Oxazole Analogues as Potential Therapeutic Agents: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Oxazole, a five-membered heterocyclic motif composed of three carbon atoms, one oxygen atom, and one nitrogen atom with one carbon atom between the oxygen and nitrogen atoms, has attained remarkable notice in medicinal chemistry because of its diverse and potent biological effects. The unique structural features of oxazole make it a valuable scaffold for the generation of novel therapeutic agents. Over the years, oxazole derivatives have demonstrated a wide range of therapeutic actions, including anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antidepressant, analgesic, antidiabetic, diuretic, antibacterial, and anticonvulsant effects. These biological activities make them promising candidates for the treatment of various diseases. As a result, there has been an increasing interest in synthesizing new oxazole-based compounds with enhanced efficacy and selectivity for therapeutic applications. The present review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the chemical characteristics of oxazole and its congeners, highlighting their biological roles and potential for drug development. In addition, structure–activity relationship analysis explored the key substituents that favor the pharmacological potential against a range of clinical disorders. By consolidating current knowledge on the therapeutic potential of oxazole, this review seeks to stimulate further research and innovation in the pharmaceutical industry, material science, and academia, with the goal of addressing unmet medical needs.

Keywords

oxazole - antibacterial - anticancer - anti-inflammatory - analgesic

Supporting Information

The chemical structures of 1a–o, 2a–i, 5a–i, 6a–e, 15a–i, 21a–j ([Supplementary Figs. S1]–[S6]), available in the online version; 3a–j ([Supplementary Table S1], available in the online version), 7a–l ([Supplementary Table S3], available in the online version), 18a–i ([Supplementary Table S7], available in the online version), and the in vitro activity data of compounds mentioned in the text ([Supplementary Tables S1]–[S19], available in the online version) can be found in the “Supporting Information” section of this article's webpage.

^# These authors contributed equally to this work.

Publikationsverlauf

Eingereicht: 16. Mai 2025

Angenommen: 22. Oktober 2025

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
21. November 2025

• References

• 1 Benton ML, Abraham A, LaBella AL, Abbot P, Rokas A, Capra JA. The influence of evolutionary history on human health and disease. Nat Rev Genet 2021; 22 (05) 269-283
• 2 Filatova EV, Shadrina MI, Slominsky PA. Major depression: one brain, one disease, one set of intertwined processes. Cells 2021; 10 (06) 1283
• 3 Dhameja M, Gupta P. Synthetic heterocyclic candidates as promising α-glucosidase inhibitors: an overview. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 176: 343-377
• 4 Guan Q, Xing S, Wang L. et al. Triazoles in medicinal chemistry: physicochemical properties, bioisosterism, and application. J Med Chem 2024; 67 (10) 7788-7824
• 5 Zhang HZ, Zhao ZL, Zhou CH. Recent advance in oxazole-based medicinal chemistry. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 144: 444-492
• 6 Neha K, Ali F, Haider K, Khasimbi S, Wakode S. Synthetic approaches for oxazole derivatives: a review. Synth Commun 2021; 51: 3501-3519
• 7 Zheng X, Liu W, Zhang D. Recent advances in the synthesis of oxazole-based molecules via van Leusen oxazole synthesis. Molecules 2020; 25 (07) 1594
• 8 Sisco E, Barnes KL. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel 1,3-oxazole sulfonamides as tubulin polymerization inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12 (06) 1030-1037
• 9 Kakkar S, Narasimhan B. A comprehensive review on biological activities of oxazole derivatives. BMC Chem 2019; 13 (01) 16
• 10 Kulkarni S, Kaur K, Jaitak V. Recent developments in oxazole derivatives as anticancer agents: Review on synthetic strategies, mechanism of action and SAR studies. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2022; 22 (10) 1859-1882
• 11 Joshi S, Bisht AS, Juyal D. Systematic scientific study of 1, 3-oxazole derivatives as a useful lead for pharmaceuticals: a review. Pharma Innov 2017; 6: 109
• 12 Wasserman HH, Vinick FJ. Mechanism of the Robinson-Gabriel synthesis of oxazoles. J Org Chem 1973; 38: 2407-2408
• 13 Cornforth JW, Cornforth RH. 218. Mechanism and extension of the Fischer oxazole synthesis. J Chem Soc 1949; 1028-1030
• 14 Weitman M, Lerman L, Cohen S. et al. Facile structural elucidation of imidazoles and oxazoles based on NMR spectroscopy and quantum mechanical calculations. Tetrahedron 2010; 66: 1465-1471
• 15 Van Leusen AM, Hoogenboom BE, Siderius H. A novel and efficient synthesis of oxazoles from tosylmethylisocyanide and carbonyl compounds. Tetrahedron Lett 1972; 13: 2369-2372
• 16 Venkatesha NJ, Bhat YS, Prakash BJ. Manifestation of zeolitic pore characteristics of modified montmorillonite in oxazole synthesis by propargylation and cycloisomerization reactions. Appl Catal A Gen 2015; 496: 51-57
• 17 Alghamdi SS, Suliman RS, Alshehri RA, Almahmoud RS, Alhujirey RI. N-Heterocycle derivatives: an update on the biological activity in correlation with computational predictions. J Appl Pharm Sci 2022; 12: 59-77
• 18 Harale AB, Chaudhari SY, Baviskar SN. Novel nitric oxide-donating pyrazoline-coumarin as a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors for anti-inflammatory activity. Syst Rev Pharm 2022; 13 (04) 251-255
• 19 Hernández-Cortez E. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics in children. Anest Mex 2006; 18: 162
• 20 Han CL, Qu CZ. Cardiovascular risk and safety evaluation of a dual peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-alpha/gamma agonist, aleglitazar, in patients with type 2 diabetes: a Meta-analysis. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2020; 75 (04) 351-357
• 21 Sepúlveda CS, García CC, Damonte EB. Inhibitors of nucleotide biosynthesis as candidates for a wide spectrum of antiviral chemotherapy. Microorganisms 2022; 10 (08) 1631
• 22 Kakkar S, Kumar S, Lim SM. et al. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 3-(2-aminooxazol-5-yl)-2H-chromen-2-one derivatives. Chem Cent J 2018; 12 (01) 130
• 23 Bi Y, Gong L, Liu P, Xiong X, Zhao Y. Nuclear ErbB2 represses DEPTOR transcription to inhibit autophagy in breast cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12 (04) 397
• 24 Jo SJ, Jiang R, Jung SI, Rhee JH, Kim YR. Restoration of oxacillin susceptibility in MRSA strains by NPPB. Sci Rep 2025; 15 (01) 23739
• 25 Mahwish N, Bairy LK, Srinivasamurthy S. Antivitamins: A silver lining in the era of antimicrobial resistance. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2022; 13: 5-13
• 26 Roux H, Touret F, Rathelot P, Vanelle P, Roche M. From the “One-Molecule, One-Target, One-Disease” concept towards looking for multi-target therapeutics for treating non-polio enterovirus (NPEV) infections. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17 (09) 1218
• 27 Zheng K, Chen Y, Liu S. et al. Leflunomide: traditional immunosuppressant with concurrent antiviral effects. Int J Rheum Dis 2023; 26 (02) 195-209
• 28 Meyer JH, Matveychuk D, Holt A, Santhirakumar A, Baker GB. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors in depressive disorders. NeuroPsychopharmacotherapy 2021; 26: 1-33
• 29 Tanwar S, Dhingra G, Goyal S, Chaturvedi V, Tanwar K. Beta-2-agonists in the management of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Pharmaceut Educ Res 2022; 11: 4
• 30 Shahin AI, Zaraei SO, Alzuraiqi S. et al. Evaluation of 2,3-dihydroimidazo[2,1-b]oxazole and imidazo[2,1-b]oxazole derivatives as chemotherapeutic agents. Future Med Chem 2023; 15 (20) 1885-1901
• 31 Guo R, Dowlati A, Dagogo-Jack I. et al. 603O first clinical results from a phase I trial of PRT3789: a first-in-class intravenous SMARCA2 degrader, in patients with advanced solid tumors with a SMARCA4 mutation. Ann Oncol 2024; 35: S483-S484
• 32 Yap TA, Gutierrez M, Iams WT. et al. A phase 2 safety and efficacy study of PRT3789 in combination with pembrolizumab in patients with advanced or metastatic solid tumors and a SMARCA4 mutation. J Clin Oncol 2025; 43: TPS8667-TPS8667
• 33 Kaur R, Sidhu P, Singh S. What failed BIA 10-2474 Phase I clinical trial? Global speculations and recommendations for future phase I trials. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2016; 7 (03) 120-126
• 34 Epp-Ducharme B, Dunne M, Fan L. et al. Heat-activated nanomedicine formulation improves the anticancer potential of the HSP90 inhibitor luminespib in vitro . Sci Rep 2021; 11 (01) 11103
• 35 Seggewiss-Bernhardt R, Bargou RC, Goh YT. et al. Phase 1/1B trial of the heat shock protein 90 inhibitor NVP-AUY922 as monotherapy or in combination with bortezomib in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Cancer 2015; 121 (13) 2185-2192
• 36 Jin Z. Muscarine, imidazole, oxazole, and thiazole alkaloids. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28 (06) 1143-1191
• 37 Schwartsmann G, Da Rocha AB, Mattei J, Lopes R. Marine-derived anticancer agents in clinical trials. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2003; 12 (08) 1367-1383
• 38 Nagle A, Biggart A, Be C. et al. Discovery and characterization of clinical candidate LXE408 as a kinetoplastid-selective proteasome inhibitor for the treatment of leishmaniases. J Med Chem 2020; 63 (19) 10773-10781
• 39 Khare S, Nagle AS, Biggart A. et al. Proteasome inhibition for treatment of leishmaniasis, Chagas disease and sleeping sickness. Nature 2016; 537 (7619) 229-233
• 40 Gujjarappa R, Sravani S, Kabi AK. et al. An overview on biological activities of oxazole, isoxazoles and 1,2,4-oxadiazoles derivatives. In: Swain BP. eds. Nanostructured Biomaterials. Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials. Springer, Singapore; 2022: 379-400
• 41 Chiacchio MA, Lanza G, Chiacchio U. et al. Oxazole-based compounds as anticancer agents. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26 (41) 7337-7371
• 42 Padmavathi V, Prema Kumari C, Venkatesh BC, Padmaja A. Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of amido linked pyrrolyl and pyrazolyl-oxazoles, thiazoles and imidazoles. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46 (11) 5317-5326
• 43 Yan Z, Liu A, Huang M. et al. Design, synthesis, DFT study and antifungal activity of the derivatives of pyrazolecarboxamide containing thiazole or oxazole ring. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 149: 170-181
• 44 Reddy PR, Seenaiah D, Padmaja A, Padmavathi V, Krishna NS. Synthesis, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities of bis (oxazolyl/thiazolyl/imidazolyl) amidomethanesulfonyl Acetamides. Med Chem Res 2015; 24: 86-98
• 45 Abhale YK, Sasane AV, Chavan AP. et al. Synthesis and antimycobacterial screening of new thiazolyl-oxazole derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 132: 333-340
• 46 Chavan AP, Deshpande RR, Borade NA. et al. Synthesis of new 1, 3, 4-oxadiazole and benzothiazolylthioether derivatives of 4-arylmethylidene-3-substituted-isoxazol-5 (4H)-one as potential antimycobacterial agents. Med Chem Res 2019; 28: 1873-1884
• 47 Tan Y, He X, Rao B, Cheng B, Song M, Deng X. Synthesis and evaluation of the anticonvulsant activities of triazole-containing benzo [d] oxazoles. Youji Huaxue 2016; 36: 2449
• 48 Mariappan G, Saha BP, Datta S, Kumar D, Haldar PK. Design, synthesis and antidiabetic evaluation of oxazolone derivatives. J Chem Sci 2011; 123: 335-341
• 49 Ferrer Flegeau E, Popkin ME, Greaney MF. Suzuki coupling of oxazoles. Org Lett 2006; 8 (12) 2495-2498
• 50 Anagnostopoulou K, Nannou C, Evgenidou E, Lambropoulou D. Overarching issues on relevant pesticide transformation products in the aquatic environment: a review. Sci Total Environ 2022; 815: 152863
• 51 Carayon C, Fery-Forgues S. 2-Phenylbenzoxazole derivatives: a family of robust emitters of solid-state fluorescence. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2017; 16 (07) 1020-1035
• 52 Ponomarenko SA, Surin NM, Skorotetcky MS. et al. Ultrafast intramolecular energy transfer in a nanostructured organosilicon luminophore based on p-terphenyl and 1,4-bis(5-phenyloxazol-2-yl)benzene. J Mater Chem C Mater Opt Electron Devices 2019; 7: 14612-14624
• 53 Singh BS, Lobo HR, Pinjari DV, Jarag KJ, Pandit AB, Shankarling GS. Ultrasound and deep eutectic solvent (DES): a novel blend of techniques for rapid and energy efficient synthesis of oxazoles. Ultrason Sonochem 2013; 20 (01) 287-293
• 54 Lamberth C. Oxazole and isoxazole chemistry in crop protection. J Heterocycl Chem 2018; 55: 2035-2045
• 55 Kant K, Patel CK, Banerjee S. et al. Recent advancements in strategies for the synthesis of imidazoles, thiazoles, oxazoles, and benzimidazoles. ChemistrySelect 2023; 8: e202303988
• 56 Salam MA, Al-Amin MY, Salam MT. et al. Antimicrobial resistance: a growing serious threat for global public health. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11 (13) 1946
• 57 Puri B, Vaishya R, Vaish A. Antimicrobial resistance: current challenges and future directions. Med J Armed Forces India 2025; 81 (03) 247-258
• 58 Grinev VS, Demeshko IA, Evstigneeva SS, Yegorova AY. Synthesis, optical properties, and antibacterial activity of oxazol-5 (4H)-one arylhydrazones. Russ Chem Bull 2023; 72: 1654-1660
• 59 Singagari S, Sundararajan R. Novel pyrazole substituted oxazole derivatives: design, in silico studies, synthesis & biological activities. J Res Pharm 2022; 26: 625-640
• 60 Keivanloo A, Abbaspour S, Sepehri S, Bakherad M. Synthesis, antibacterial activity and molecular docking study of a series of 1,3-oxazole-quinoxaline amine hybrids. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022; 42: 2378-2391
• 61 Seelam N, Shrivastava SP, Prasanthi S. Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some novel fused heterocyclic moieties. Org Commun 2013; 6: 78
• 62 Mohanty SK, Khuntia A, Harika MS, Sarangi SP, Susmitha DJ. Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of some oxazole and thiazole derivatives. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2015; 2: 60-66
• 63 Chilumula NR, Gudipati R, Ampati S, Manda S, Gadhe D. Synthesis of some novel methyl-2-(2-(arylideneamino)oxazol-4-ylamino)benzoxazole-5-carboxylate derivatives as antimicrobial agents. Int J Chemtech Res 2010; 1 (02) 1-6
• 64 Dabholkar VV, Syed SA. Synthesis of novel oxazoles and their hydrazones. Rasayan J Chem 2010; 3: 761-765
• 65 Reddy AB, Hymavathi RV, Swamy GN. A new class of multi-substituted oxazole derivatives: synthesis and antimicrobial activity. J Chem Sci 2013; 125: 495-509
• 66 Kamble VS, Habade BM, Patil GK, Agasimundin Y. Synthesis and evaluation of 4-(1-benzofuran-2-yl)-1,3-oxazole-2-amine and its derivatives. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2012; 2: 32-36
• 67 Richardson MD, Warnock DW. Fungal Infection: Diagnosis and Management. John Wiley & Sons; 2012
• 68 Mallikarjuna Rao R, Sreeramulu J, Ravindranath LK. et al. Synthesis and biological screening of some pyridine and pyrrole derivatives of pyrazolo [3,4-c] pyrazoles. J Chem Pharm Res 2012; 4: 17
• 69 Rabaan AA, Sulaiman T, Al-Ahmed SH. et al. Potential strategies to control the risk of antifungal resistance in humans: a comprehensive review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12 (03) 608
• 70 Kumar S, Jain T, Banerjee D. Fungal diseases and their treatment: a holistic approach. In: Hameed S, Fatima Z. eds. Pathogenicity and Drug Resistance of Human Pathogens: Mechanisms and Novel Approaches. Springer Singapore; 2019: 111-134
• 71 Bąchor U, Brożyna M, Junka A, Chmielarz MR, Gorczyca D, Mączyński M. Novel isoxazole-based antifungal drug candidates. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25 (24) 13618
• 72 Tlapale-Lara N, López J, Gómez E. et al. Synthesis, in silico study, and in vitro antifungal activity of new 5-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-4-tosyl-4,5-dihydrooxazoles. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25 (10) 5091
• 73 Ryu CK, Lee RY, Kim NY, Kim YH, Song AL. Synthesis and antifungal activity of benzo[d]oxazole-4,7-diones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19 (20) 5924-5926
• 74 Rawat BS, Shukla SK. Synthesis and evaluation of some new thiazole/oxazole derivatives for their biological activities. World J Pharm Pharm Sci 2016; 5: 1473-1482
• 75 Al-Asady IN, Ali JF. Virulence factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis . J Res Appl Sci Biotechnol 2023; 2: 221-237
• 76 Yadav K, Prakash S. Tuberculosis: an airborne disease. Int J Microbiol Res 2017; 5: 225-243
• 77 Gupta R, Sharma S, Singh R, Vishwakarma RA, Mignani S, Singh PP. Functionalized nitroimidazole scaffold construction and their pharmaceutical applications: a 1950–2021 comprehensive overview. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15 (05) 561
• 78 Thakare VM, Kadam AB, Shaha A. et al. Design, synthesis, evaluation of benzoxazole derivatives for anti-tubercular and anti-bacterial activity. Cuest Fisioter 2025; 54: 2666-2676
• 79 Shinde SR, Inamdar SN, Obakachi VA. et al. Discovery of oxazole-dehydrozingerone-based hybrid molecules as potential anti-tubercular agents and their docking for MTB DNA gyrase. Results Chem 2022; 4: 100374
• 80 Moraski GC, Franzblau SG, Miller MJ. Utiliztion of the Suzuki coupling to enhance the antituberculosis activity of aryl oxazoles. Heterocycles 2010; 80 (02) 977-988
• 81 Zwawiak J, Olender D, Zwolska Z, Augustynowicz-Kopeć E, Zaprutko L. Synthesis of 2,3-dihydro-7-nitroimidazo[5,1-b]oxazoles as potential tuberculostatic agents. Acta Pol Pharm 2008; 65 (02) 229-233
• 82 Liu J. The “life code”: a theory that unifies the human life cycle and the origin of human tumors. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 60: 380-397
• 83 Albuquerque TAF, Drummond do Val L, Doherty A, de Magalhães JP. From humans to hydra: patterns of cancer across the tree of life. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 93 (03) 1715-1734
• 84 García JJS, Flores-Álamo M, Martínez-Klimova E, Apan TR, Klimova EI. Diferrocenyl (areno) oxazoles, spiro (arenooxazole) cyclopropenes, quinolines and areno [1,4-] oxazines: synthesis, characterization and study of their antitumor activity. J Organomet Chem 2018; 867: 312-322
• 85 Gillet JP, Calcagno AM, Varma S. et al. Redefining the relevance of established cancer cell lines to the study of mechanisms of clinical anti-cancer drug resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108 (46) 18708-18713
• 86 Rixe O, Ortuzar W, Alvarez M. et al. Oxaliplatin, tetraplatin, cisplatin, and carboplatin: spectrum of activity in drug-resistant cell lines and in the cell lines of the National Cancer Institute's Anticancer Drug Screen panel. Biochem Pharmacol 1996; 52 (12) 1855-1865
• 87 Khowdiary MM, Khan S, Iqbal T. et al. Anti-leukemic profiling of oxazole-linked oxadiazole derivatives: a computational and kinetic approach. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2025; 18 (05) 625
• 88 Komirishetti D, Mittapelli V. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 4-(1H-imidazol-2-yl)-2-(pyrimidin-5-yl) oxazoles as potent anticancer agents. Results Chem 2025; 13: 101938
• 89 Premakumari C, Muralikrishna A, Padmaja A. et al. Synthesis, antimicrobial and anticancer activities of amido sulfonamido methane linked bis heterocycles. Arab J Chem 2014; 7: 385-395
• 90 Mathew B, Hobrath JV, Connelly MC, Guy RK, Reynolds RC. Oxazole and thiazole analogs of sulindac for cancer prevention. Future Med Chem 2018; 10 (07) 743-753
• 91 Kachaeva MV, Hodyna DM, Obernikhina NV. et al. Dependence of the anticancer activity of 1,3-oxazole derivatives on the donor/acceptor nature of his substitutes. J Heterocycl Chem 2019; 56: 3122-3134
• 92 Romagnoli R, Baraldi PG, Prencipe F. et al. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-methyl-4, 5-disubstituted oxazoles as a novel class of highly potent antitubulin agents. Sci Rep 2017; 7: 46356
• 93 Ranjith R. Synthesis, characterization, and anticancer activity of benzoxazole derivatives. J Chem Pharm Res 2015; 7: 380-387
• 94 Denova LD, Ivanov DD. Influence of oxidative, carbonyl, and nitrosative stresses on the course of chronic kidney disease (analytical review). Kidneys 2022; 11: 53-61
• 95 Saxena P, Selvaraj K, Khare SK, Chaudhary N. Superoxide dismutase as multipotent therapeutic antioxidant enzyme: role in human diseases. Biotechnol Lett 2022; 44 (01) 1-22
• 96 Rao AT, Naveen K, Mutyalanaidu G, Venkanna B, Shree AJ. Design, synthesis, and characterization of novel substituted dihydrooxazoles: biological evaluation and molecular docking. Russ J Org Chem 2022; 202 (58) 125-135
• 97 Sagud I, Skoric I, Burcul F. Naphthoxazoles and heterobenzoxazoles: cholinesterase inhibition and antioxidant activity. Turk J Chem 2019; 43: 118-124
• 98 Kuş C, Uğurlu E, Özdamar ED, Can-Eke B. Synthesis and antioxidant pr operties of new oxazole-5 (4H)-one derivatives. Turk J Pharm Sci 2017; 14 (02) 174-178
• 99 Severin OO, Kachaeva MV, Pilyo SG. et al. Synthesis, characterization, and study of anti-HPV activity and cell cytotoxicity of novel 1,3-oxazole-4- carbonitrile and 4-sulfonylamide-5-phenyl-1, 3- thiazole derivatives in vitro . Lett Appl NanoBioScience 2024; 13: 1-28
• 100 Kachaeva M, Pilyo S, Kornienko A. et al. In vitro activity of novel 1, 3-oxazole derivatives against human papillomavirus. Ibnosina J Med Biomed Sci 2017; 9: 111-118
• 101 Makarov VA, Riabova OB, Granik VG, Wutzler P, Schmidtke M. Novel [(biphenyloxy)propyl]isoxazole derivatives for inhibition of human rhinovirus 2 and coxsackievirus B3 replication. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005; 55 (04) 483-488
• 102 Barry JJ, Huynh N, Lembke A. Depression in individuals with epilepsy. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2000; 2 (06) 571-585
• 103 Löscher W, Klitgaard H, Twyman RE, Schmidt D. New avenues for anti-epileptic drug discovery and development. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2013; 12 (10) 757-776
• 104 Srilakshmi S, Sundararajan R. Design, in silico studies, synthesis, characterization, and anticonvulsant activities of novel thiazole-substituted oxazole derivatives. Rasayan J Chem 2022; 15: 711-725
• 105 Abdellatif KR, Noha H, Asma A, Mohammed A. Synthesis of some benzoxazole derivatives and their anti-inflammatory evaluation. J Chem Pharm Res 2016; 8: 1253-1261
• 106 Song MX, Rao BQ, Cheng BB. et al. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of the antidepressant and anticonvulsant activities of triazole-containing benzo [d] oxazoles. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2017; 16 (02) 187-198
• 107 Singh BK, Singh UK, Goswami D. Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity (Chemo-Shock) of some potent benzoxazole semicarbazone derivatives as GABA agonists. Saudi J Med Pharm Sci 2018; 4: 806-814
• 108 Marabathuni VJ, Mariyamma K, Sravani K, Ramaiah S, Ravindra P, Srihari R. Synthesis, characterization, anti-microbial, analgesic activities of 3-(3-chlorophenyl)-5-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1,2- oxazole derivatives. Asian J Pharm Res 2017; 7: 171-174
• 109 Rao P, Knaus EE. Evolution of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition and beyond. J Pharm Pharm Sci 2008; 11 (02) 81s-110s
• 110 Garg AK, Singh RK, Saxena V, Sinha SK, Rao S. Synthesis, characterization, and anti-inflammatory activity of some novel oxazole derivatives. Drug Delivery Therapeut 2023; 13: 26-28
• 111 Meenakshi M, Kannan A, Jothimani M. et al. Evaluation of dual potentiality of 2,4,5-trisubstituted oxazole derivatives as aquaporin-4 inhibitors and anti-inflammatory agents in lung cells. RSC Adv 2023; 13 (37) 26111-26120
• 112 Shakya AK, Kaur A, Al-Najjar BO, Naik RR. Molecular modeling, synthesis, characterization and pharmacological evaluation of benzo[d]oxazole derivatives as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Saudi Pharm J 2016; 24 (05) 616-624
• 113 Sarkate AP, Shinde DB. Synthesis and docking studies of 2-(nitrooxy)-ethyl-2-(substituted-2, 5-diphenyl-oxazole)-acetate as anti-inflammatory, analgesic and nitric oxide releasing agents. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2015; 7: 128-135
• 114 Lotfy M, Adeghate J, Kalasz H, Singh J, Adeghate E. Chronic complications of diabetes mellitus: a mini review. Curr Diabetes Rev 2017; 13 (01) 3-10
• 115 Jenkins AJ, O'Neal DN, Nolan CJ, Januszewski AS. The pathobiology of diabetes mellitus. Pancreatic Islet Biology 2016; 1-48
• 116 Kumar A, Ahmad P, Maurya RA, Singh AB, Srivastava AK. Novel 2-aryl-naphtho[1,2-d]oxazole derivatives as potential PTP-1B inhibitors showing antihyperglycemic activities. Eur J Med Chem 2009; 44 (01) 109-116
• 117 Husain A, Joshi S, Choudhary AN. et al. Computational design and toxicity prediction of oxazole derivatives targeting PPARγ as potential therapeutics for diabetes mellitus in comparison to rosiglitazone and pioglitazone. J Chil Chem Soc 2024; 69: 6056-6064