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DOI: 10.1055/a-2674-5744
Extending the Age Range in Mammography Screening: A Benefit-Risk Assessment from a Radiation Protection Perspective
Erweiterung der Altersgrenzen im Mammografie-Screening: eine Nutzen-Risiko-Bewertung aus Sicht des StrahlenschutzesAuthors
Abstract
Background
Mammography screening programs (MSP) are established for women age 50 to 69 years in Germany and Europe. Some of the studies that build the evidence base for these programs also included women who were younger or older than this target population. The aim of our study was to assess whether screening also provides more benefit than harm to women outside the originally defined age range of the German MSP.
Methods
A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCT) was performed to assess overall and breast cancer mortality in women older than 70 years and women under 50 years. Radiation-associated age-specific lifetime attributable risks (LAR) were estimated based on a modified risk model of the BEIR Committee using current cancer and lifetime data for a female German population.
Results
Two RCTs with 33,268 women age 70 years or older, and eight RCTs with 394,080 women age 39–49 years were included. The relative reduction in breast cancer mortality was 28% (risk ratio (RR) = 0.72; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.54–0.95) and 18% (RR = 0.82; 95%-CI: 0.71–0.96), respectively. The proportion of overdiagnoses in older women is estimated at 19% and is higher than in younger women. Assuming biennial screening from below 50 to 69 years of age, the LAR decreases considerably with increasing age at start of screening, being 0.06%, 0.04%, and 0.025% when starting at 40, 45, or 50 years, respectively. The corresponding benefit-risk ratios are about 25, 35, and 45, respectively. Changing the upper screening age to 75 has little impact on the benefit-risk ratio.
Conclusion
Extending the age limits in MSP to women starting from 45 years and up to 75 years is justified from the radiation perspective since the benefit substantially outweighs the radiation risk. Based on our report, the MSP has also been approved for women age 70 to 75 in Germany as of February 2024, while it is still pending for younger women.
Key Points
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Screening can reduce breast cancer mortality in women age 45–49 and 70–75.
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As a result, more women can benefit from mammography screening programs.
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The downside for older women is more overdiagnoses.
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Younger women face a higher radiation risk.
Citation Format
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Hunger T, Nekolla EA, Wanka-Pail E et al. Extending the Age Range in Mammography Screening: A Benefit-Risk Assessment from a Radiation Protection Perspective. Rofo 2026; 198: 164–172
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Mammografie-Screening-Programme (MSP) für Frauen im Alter von 50 bis 69 Jahren sind in Deutschland und Europa etabliert. Einige der Studien, welche die Evidenzbasis für diese Programme bilden, schlossen auch Frauen ein, die jünger oder älter als diese Zielpopulation waren. Ziel unserer Studie war es, zu bewerten, ob das Screening auch für Frauen, die nicht der ursprünglichen Altersgruppe des MSP entsprechen, mehr Nutzen als Schaden bringt.
Methoden
Eine systematische Übersichtsarbeit mit Metaanalyse der randomisierten kontrollierten Studien (RCTs) wurde durchgeführt, um die Gesamt- und Brustkrebssterblichkeit bei Frauen ab 70 Jahren und unter 50 Jahren zu untersuchen. Das strahlenassoziierte Lebenszeitrisiko (LAR) wurde anhand eines modifizierten Risikomodells des BEIR-Komitees unter Verwendung aktueller Krebs- und Sterbetafeldaten für eine weibliche deutsche Bevölkerung abgeschätzt.
Ergebnisse
Zwei RCTs mit 33268 Frauen im Alter von mindestens 70 Jahre und acht RCTs mit 394080 Frauen im Alter von 39–49 Jahren wurden eingeschlossen. Die relative Reduktion der Brustkrebssterblichkeit betrug 28% (Risk Ratio (RR) = 0,72; 95%-Konfidenzintervall (KI): 0,54–0,95) bzw. 18% (RR = 0,82; 95%-KI: 0,71–0,96). Der Anteil der Überdiagnosen wird bei älteren Frauen auf 19%, also höher als bei jüngeren Frauen, geschätzt. Bei zweijährlichem Screening bis 69 ab einem Alter von unter 50 Jahren nimmt das LAR erheblich mit zunehmendem Alter bei Screening-Beginn ab und beträgt ca. 0,06%, 0,04% bzw. 0,025%, wenn ab 40, 45 bzw. 50 Jahren gescreent wird. Die zugehörigen Werte für das Nutzen-Risiko-Verhältnis liegen bei etwa 25, 35 bzw. 45. Eine Erhöhung des oberen Screening-Alters auf 75 Jahre hat wenig Einfluss auf das Nutzen-Risiko-Verhältnis.
Schlussfolgerung
Die Erweiterung der Altersgrenzen in einem MSP auf Frauen ab 45 Jahren und bis 75 Jahren ist aus Strahlenschutzperspektive gerechtfertigt, da der Nutzen das Strahlenrisiko deutlich überwiegt. Basierend auf unserem Bericht wurde das MSP in Deutschland im Februar 2024 rechtlich auch für Frauen von 70–75 Jahren zugelassen, wohingegen die Zulassung für jüngere Frauen noch aussteht.
Kernaussagen
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Früherkennung kann die Brustkrebssterblichkeit bei Frauen zwischen 45–49 und 70–75 Jahren reduzieren.
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Mehr Frauen können dadurch von Mammografie-Screening-Programmen profitieren.
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Nachteilig für ältere Frauen sind mehr Überdiagnosen.
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Jüngere Frauen haben ein höheres Strahlenrisiko.
Publication History
Received: 26 February 2025
Accepted after revision: 03 July 2025
Article published online:
28 August 2025
© 2025. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction so long as the original work is properly cited. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Oswald-Hesse-Straße 50, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany
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