Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/a-2743-7073
The effects of preventive measures against neonatal diarrhea and bovine respiratory disease (BRD) on the reproductive and milk production performance of calves in later stages
Die Auswirkungen präventiver Maßnahmen gegen neonatale Diarrhoe und bovine respiratorische Erkrankungen (BRD) auf die Reproduktions- und Milchleistungsparameter von Kälbern in späteren EntwicklungsphasenAuthors
Abstract
Objective
This study aims to investigate the performance parameters of 81 calves raised on a dairy farm, to evaluate the impact of neonatal calf diarrhea and bovine respiratory disease (BRD) on these parameters, and to assess the effectiveness of a preventive nutritional strategy in mitigating the effects of these diseases.
Materials and methods
Holstein-Friesian crossbreed (HF × Montbéliarde) calves were divided into control (C, n=70) and experimental (E, n=11) groups. In the first phase of the study, the experimental group received a commercial feed additive for 10 days post-birth, while the control group received no additive. All calves were vaccinated against BRD at scheduled intervals. In the second phase, performance parameters were evaluated, including age at insemination resulting in pregnancy (AIRP), pre-pregnancy body weight (PPBW), number of inseminations per pregnancy (NIPP), initial calving body weight (ICBW), age at first calving (AFC), and daily milk yield (MY). The study was conducted over a period of 33 months.
Results
In the first part of the study, 36 out of 81 animals (44%) experienced illness. Among the affected animals, 28 had diarrhea (including those with both conditions), 23 had respiratory diseases (including those with both conditions), 13 had only diarrhea, 8 had only respiratory diseases, and 15 suffered from both diarrhea and respiratory diseases. Although BRD pathogens were not investigated, rotavirus was identified as the primary cause of diarrhea. Data from the second part of the study revealed statistically significant differences in ICBW, NIPP, and MY between sick (n=36) and healthy (n=45) animals (p<0.05). A statistically significant difference was also observed in average milk yield during lactation among sick animals (p<0.001). The study concluded a significant negative correlation between diseases contracted during the neonatal period and milk yield, indicating that the impact of these diseases on average lactation is substantial (F=19.990; p<0.001). The 2 neonatal diseases significantly reduced average milk yield (β=–2.144). A history of Cryptosporidium parvum infection was associated with a higher incidence of BRD among affected animals, which also exhibited the lowest milk yield. Performance parameter analysis between control and experimental groups showed statistically significant differences in ICBW and MY (p<0.05). Conversely, PPBW, AIRP, AFC, and NIPP did not differ significantly between groups (p>0.05).
Conclusion and clinical relevance
The findings indicate that a significant proportion of calves initially presenting with diarrhea subsequently developed bovine respiratory disease (BRD), suggesting a potential association between early enteric disorders and later respiratory complications. This progression negatively impacts neonatal animal health and reduces milk yield, a critical productivity parameter for dairy farms. Consequently, neonatal diseases diminish long-term farm profitability. The results emphasize the benefits of prophylactic measures aimed at reducing diarrhea incidence during the neonatal period. Such strategies may promote healthier, more productive calves, thereby enhancing overall animal health and farm productivity.
Zusammenfassung
Gegenstand und Ziel
Diese Studie untersuchte die Leistungsparameter von 81 Kälbern auf einem Milchviehbetrieb, bewertete die Auswirkungen von neonatalem Kälberdurchfall und boviner respiratorischer Erkrankung (BRD) auf diese Parameter und evaluierte die Wirksamkeit einer präventiven ernährungsbedingten Strategie zur Minderung der Krankheitsfolgen.
Materialien und Methoden
Holstein-Friesian Kreuzungskälber (HF × Montbéliarde) wurden in eine Kontrollgruppe (C, n=70) und eine Versuchsgruppe (E, n=11) eingeteilt. Die Versuchsgruppe erhielt in den ersten 10 Lebenstagen ein kommerzielles Futtermittelzusatzpräparat, während die Kontrollgruppe keine Zusätze erhielt. Alle Kälber wurden in festgelegten Intervallen gegen BRD geimpft. Leistungsparameter (Alter bei Besamung, die zur Trächtigkeit führte [AIRP], Körpergewicht vor der Trächtigkeit [PPBW], Anzahl der Besamungen pro Trächtigkeit [NIPP], Körpergewicht beim ersten Abkalben [ICBW], Alter beim ersten Abkalben [AFC] und tägliche Milchleistung [MY]) wurden über einen Zeitraum von 33 Monaten erfasst.
Ergebnisse
Von den 81 Kälbern erkrankten 36 (44 %). Unter den betroffenen Tieren hatten 28 Durchfall, 23 Atemwegserkrankungen, 13 nur Durchfall, 8 nur Atemwegserkrankungen und 15 sowohl Durchfall als auch Atemwegserkrankungen. Rotavirus wurde als Hauptursache für den Durchfall identifiziert. Signifikante Unterschiede zwischen kranken (n=36) und gesunden (n=45) Kälbern wurden für ICBW, NIPP und MY festgestellt (p<0,05). Die kranken Tiere zeigten zudem eine signifikant niedrigere durchschnittliche Laktation (p<0,001). Neonatale Erkrankungen korrelierten negativ mit der Milchleistung (F=19,990; p<0,001) und hatten einen erheblichen negativen Einfluss auf die durchschnittliche Milchleistung (β=–2,144). Eine Vorgeschichte mit Cryptosporidium parvum war mit einer höheren BRD-Inzidenz und der niedrigsten Milchleistung verbunden. Zwischen Kontroll- und Versuchsgruppen wurden signifikante Unterschiede bei ICBW und MY festgestellt (p<0,05), jedoch nicht bei PPBW, AIRP, AFC oder NIPP (p>0,05).
Schlussfolgerung
Ein signifikanter Anteil der Kälber mit initialem Durchfall entwickelte später BRD, was auf eine Verbindung zwischen frühen enterischen Störungen und respiratorischen Komplikationen hinweist. Diese Erkrankungen beeinträchtigen die Gesundheit der Neugeborenen und verringern die Milchleistung, was die Rentabilität der Betriebe negativ beeinflusst. Präventive ernährungsbedingte Strategien zur Verringerung von Durchfallerkrankungen in der Neugeborenenperiode könnten die Gesundheit und Produktivität der Kälber verbessern.
Publication History
Received: 02 December 2024
Accepted: 17 September 2025
Article published online:
13 February 2026
© 2026. Thieme. All rights reserved.
Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Oswald-Hesse-Straße 50, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany
-
References
- References are available online under. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-2743-7073
-
References
- 1 Türk S, Emlik F. Neonatal Buzağı İshali Etiyolojisindeki Ajanlar. Turkish Veterinary Journal 2022; 3: 51-56
- 2 Wong JT, Lane JK, Allan FK. et al. Reducing calf mortality in Ethiopia. Animals 2022; 12: 2126-2152
- 3 Güneş V. Buzağı Solunum Sistemi Hastalıkları. Lalahan Hayvancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi 2018; 58: 35-40
- 4 Jasper J, Weary DM. Effects of Ad Libitum milk intake on dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2002; 85: 3054-3058
- 5 Alugongo GM, Xiao J, Wu Z. et al. Review: Utilization of yeast of Saccharomyces cerevisiae origin in artifi cially raised calves. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2017; 8: 1-12
- 6 Mahmoud AHA, Slate JR, Hong S. et al. Supplementing a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product modulates innate immune function and ameliorates bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection in neonatal calves. J Anim Sci 2020; 98: 1-16
- 7 Brewer MT, Anderson KL, Yoon I. et al. Amelioration of salmonellosis in pre-weaned dairy calves fed Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products in feed and milk replacer. Vet Microbiol 2014; 172: 248-255
- 8 Lesmeister KE, Heinrichs AJ, Gabler MT. Effects of supplemental yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) culture on rumen development, growth characteristics, and blood parameters in neonatal dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2004; 87: 1832-1839
- 9 Jensen GS, Patterson KM, Yoon I. Yeast culture has anti-inflammatory effects and specifically activates NK cells. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 31: 487-500
- 10 Ateş EK, Arık HD. Nutrition and Importance of Breeding Heifers (14 Months And Over) in Dairy Cow Farms. Proceedings Book, Eduvet International Veterinary Sciences Congress, Samsun, Turkey. 25–27 June, 2021; pp 247
- 11 Çolakoğlu HE, Küplülü Ş. İnek ve düvelerde vücut kondisyon skoru değişiminin postpartum döneme ve fertilite parametrelerine etkisi. Kocatepe Vet J 2016; 9: 146-158
- 12 Kaya M, Bardakçıoğlu HE. Denizli İli Özel İşletme Koşullarında Yetiştirilen Holştayn Irkı Sığırların Süt Verimi ve Döl Verimi Özellikleri Üzerine Bazı Çevresel Faktörlerin Etkisi. Erciyes Üniv. Vet. Fak. Derg 2016; 13: 1-10
- 13 Türk G. Aksaray Koçaş Tarım İşletmesinde Yetiştirilen Holştayn Düve ve İneklerde Tohumlama Yaşı ile Gebelik Oranı Arasındaki İlişki. F.Ü.Sağ. Bil. Vet. Derg. 2010; 24: 143-147
- 14 Ata A. Sütçü sığırlarda döl verimi ölçütlerinin güncel yorumu. MAKÜ Sag. Bil. Enst. Derg. 2013; 1: 30-41
- 15 Daşkın A. Sığırcılık işletmelerinde reprodüksiyon yönetimi ve suni tohumlama. Aydan Web Ofset. Ankara. 2005 s. 193-226
- 16 Arslan K, Akyüz B, Akçay A. et al. Association of number of artificial inseminations per pregnancy in Holstein dairy cows with polymorphism in luteinizing hormone receptor and follicle stimulating hormone receptor genes. Slovenian Veterinary Research 2017; 54: 91-98
- 17 Sejrsen K, Purup S. Influence of prepubertal feeding level on milk yield potential of dairy heifers: a review. Journal of Animal Science 1997; 75: 828-835
- 18 Ettema JF, Santos JE. Impact of age at calving on lactation, reproduction, health, and income in first-parity Holsteins on commercial farms. J Dairy Sci 2004; 87: 2730-2742
- 19 Köse S, Şehu A. Effects of a commercial feed additive used for prophylactic purposes on health and blood parameters in neonatal calves. Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe G: Großtiere/Nutztiere 2024; 52: 16-24
- 20 Morrill KM, Conrad E, Lago A. et al. Nationwide evaluation of quality and composition of colostrum on dairy farms in the United States. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95: 3997-4005
- 21 Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Labeling and Use of Ethoxyquin in Animal Feed (02.03.2023). https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/ ingredients-additives/labeling-and-use-ethoxyquin-animal-feed; Stand: 01.10.2024
- 22 National Research Council. Committee on Animal Nutrition, and Subcommittee on Dairy Cattle Nutrition. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. 2001. National Academies Press; 2001
- 23 Aydoğdu U, Coşkun A, Başbuğ O. et al. The relationship between the severity of azotemia and blood gases in 101 calves with neonatal diarrhea. Vet Arhiv 2023; 93: 31-38
- 24 Coşkun A, Aydoğdu U, Başbuğ O. et al. İshalli Yenidoğan Buzağılarda Elektrolit Bozukluklarının Prevalansının Belirlenmesi Turk. Vet J 2020; 2: 62-66
- 25 Şahal M, Terzi OS, Ceylan E. et al. Buzağı İshalleri ve Korunma Yöntemleri. Lalahan Hay. Araşt. Enst. Dergisi. 2018; 58 (Özel Sayı) 41-49
- 26 Katikaridis M. Epidemiologische Erhebungen zur Kälberdiarrhoe in einem Praxisgebiet in Oberbayern. Vet Med Diss LMU München 2000
- 27 Biewer C. Epidemiologische Erhebungen in einem Praxisgebiet in Franken zu nichtinfektiösen Faktoren mit Einfl uss auf Inzidenz und/ oder Letalität des akuten Durchfalls junger Kälber. Vet. Med. Diss. LMU München 2001
- 28 Güreli Z, Kara E. Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Hayvan Hastanesine Getirilen Neonatal İshalli Buzağılarda Major Enteropatojenlerin Prevalansının Araştırılması. Etlik Vet Mikrobiyol Derg 2023; 34: 95-102
- 29 Aksoy E, Kara E, Yağcı BB. et al. Investigation of Bovine Coronavirus and Bovine Rotavirus in Calves with Neonatal Diarrhea in Kırıkkale and Surrounding Provinces. MAKU J ± Health Sci Inst. 2021; 9: 38-46
- 30 Ekinci G, Tüfekçi E, Onmaz AC. et al. Erciyes Üniversitesi Hayvan Hastanesi’ne 2019-2021 yılları arasında getirilen neonatal ishalli buzağılarda majör enteropatojenlerin yaygınlığının araştırılması. Erciyes Univ Vet Fak Derg 2022; 19: 113-122
- 31 Sacco RE, McGill JL, Palmer MV. et al. Neonatal calf infection with respiratory syncytial virus: drawing parallels to the disease in human infants. Viruses 2012; 4: 3731-3753
- 32 USDA 2010. Dairy 2007, Heifer Calf Health and Management Practices on U.S. Dairy Operations, 2007 USDA: APHIS:VS, CEAH. Fort Collins, CO.
- 33 Dachrodt L, Arndt H, Bartel A. et al. Prevalence of disorders in preweaned dairy calves from 731 dairies in Germany: A cross-sectional study. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104: 9037-9051
- 34 Alaçam E. Evcil hayvanlarda reprodüksiyon sun’i tohumlama, doğum ve infertilite. (Editör) (Büyük ruminantlarda infertilite). Dizgi Evi. Konya 1994; s. 265-289
- 35 Cengiz M, Tohumcu V, Hayirli A. Fertility Parameters in Heifers. International Journal of Veterinary and Animal Research (IJVAR) 2021; 4: 92-96
- 36 Losinger WC, Heinrichs AJ. An analysis of age and body weight at first calving for Holsteins in the United States. Prev Vet Med 1197; 32: 193-205
- 37 Alaçam E. Inekte infertilite sorunu. In:. Alaçam E, ed. Evcil Hayvanlarda Doğum ve Infertilite Ankara: Medisan; 2007: 267-290
- 38 Bagnato A, Oltenacu PA. Phenotypic evaluation of fertility traits and their association with milk production of Italian Friesian cattle. J Dairy Sci 1994; 77: 874-882
- 39 Bayrıl T, Yılmaz O. Kazova Vasfi Diren tarım işletmesinde yetiştirilen siyah alaca sığırların döl verimi özellikleri. YYU Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 2010; 21: 163-167
- 40 Alpan O, Arpacık R. Sığır Yetiştiriciliği. İkinci Baskı. Ankara: Şahin Matbaası; 1998
- 41 Kaya I, Uzmay C, Kaya A. et al. Comparative analysis of milk yield and reproductive traits of Holstein Friesian cows born in Turkey or imported from Italy and kept on farms under the Turkish-ANAFI project. Ital J Anim Sci 2003; 2: 141-150
- 42 Haworth GM, Tranter WP, Chuck JN. et al. Relationships between age at first calving and first lactation milk yield, and lifetime productivity and longevity in dairy cows. Vet Rec 2008; 162: 643-647
- 43 Sawa A, Siatka K, Krężel-Czopek S. Effect of age at first calving on first lactation milk yield, lifetime milk production and longevity of cows. Ann Anim Sci 2019; 19: 189-200
- 44 Cooke JS, Cheng Z, Bourne NE. et al. Association between growth rates, age at first calving and subsequent fertility, milk production and survival in Holstein-Friesian heifers. Open J Anim Sci 2013; 3: 1-12
- 45 Melendez P, Pinedo P. The association between reproductive performance and milk yield in Chilean Holstein cattle. J Dairy Sci 2007; 90: 184-192
- 46 Inchaisri C, Hogeveen H, Vos PLAM. et al. Effect of milk yield characteristics, breed, and parity on success of the first insemination in Dutch dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93: 5179-5187
- 47 Sarıözkan S, Aral Y, Murat H. et al. Süt sığırcılığı işletmelerinde fertilite bozukluklarından kaynaklanan finansal kayıpların hesaplanması. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg 2012; 59: 55-60
- 48 Aydoğdu U, Gülersoy E, Şen İ. Buzağı İshalleri ve Oral Sıvı Takviyeleri. Turkiye Klinikleri J Anim Nutr&Nutr Dis Special Topics 2018; 4: 56-64
- 49 Dubrovsky SA, Van Eenennaam AL, Karle BM. et al. Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) cause-specific and overall mortality in preweaned calves on California dairies: The BRD 10K study. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102: 7320-7328
- 50 Abuelo A, Cullens F, Brester JL. Effect of preweaning disease on the reproductive performance and first-lactation milk production of heifers in a large dairy herd. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104: 7008-7017
- 51 Curtis GC, McGregor A, Jones D. et al. The impact of early life nutrition and housing on growth and reproduction in dairy cattle. PLoS One 2018; 13: e0191687
- 52 Heinrichs AJ, Heinrichs BS. A prospective study of calf factors affecting first-lactation and lifetime milk production and age of cows when removed from the herd. J. Dairy Sci 2011; 94: 336-341
- 53 Closs G, Dechow C. The effect of calf-hood pneumonia on heifer survival and subsequent performance. Livest Sci. 2017; 205: 5-9
- 54 Teixeira AGV, McArt JAA, Bicalho RC. Thoracic ultrasound assessment of lung consolidation at weaning in Holstein dairy heifers: Reproductive performance and survival. J Dairy Sci. 2017; 100: 2985-2991
- 55 Svensson C, Hultgren J. Associations between housing, management, and morbidity during rearing and subsequent firstlactation milk production of dairy cows in southwest Sweden. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91: 1510-1518
- 56 Galvao KN, Santos JE, Coscioni A. et al. Effect of feeding live yeast products to calves with failure of passive transfer on performance and patterns of antibiotic resistance in fecal Escherichia coli. Reprod Nutr Dev 2005; 45: 427-440
- 57 Magalhães VJA, Susca F, Lima FS. et al. Effect of feeding yeast culture on performance, health, and immunocompetence of dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91: 1497-1509
- 58 Hoseinabadi M, Dehghan-Banadaky M. A. Zali Effect of yeast probiotic (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) inmilk or starter on growth performance, fecal score and rumen parameters of dairy calves. J Dairy Sci. 2013 96. E-Suppl-1 http://www.jtmtg.org/JAM/2013/abstracts/5.pdf
- 59 Jensen GS, Patterson KM, Yoon I. Nutritional yeast culture has specific antimicrobial properties without affecting healthy flora. Preliminary results. J Anim Feed Sci 2008; 17: 247-252
- 60 Kara E, Kara H. Study of the Effects of Modified Colostrum Feeding Method on Passive Transfer Success in New-born Calves and Comparison with the Classical Method. Van Vet J 2023; 34: 113-118
- 61 Kara H, Güven M. Evaluation of colostrum quality and passive transfer immunity in terms of heat stress and disease incidence in Holstein cattle in Central Anatolia. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg 2024; 71: 481-486
