 2020; 74: 140-158
• 46 Lian W, Wang Y, Zhang J, Yan Y, Xia C, Gan H, Wang X, Yang T, Xu J, He J, Zhang W. The genus Datura L. (Solanaceae): A systematic review of botany, traditional use, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology. Phytochemistry 2022; 204: 113446
• 47 Saracco AS, Lima CO. Datura stramonium poisoning: Series of three cases. Acta Toxicol Argent 2015; 23: 83-88
• 48 Montcriol A, Kenane N, Delort G, Asencio Y, Palmier B. Intentional Datura stramonium intoxication: An unknown etiology of mydriasis. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 2007; 26: 810-813
• 49 Caprai E, Prizio I, Peloso M, Minkoumba Sonfack G, Bonan S, Benini N, Ghidini S, Varra MO, Zanardi E, Tommaso Lanza G, Fedrizzi G. Case reports of tropane alkaloid contamination in spinach from Italy and its potential implications for consumer health. Food Control 2024; 160: 110334
• 50 Kokulu K, Sert ET. Artificial intelligence application for identifying toxic plant species: A case of poisoning with Datura stramonium . Toxicon 2024; 251: 108129
• 51 Shifa DM, Leyew AY, Jufar MT. Datura stramonium seed ingestion leading to unintentional poisoning in a 3-year-old Ethiopian toddler: Case report. Int J Emerg Med 2024; 17: 165
• 52 Soni R, Debnath J. Stupefying with datura (poisoning): A case report and review of literature. World J Bio Pharm Health Sci 2024; 18: 171-173
• 53 Ahmed M, Mridha D. Unintentional Jimson weed poisoning in a family: A case report. Cureus 2023; 15: e45604
• 54 Bahbouh S, Hamedi A. Datura stramonium poisoning: About a case in a child and literature review. J Fac Med Or 2023; 7: 947-950
• 55 Heslop DJ. Tropane alkaloids and the potential for accidental or non-accidental mass outbreaks of anti-cholinergic toxidrome. Glob Biosecurity 2023; 5: 193
• 56 Roberts D, Turner C, Browning J, Greene S, Elliott R, Wylie C, Tan Y, Adamo G, Wright N, Hope K, Glasgow K, Chakar B, Garg P, Case J, Tran J, McDonald C, Shaw V, Edwards A, Todd K, Brown J. Baby spinach contaminated with Datura stramonium: Roles of poison information centres in toxic outbreaks. Toxicol Comm 2023; 7: 21-22
• 57 Li X, Pan Y, Han S. Investigation of poisoning incident caused by Datura stramonium in Shuozhou city. Chin J Food Hyg 2023; 35: 443-446
• 58 Gambelunghe A, Aloisio B, Gambelunghe C, Folletti I, Chiodi M, Muzi G, Murgia N, dellʼOmo M. Chronic use of Datura stramonium cigarettes and late diagnosis of bullous emphysema in a smoker of marijuana and tobacco. Respir Med Case Rep 2022; 40: 101761
• 59 Hakkoymaz H, Gedik MS, Kilci AI, Bulbul E, Tatli M. A case report: Datura intoxication in the emergency department. Eurasian J Tox 2022; 4: 93-95
• 60 Jaggernauth C, Dalip D, Ewe P, Jaggernauth S. Datura poisoning in Trinidad: A case report. Curers 2022; 14: e29829
• 61 Khoshnam-Rad N, Heydari M, Mohammadi K, Mashayekhi M, Sahreai Z, Gholami K. Datura poisoning in a family: Case series and literature review. Clin Case Rep 2022; 10: e06091
• 62 Kurt DD, Korulmaz A, Alakaya M, Arslankoylu AE. A rare intoxication leading to delirium: Datura stramonium . Mersin Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 2022; 15: 128-132
• 63 Regmi B, Adhikari S, Khatri S, Lamichhane A. Accidental Datura poisoning in a child, a case report from central Nepal. J Chitwan Med Coll 2022; 12: 116-118
• 64 Abia WA, Montgomery H, Nugent AP, Elliott CT. Tropane alkaloid contamination of agricultural commodities and food products in relation to consumer health: Learnings from the 2019 Uganda food aid outbreak. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20: 501-525
• 65 Mutebi RR, Ario AR, Nabatanzi M, Kyamwine IB, Wibabara Y, Muwereza P, Eurien D, Kwesiga B, Bulage L, Kabwama SN, Kadobera D, Henderson A, Callahan JH, Croley TR, Knolhoff AM, Mangrum JB, Handy SM, McFarland MA, Sam JLF, Harris JR, Zhu BP. Large outbreak of Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium) poisoning due to consumption of contaminated humanitarian relief food: Uganda, march-april 2019. BMC Public Health 2022; 22: 623
• 66 Kayaalti S, Tempel S, Bulut K, Yesiltepe A, Erturk A, Sungur M, Gundogan K. Anticholinergic syndrome due to the use of Datura stramonium seeds for constipation: A story of prolonged ICU stay. J Crit Intensive Care 2021; 12: 99-101
• 67 Shebani A, Hnish M, Elmelliti H, Abdeen MM, Ganaw A. Acute poisoning with Datura stramonium plant seeds in Qatar. Curesus 2021; 13: e20152
• 68 Dufayet L, Alcaraz E, Dorol J, Rey-Salmon C, Alvarez JC. Attempt of scopolamine-facilitated robbery: An original case of poisoning by inhalation confirmed by LC-MS/MS and review of the literature. Forensic Toxicol 2020; 38: 264-268
• 69 Kerchner A, Farkas A. Worldwide poisoning potential of Brugmansia and Datura . Forensic Toxicol 2020; 38: 30-41
• 70 Mirakbari SM, Shirazi MH. Datura stramonium poisoning: Misunderstanding and misidentification in toxic plant exposures. Wilderness Environ Med 2020; 31: 378-380
• 71 Senthil S, Ravichandran U. Datura poisoning in a family – A tale of mistaken identity. Curr Health Sci J 2020; 46: 305-308
• 72 Aboling S, Rieger H, Kölln M, Tenhündfeld J, Roerink G, Platje N, Kamphues J. Feed refusal in fattening bulls because of maize silage contamination by Jimson weed (Datura stramonium). Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2019; 47: 125-130
• 73 Basaran S, Dundar G, Ogun MN. Datura stramonium poisoning case with Wernicke aphasia-like symptoms: Case report. Kocaeli Med J 2018; 7: 83-86
• 74 Batouche DD, Benatta NF, Tabeliouna K, Boudjahfa S, Touhami Y, Hakkoum S. Hypertensive crisis and anticholinergic toxidrome secondary to accidental consumption of Datura stramonium in two children. Ann Cardiol Angeiol (Paris) 2018; 67: 215-218
• 75 Chung WM, Chian YY, Anauar A. Datura fruit poisoning. Med J Malaysia 2018; 73: 453-454
• 76 Enfield B, Brooks DE, Welch S, Roland M, Klemens J, Greenlief K, Olson R, Gerkin RD. Human plant exposures reported to a regional (Southwestern) Poison Control Center over 8 years. J Med Toxicol 2018; 14: 74-78
• 77 Dubey PK, Sanjeev OP. Acute renal failure: A complication of Datura poisoning. J Kidney 2017; 3: 1000147
• 78 Eroglu O, Coşkun T, Algan Kaya H, Vural S, Coşkun F. A kettle full of Datura: I have hemorrhoids, but I donʼt care!. Kırıkkale Uni Med J 2017; 19: 228-233
• 79 Nalbantoglu A, Aslan MT, Samanci N, Tas DY. Datura stramonium intoxication resulting anticholinergic syndrome: Two case reports. Zeynep Kamil Med J 2017; 48: 173-176
• 80 Tranca SD, Szabo R, Cocis M. Acute poisoning due to ingestion of Datura stramonium – A case report. Rom J Anaesth Intensive Care 2017; 24: 65-68
• 81 Arefi M, Barzegari N, Asgari M, Soltani S, Farhidnia N, Fallah F. Datura poisoning, clinical and laboratory findings. Report of five cases. Rom J Leg Med 2016; 24: 308-311
• 82 Le Garff E, Delannoy Y, Mesli V, Hedouin V, Tournel G. Forensic features of a fatal Datura poisoning case during a robbery. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 261: e17-e21
• 83 Mahdeb N, Benouadah Z, Zebiche T, Hadjab R, Bouzid A. Acute Datura stramonium poisoning in East of Algeria – Three cases. Annu Res Rev Biol 2016; 11: 1-4
• 84 Yavuz S, Ural SG, Çeltik E, Yazıcıoğlu D. Datura stramonium poisoning: A case report. Kocaeli Med J 2016; 5: 49-52
• 85 Bernadet P, Guegan Le Souder A, Dondia D, Titier K, Courtois A, Labadie M. Datura stramonium poisoning: Specific treatment by physostigmine a case report. J Eur Urgences Reanim 2015; 27: 113-116
• 86 Disel NR, Yilmaz M, Kekec Z, Karanlik M. Poisoned after dinner: Dolma with Datura stramonium . Turk J Emerg Med 2015; 15: 51-55
• 87 Khanra S, Khess CRJ, Srivastava N. Chronic non-fatal Datura abuse in patient of paranoid schizophrenia: A case report. Addict Behav 2015; 43: 39-41
• 88 Koulapur VV, Jirli PS, Honnungar RS, Pujar SS, Patil S. Poisoning due to Datura – A rare case report. Indian J Forensic Community Med 2015; 2: 64-66
• 89 Ozkaya AK, Guler E, Karabel N, Namli AR, Goksugur Y. Datura stramonium poisoning in a child. Turk J Pediatr 2015; 57: 82-84
• 90 Bicakcioglu M, Gedik E, Sayan H, Gok A, Togal T. Life-threatening poisoning associated with Datura stramonium: Case report. Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci 2014; 34: 417-719
• 91 Kandemir A, Tatlı M, Mutlu A, Güneysel Ö. Anticholinergic syndrome due to suicidal intake of Datura stramonium: A case report. J Acad Emerg Med Case Rep 2014; 5: 43-46
• 92 Sanlidag B, Derinoz O, Yildiz N. A case of pediatric age anticholinergic intoxication due to accidental Datura stramonium ingestion admitting with visual hallucination. Turk J Pediatr 2014; 56: 313-315
• 93 Adegoke SA, Alo LA. Datura stramonium poisoning in children. Niger J Clin Pract 2013; 16: 116-118
• 94 Glaizal M, Schmitt C, Tichadou L, Sapori JM, Hayek-Lanthois M, de Haro L. Food poisonings related to organic buckwheat contaminated with Datura sp.: A poison control and toxicovigilance center activity. Presse Med 2013; 42: 1412-1415
• 95 Perharič L, Koželj G, Družina B, Stanovnik L. Risk assessment of buckwheat flour contaminated by thorn-apple (Datura stramonium L.) alkaloids: A case study from Slovenia. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30: 321-330
• 96 Rachid A, Bouhdadi S, Salimi S, Dehbi F. Intoxication au Datura stramonium chez l enfant. Ann Toxicol Anal 2013; 25: 191-193
• 97 Yilmaz MS, Kavalci C, Ongar M, Ozlem M. Datura stramonium abuse: A case report. J Clin Anal Med 2013; 4: 479-481
• 98 Amini M, Khosrojerdi H, Afshari R. Acute Datura stramonium poisoning in East of Iran – A case series. Avicenna J Phytomed 2012; 2: 86-89
• 99 Glatstein MM, Alabdulrazzaq F, Garcia-Bournissen F, Scolnik D. Use of physostigmine for hallucinogenic plant poisoning in a teenager: Case report and review of the literature. Am J Ther 2012; 19: 384-388
• 100 Kashiwagi T, Inagaki T, Kishi M, Kusaka S, Suzuki T, Hirata T, Iwai M, Yoshioka N, Mitsuhashi T, Yamamura H. [Case report: Family cases of datura poisoning]. Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 2012; 101: 2045-2047
• 101 Köse A, Cinar Sert P, İnal T, Armağan E, Akköse Ş. Anticholinergic Intoxication due to Datura stramonium. Online at https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/421113. Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 2012; 38: 211-213
• 102 Schmitt C, Larche J, Quintard H, Bourdon H, Tichadou L, Lacarelle B, de Haro L. One case of acute poisoning by ingestion of Datura stramonium leaves. Annales Françaises de médecine dʼurgence 2012; 2: 121-124
• 103 Bildik F, Kahveci O, Aygencel G, Keles A, Demircan A, Aksel G, Temizkan E. Two herbal poisoning cases from Turkey: Datura for haemorroidal pain relief, mandragora for aphrodisiac effect. J Acad Emerg Med Case Rep 2011; 2: 18-21
• 104 Bouziri A, Hamdi A, Borgi A, Hadj SB, Fitouri Z, Menif K, Jaballah NB. Datura stramonium L. poisoning in a geophagous child: A case report. Int J Emerg Med 2011; 4: 31
• 105 Isikay S. Datura stramonium intoxication: A case report. J Emerg Med Case Rep 2011; 2: 26-28
• 106 Karadas S, Selvi Y, Sahin M, Selvi F, Oncu R, Ozgokce F. Datura stramonium intoxication: Report of a case with psychiatric symptoms. Dusunen Adam 2011; 24: 152-154
• 107 Uyanik E, Elicabuk H, Serinken M. Delirium due to Datura stramonium intoxication: Case report. J Contemp Med 2011; 1: 67-70
• 108 Celbek G, Gunes H, Gungor A, Cecen F, Basar C, Saritas A. Datura stramonium denenmesi sonucu Antikolinerjik sendrom: Olgu Sunumu [Anticholinergic syndrome after trial of Datura stramonium: A case report]. Konuralp Tıp Dergisi 2010; 2: 35-37
• 109 Oerther S, Behrman AD, Ketcham S. Herbal hallucinations: Common abuse situation seen in the emergency department. J Emerg Nurs 2010; 36: 594-596
• 110 Russell J, Edwards C, Jordan C. Jimsonweed poisoning associated with a homemade stew – Maryland, 2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2010; 59: 102-104
• 111 Vearrier D, Greenberg MI. Anticholinergic delirium following Datura stramonium ingestion: Implications for the internet age. J Emerg Trauma Shock 2010; 3: 303
• 112 Akman SA, Cakir M, Baran M, Arikan C, Yuksekkaya HA, Tumgor G, Saz UE, Zeytunlu M, Kilic M, Aydogdu S. Liver transplantation for acute liver failure due to toxic agent ingestion in children. Pediatr Transplant 2009; 13: 1034-1040
• 113 Honey BL, Hagemann TM, Lobb KM, McGoodwin L. Jimson weed abuse in an Oklahoma teen. J Okla State Med Assoc 2009; 102: 351-353
• 114 Stellpflug SJ, Harris CR. What signs and symptoms would be expected after ingestion of this plant?. J Med Toxicol 2009; 5: 90-91
• 115 Suk SH, Kwak YT. Toxic encephalopathy after taking dried seeds of Datura stramonium in two elderly subjects. Geriatr Gerantol Int 2009; 9: 326-328
• 116 Leksiene R, Surkus J, Stonys A. Case Report of the Use of Datura Stramonium for Recreational Purpose. In: Benoit E, Goudey-Perriere F, Marchot P, Servent D. eds Toxines et fonctions cholinergiques neuronales et non neuronales Rencontres en toxinologie, Editions de la SFET. Paris: Elsevier; 2008: 87-88
• 117 Domínguez Fuentes B, Asencio Méndez C, García Gil D, Jiménez Gómez R. Hallucinations and agitation in a meeting of adolescents. Rev Clin Esp (Barc) 2008; 208: 58-59
• 118 Bofill FX, Bofill J, Such G, Piqué E, Guitart R. Two cases of poisoning by Datura stramonium contaminated corn in cattle. Rev Toxicol 2007; 24: 56-58
• 119 Firestone D, Sloane C. Not your everyday anisocoria: Angelʼs trumpet ocular toxicity. J Emerg Med 2007; 33: 21-24
• 120 Kemmerer DA. Anticholinergic syndrome. J Emerg Nurs 2007; 33: 76-78
• 121 Marc B, Martis A, Moreau C, Arlie G, Kintz P, Leclerc J. Acute Datura stramonium poisoning in an emergency department. Presse Med 2007; 36: 1399-1403
• 122 Niewinska K, Niewinski P, Sokolowski J, Poradowska-Jeszke W, Sokol-Ossowicz A, Wiela-Hojenska A. Administration of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for central anticholinergic syndrome in pediatric poisoning. Pharmacol Rep 2007; 59: 226-231
• 123 Sever M, Cekin M. Anticholinergic intoxication due to Datura stramonium: Three pediatric cases. Eurasian J Emerg Med 2007; 5: 28-30
• 124 Spina S, Taddei A. Teenagers with Jimson weed (Datura stramonium) poisoning. Can J Emerg Med 2007; 9: 467-469
• 125 Binev R, Valchev I, Nikolov J. Clinical and pathological studies on intoxication in horses from freshly cut Jimson weed (Datura stramonium)-contaminated maize intended for ensiling. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2006; 77: 215-219
• 126 Kus A, Baykara N, Hosten T, Solak M. Datura stramonyum zehirlenmesi: Olgu sunumu [Datura stramonium intoxication: Case report]. Sendrom 2006; 18: 88-91
• 127 Lazzarini D, Baffoni MT, Cangiotti C, di Fronzo G, Gerboni S, Micheli R, Morelli S, Morelli L, Ioli G. Food poisoning by Datura stramonium: An unusual case report. Intern Emerg Med 2006; 1: 88-90
• 128 Matsuda K, Morinaga M, Okamoto M, Miyazaki S, Isimaru T, Suzuki K, Tohyama K. Toxicological analysis of a case of Datura stramonium poisoning. Rinsho Byori 2006; 54: 1003-1007
• 129 Soler-Rodriguez F, Martin A, Garcia-Cambero JP, Oropesa AL, Perez-Lopez M. Datura stramonium poisoning in horses: A risk factor for colic. Vet Rec 2006; 158: 132-133
• 130 Clark JD. The roadside high: Jimson weed toxicity. Air Med J 2005; 24: 234-237
• 131 Ertekin V, Selimoglu MA, Altinkaynak S. A combination of unusual presentations of Datura stramonium intoxication in a child: Rhabdomyolysis and fulminant hepatitius. J Emerg Med 2005; 28: 227-230
• 132 Fandino-Orgeira JM, Fernandez-Ameneiros MJ, Oubina-Gonzalez W. Hallucinations and agitation in two young patients. Med Clin (Barc) 2005; 125: 556-557
• 133 Naude TW, Gerber R, Smith RJ, Botha CJ. Datura contamination of hay as the suspected cause of an extensive outbreak of impaction colic in horses. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2005; 76: 107-112
• 134 Soneral SN, Connor NP. Jimson weed intoxication in five adolescents. Wis Med J 2005; 104: 70-72
• 135 Beno S, Osterhoudt KC, Meaney P. An exceedingly agitated patient. Pediatr Emerg Care 2004; 20: 845-848
• 136 Boumba V, Mitselou A, Vougiouklakis T. Fatal poisoning from ingestion of Datura stramonium seeds. Vet Hum Toxicol 2004; 46: 81-82
• 137 Calbo Mayo JM, Barba Romero MA, Broseta Viana L, Medrano González F. Accidental familiar poisoning by Datura stramonium . An Med Interna 2004; 21: 415
• 138 Deniz T, Narğis C, Güven H, Tanyeri F. Poisoning of Datura stramonium: Case report. J Exp Clin Med 2004; 21: 28-31
• 139 Fogarty BT, Lamphear JG, Watson JL, Mokalla M, Agarwal S, Bressack M. Index of suspicion. Pediatr Rev 2004; 25: 321-327
• 140 Arouko H, Matray MD, Bragança C, Mpaka JP, Chinello L, Castaing F, Bartou C, Poisot D. Voluntary poisoning by ingestion of Datura stramonium. Another cause of hospitalization in youth seeking strong sensations. Ann Med Interne (Paris) 2003; 154: S46-S50
• 141 Parissis D, Mellidis C, Boutis A, Apostolidis K, Ignatiadis M, Kiosses V, Milonas I. Neurological findings in a case of coma secondary to Datura stramonium poisoning. Eur J Neurol 2003; 10: 745-746
• 142 Oberndorfer S, Grisold W, Hinterholzer G, Rosner M. Coma with focal neurological signs caused by Datura stramonium intoxication in a young man. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002; 73: 456-459
• 143 Chan K. Jimson weed poisoning – A case report. Perm J 2002; 6: 28-30
• 144 Onen CL, Othol D, Mbwana SK, Manuel IL. Datura stramonium mass poisoning in Botswana. S Afr Med J 2002; 92: 213-214
• 145 Podbevšek D. Anticholinergic herbal poisoning: A case report. Acta Clin Croat 2002; 43: 289-292
• 146 Tostes RA. Accidental Datura stramonium poisoning in a dog. Vet Hum Toxicol 2002; 44: 33-34
• 147 Crouch BI, Caravati EM, Summers EH. Jimsonweed toxicity and treatment. J Pharmaceut Care Pain Symptom Contr 2001; 9: 25-30
• 148 Kurzbaum A, Simsolo C, Kvasha L, Blum A. Toxic delirium due to Datura stramonium . Isr Med Assoc J 2001; 3: 538-539
• 149 Levitt J, Lovett JV. Datura stramonium L.: Alkaloids and allelopathy. Australian Weeds 1984; 3: 108-112
• 150 Karimmojeni H, Rahimian H, Alizadeh H, Yousefi AR, Gonzalez-Andujar JL, Sweeney EM, Mastinu A. Competitive ability effects of Datura stramonium L. and Xanthium strumarium L. on the development of maize (Zea mays) seeds. Plants 2021; 10: 1922
• 151 Nikolic N, Šoštarcic V, Pismarovic L, Šcepanovic M, Masin R. Germination response of Datura stramonium L. to different pH and salinity levels under different temperature conditions. Plants 2022; 11: 3259
• 152 Kara N, Bouzidi A, Mehdeb N, Djellal F. Studies on Jimson weed (Datura stramonium L) intoxication to animals in the Setif region, Algeria. Livestock Res Rural Dev 2009; 21: 185
• 153 Artaud CR, Langdon KR. Datura sp.: Weed, ornamental, drug, poison; With a bizarre medical history. Botany Circulars 1977; 3: 25
• 154 Jonasson M, Afshari R. Chronicle of Datura toxicity in 18th and 19th century. Asia Pac J Med Toxicol 2016; 5: 101-106
• 155 Pretorius E, Marx J. Datura stramonium in asthma treatment and possible effects on prenatal development. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2006; 21: 331-337
• 156 Dessanges JF. A history of nebulization. J Aerosol Med 2001; 14: 65-71
• 157 De Young G, Cross G. Stramonium psychodelia. Can Anaesth Soc J 1969; 16: 429-432
• 158 Charpin D, Orehek J, Velardocchio JM. Bronchodilator effects of antiasthmatic cigarette smoke (Datura stramonium). Thorax 1979; 34: 259-261
• 159 Arik UO. The antifungal effects of Datura stramonium L., D. metel L., D. innoxia Mill. in flora of Turkey. MJST 2017; 3: 96-103
• 160 Pandya J, Rajhans S, Mankad A. A review on pharmalogical study of Datura stramonium L. IJRAT 2019; 7: 1545-1549
• 161 Kumar P, Dash AK. Study of analgesic activity and drug-excipient compatibility of polyherbal ointment. J Surv Fish Sci 2023; 10: 87-92
• 162 Kumar R, Bisht M, Shah Z, Bisht M, Arya D. Sacred plants used by locals in religious ceremonies and rituals in western region of Kumaun Himalaya. Int J Bot Stud 2023; 8: 12-17
• 163 Kumar Rao R, Saini OS, Tripathi JS. Scope of translational researches in ayurvedic system of medicine: An overview. IJASS 2015; 1: 58-72
• 164 Jamwal R, Sharma V, Mahajan S, Hussain A, Dutt HC. Piyala – A fermented beverage with religious significance in Doda District of Jammu and Kashmir, India. Pleione 2012; 16: 182-187
• 165 Saiz J, Mai TD, Lopez ML, Bartolome C, Hauser PC, Garcia-Ruiz C. Rapid determination of scopolamine in evidence of recreational and predatory use. Sci Justice 2013; 53: 409-414
• 166 Kanchan T, Atreya A. Datura: The roadside poison. Wilderness Environ Med 2016; 27: 442-443
• 167 Caya S. Committing a crime with the employment of a toxic substance. J Health Sci 2015; 3: 28-34
• 168 Fatur K, Kreft S. Common anticholinergic solanaceaous plants of temperate Europe – A review of intoxications from the literature (1966–2018). Toxicon 2020; 177: 52-88
• 169 Kresanek J, Plackova S, Caganova B, Klobusicka Z. Drug abuse in Slovak republic. Przegl Lek 2005; 62: 357-360
• 170 Ogunmoyole T, Adeyeye RI, Olatilu BO, Akande OA, Agunbiade OJ. Multiple organ toxicity of Datura stramonium seed extracts. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6: 983-989