Subscribe to RSS
Please copy the URL and add it into your RSS Feed Reader.
https://www.thieme-connect.de/rss/thieme/en/10.1055-s-00000009.xml
Am J Perinatol 2008; 25(8): 521-534
DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1085620
© Thieme Medical Publishers
DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1085620
Advanced Maternal Age. Part I: Obstetric Complications
Ihab M. Usta1 , Anwar H. Nassar1Further Information
Publication History
Publication Date:
04 September 2008 (online)
ABSTRACT
More women are postponing pregnancy into the fourth and fifth decades of life for a variety of reasons. Advanced maternal age, traditionally defined as age more than 35 years, has been associated with increased obstetric morbidity and interventions. In addition, perinatal complications are reported to be higher in this patient population, although recent data point to a more favorable outcome. This article reviews the available literature with special emphasis on antepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum complications and perinatal outcome.
KEYWORDS
Advanced maternal age - pregnancy - obstetric complications - perinatal outcome
REFERENCES
- 1 Hansen J P. Older maternal age and pregnancy outcome: a review of the literature. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 1986; 41 726-742
- 2 Bobrowski R A, Bottoms S F. Underappreciated risks of the elderly multipara. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995; 172 1764-1767
- 3 Forssas E, Gissler M, Sihvonen M, Hemminki E. Maternal predictors of perinatal mortality: the role of birthweight. Int J Epidemiol. 1999; 28 475-478
- 4 Gilbert W M, Nesbitt T S, Danielsen B. Childbearing beyond age 40: pregnancy outcome in 24,032 cases. Obstet Gynecol. 1999; 93 9-14
- 5 Bianco A, Stone J, Lynch L, Lapinski R, Berkowitz G, Berkowitz R L. Pregnancy outcome at age 40 and older. Obstet Gynecol. 1996; 87 917-922
- 6 Martin J A, Hamilton B E, Ventura S J, Menacker F, Park M M, Sutton P D. Births: final data for 2001. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2002; 51 1-102
- 7 Oleszczuk J J, Keith L G, Oleszczuk A K. The paradox of old maternal age in multiple pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2005; 32 69-80
- 8 Curtin S C, Martin J A. Births: preliminary data for 1999. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2000; 48 1-20
- 9 Astolfi P, Zonta L A. Delayed maternity and risk at delivery. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2002; 16 67-72
- 10 Fretts R C, Usher R H. Causes of fetal death in women of advanced maternal age. Obstet Gynecol. 1997; 89 40-45
- 11 van Katwijk C, Peeters L L. Clinical aspects of pregnancy after the age of 35 years: a review of the literature. Hum Reprod Update. 1998; 4 185-194
- 12 Dulitzki M, Soriano D, Schiff E, Chetrit A, Mashiach S, Seidman D S. Effect of very advanced maternal age on pregnancy outcome and rate of cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 1998; 92 935-939
- 13 Cleary-Goldman J, Malone F D, Vidaver J et al.. FASTER Consortium. Impact of maternal age on obstetric outcome. Obstet Gynecol. 2005; 105 983-990
- 14 Tietze C. Reproductive span and rate of reproduction among Hutterite women. Fertil Steril. 1957; 8 89-97
- 15 Spandorfer S D, Bendikson K, Dragisic K, Schattman G, Davis O K, Rosenwaks Z. Outcome of in vitro fertilization in women 45 years and older who use autologous oocytes. Fertil Steril. 2007; 87 74-76
- 16 Lass A, Croucher C, Duffy S, Dawson K, Margara R, Winston R. One thousand initiated cycles of in vitro fertilization in women ≥ 40 years of age. Fertil Steril. 1998; 70 1030-1034
- 17 Ron-El R, Raziel A, Strassburger D, Schachter M, Kasterstein E, Friedler S. Outcome of assisted reproductive technology in women over the age of 41. Fertil Steril. 2000; 74 471-474
- 18 Nesbitt I D, Bythell V, Redfern N. Anaesthetic management of caesarean section in an elderly parturient with pre-eclampsia. Anaesthesia. 1999; 54 887-891
- 19 Raymond E G, Cnattingius S, Kiely J L. Effects of maternal age, parity, and smoking on the risk of stillbirth. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1994; 101 301-306
- 20 Hasan F, Arumugam K, Sivanesaratnam V. Uterine leiomyomata in pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1991; 34 45-48
- 21 Williams M A, Lieberman E, Mittendorf R, Monson R R, Schoenbaum S C. Risk factors for abruptio placentae. Am J Epidemiol. 1991; 134 965-972
- 22 Salihu H M, Shumpert M N, Slay M, Kirby R, Alexander G R. Childbearing beyond maternal age 50 and fetal outcomes in the United States. Obstet Gynecol. 2003; 102 1006-1014
- 23 Bateman B T, Simpson L L. Higher rate of stillbirth at the extremes of reproductive age: a large nationwide sample of deliveries in the United States. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006; 194 840-845
- 24 Ezra Y, McPartland P, Farine D. High delivery intervention rates in nulliparous women over age 35. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1995; 62 203-207
- 25 Suzuki S. Obstetric outcomes in nulliparous women aged 35 and over with dichorionic twin pregnancy. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2007; 276 573-575
- 26 Prapas N, Kalogiannidis I, Prapas I, Xiromeritis P, Karagiannidis A, Makedos G. Twin gestation in older women: antepartum, intrapartum complications, and perinatal outcomes. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2006; 273 293-297
- 27 Zhang J, Meikle S, Grainger D A, Trumble A. Multifetal pregnancy in older women and perinatal outcomes. Fertil Steril. 2002; 78 562-568
- 28 Haydon M, Gaffaney C L, Saul L, Rumney P, Ghamsary M, Lagrew D. Twin pregnancies in women greater than 40 years of age: could advanced age improve obstetric outcome?. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006; 195 S108
- 29 Blickstein I, Goldman R, Mazkereth R. Maternal age and birth weight characteristics of twins born to nulliparous mothers: a population study. Twin Res. 2001; 4 1-3
- 30 Martin J, Curtin S, Saulnier M, Mousavi J. Development of the matched multiple birth file. In: 1995–1997 matched multiple birth dataset. NCHS CD-ROM series 21, no. 12. Hyattsville, MD; National Center for Health Statistics 2000
- 31 Keith L G, Goldman R D, Breborowicz G, Blickstein I. Triplet pregnancies in the mothers age 40 or older: a matched control study. J Reprod Med. 2004; 49 683-688
- 32 Hollier L M, Leveno K J, Kelly M A, Mcintire D D, Cunningham F G. Maternal age and malformations in singleton births. Obstet Gynecol. 2000; 96 701-706
- 33 Hay S, Barbano H. Independent effects of maternal age and birth order on the incidence of selected congenital malformations. Teratology. 1972; 6 271-279
- 34 el-Shafei A, Rao P S, Sandhu A K. Congenital malformations and consanguinity. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 1986; 26 168-172
- 35 Swerdlow A J, Melzer D. The value of England and Wales congenital malformation notification scheme data for epidemiology: male genital tract malformations. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1988; 42 8-13
- 36 Chaturvedi P, Banerjee K S. An epidemiological study of congenital malformations in newborn. Indian J Pediatr. 1993; 60 645-653
- 37 Halliday J, Lumley J, Sheffield L J, Lancaster P A. Limb deficiencies, chorion villus sampling, and advanced maternal age. Am J Med Genet. 1993; 47 1096-1098
- 38 Castilla E E, Cavalcanti D P, Dutra M G, Lopez-Camelo J S, Paz J E, Gadow E C. Limb reduction defects in South America. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1995; 102 393-400
- 39 Ventura S J, Martin J A, Mathews T J, Clarke S C. Advance report of final natality statistics, 1994. Monthly Vital Statistics Report. Hyattsville, MD; National Center for Health Statistics 1996: 1-86
- 40 Baird P A, Saolovnick A D, Yee I M. Maternal age and birth defects: a population study. Lancet. 1991; 337 527-530
- 41 Pradat P. Epidemiology of major congenital heart defects in Sweden, 1981–1986. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1992; 46 211-215
- 42 Tan K H, Kilby M D, Whittle M J, Beattie B R, Booth I W, Botting B J. Congenital anterior abdominal wall defects in England and Wales 1987–93: retrospective analysis of OPCS data. BMJ. 1996; 313 903-906
- 43 Haddow J E, Palomaki G E, Holman M S. Young maternal age and smoking during pregnancy as risk factors for gastroschisis. Teratology. 1993; 47 225-228
- 44 Byron-Scott R, Haan E, Chan A, Scott H, Clark K. A population based study of abdominal wall defects in South Australia and Western Australia. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 1998; 12 136-151
-
45 Gittelsohn A M, Milham S.
Vital record incidence of congenital malformations in New York State . In: Neel JV, Shaw MW, Schull WJ Genetics and the Epidemiology of Chronic Disease. Washington, DC; U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service 1965: 1163 - 46 Abudu O O, Uguru V, Olude O. Contribution of congenital malformation to perinatal mortality in Lagos, Nigeria. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1988; 27 63-67
- 47 Cunningham F G, Leveno K J. Childbearing among older women—the message is cautiously optimistic. N Engl J Med. 1995; 333 1002-1004
- 48 Tarin J J, Brines J, Cano A. Long-term effects of delayed parenthood. Hum Reprod. 1998; 13 2371-2376
- 49 Kitagawa T, Suganuma N, Nawa A et al.. Rapid accumulation of deleted mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid in postmenopausal ovaries. Biol Reprod. 1993; 49 730-736
- 50 Muller-Hocker J, Schafer S, Weis S, Munscher C, Strowitzki T. Morphological-cytochemical and molecular genetic analyses of mitochondria in isolated human oocytes in the reproductive age. Mol Hum Reprod. 1996; 2 951-958
- 51 Cummins J M, Jequier A M, Kan R. Molecular biology of human male infertility: links with aging, mitochondrial genetics, and oxidative stress?. Mol Reprod Dev. 1994; 37 345-362
- 52 Duvekot J J, Peters L L. Maternal cardiovascular hemodynamic adaptation to pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 1994; 49 S1-S14
- 53 Taddei S, Virdis A, Mattei P et al.. Aging and endothelial function in normotensive subjects and patients with essential hypertension. Circulation. 1995; 91 1981-1987
- 54 Prysak M, Lorenz R P, Kisly A. Pregnancy outcome in nulliparous women 35 years or older. Obstet Gynecol. 1995; 85 65-70
- 55 Dildy G A, Jackson G M, Fowers G K, Oshiro B T, Varner M W, Clark S L. Very advanced maternal age: pregnancy after age 45. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996; 175 668-674
- 56 Abu-Heija A T, Jallad M F, Abukteish F. Maternal and perinatal outcome of pregnancies after the age of 45. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2000; 26 27-30
- 57 Lagrew Jr D C, Morgan M A, Nakamoto K, Lagrew N. Advanced maternal age: perinatal outcome when controlling for physician selection. J Perinatol. 1996; 16 256-260
- 58 Sauer M V, Paulson R J, Lobo R A. Oocyte donation to women of advanced reproductive age: pregnancy results and obstetrical outcomes in patients 45 years and older. Hum Reprod. 1996; 11 2540-2543
- 59 Seoud M A, Nassar A H, Usta I M, Melhem Z, Kazma A, Khalil A M. Impact of advanced maternal age on pregnancy outcome. Am J Perinatol. 2002; 19 1-8
- 60 Yasin S Y, Beydoun S N. Pregnancy outcome at greater than or equal to 20 weeks' gestation in women in their 40s. A case-control study. J Reprod Med. 1988; 33 209-213
- 61 Tuck S M, Yudkin P L, Turnbull A C. Pregnancy outcome in elderly primigravidae with and without a history of infertility. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1988; 95 230-237
- 62 Hoyert D L, Danel I, Tully P. Maternal mortality, United States and Canada, 1982–1997. Birth. 2000; 27 4-11
- 63 Tan K T, Tan K H. Pregnancy and delivery in primigravidae aged 35 and over. Singapore Med J. 1994; 35 495-501
- 64 Heck K E, Schoendorf K C, Ventura S J, Kiely J L. Delayed childbearing by education level in the United States, 1969–1994. Matern Child Health J. 1997; 1 81-88
- 65 Lie R T, Rasmussen S, Brunborg H, Gjessing H K, Lie-Nielsen E, Irgens L M. Fetal and maternal contributions to risk of preeclampsia. BMJ. 1998; 316 1343-1347
- 66 Barton J R, Bergauer N K, Jacques D L, Coleman S K, Stanziano G J, Sibai B M. Does advanced maternal age affect pregnancy outcome in women with mild hypertension remote from term?. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997; 176 1236-1243
- 67 Jacobsson B, Ladfors L, Milsom I. Advanced maternal age and adverse perinatal outcome. Obstet Gynecol. 2004; 104 727-733
- 68 Kristensen S, Salihu H M, Keith L G, Kirby R S, Pass M A, Fowler K B. Impact of advanced maternal age on neonatal survival of twin small-for-gestational-age subtypes. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2007; 33 259-265
- 69 Egerman R S, Sibai B M. HELLP syndrome. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1999; 42 381-389
- 70 Mestman J H. Outcome of diabetes screening in pregnancy and perinatal morbidity in infants of mothers with mild impairment in glucose tolerance. Diabetes Care. 1980; 3 447-452
- 71 Jolly M, Sebire N, Harris J, Robinson S, Regan L. The risks associated with pregnancy in women aged 35 years or older. Hum Reprod. 2000; 15 2433-2437
- 72 MacNeill S, Dodds L, Hamilton D C, Armson B A, VandenHof M. Rates and risk factors for recurrence of gestational diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2001; 24 659-662
- 73 Crawford B S, Davis J, Harrigill K. Uterine artery atherosclerotic disease: histologic features and clinical correlation. Obstet Gynecol. 1997; 90 210-215
- 74 Ananth C V, Smulian J C, Demissie K, Vintzileos A M, Knuppel R A. Placental abruption among singleton and twin births in the United States: risk factor profiles. Am J Epidemiol. 2001; 153 771-778
- 75 Joseph K S, Allen A C, Dodds L, Turner L A, Scott H, Liston R. The perinatal effects of delayed childbearing. Obstet Gynecol. 2005; 105 1410-1418
- 76 Barkan S E, Bracken M B. Delayed childbearing: no evidence for increased risk of low birth weight and preterm delivery. Am J Epidemiol. 1987; 125 101-109
- 77 Kirz D S, Dorchester W, Freeman R K. Advanced maternal age: the mature gravida. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1985; 152 7-12
- 78 Smit Y, Scherjon S A, Treffers P E. Elderly nulliparae in midwifery care in Amsterdam. Midwifery. 1997; 13 73-77
- 79 Cnattingius S, Forman M R, Berendes H W, Isotalo L. Delayed childbearing and risk of adverse perinatal outcome: population based study. JAMA. 1992; 268 886-890
- 80 Pschirrer E R, Monga M. Risk factors for preterm labor. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2000; 43 727-734
- 81 Heffner L J, Sherman C B, Speizer F E, Weiss S T. Clinical and environmental predictors of preterm labor. Obstet Gynecol. 1993; 81 750-757
- 82 Lehmann D K, Chism J. Pregnancy outcome in medically complicated and uncomplicated patients aged 40 years or older. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1987; 157 738-742
- 83 Delbaere I, Verstraelen H, Goetgeluk S, Martens G, De Backer G, Temmerman M. Pregnancy outcome in primiparae of advanced maternal age. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2007; 135 41-46
- 84 Morken N H, Källen K, Hagberg H, Jacobsson B. Preterm birth in Sweden 1973–2001: rate, subgroups, and effect of changing patterns in multiple births, maternal age, and smoking. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2005; 84 558-565
- 85 Branum A M, Schoendorf K C. The influence of maternal age on very preterm birth of twins: differential effects by parity. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2005; 19 399-404
- 86 Vercellini P, Zuliani G, Rognoni M T, Trespidi L, Oldani S, Cardinale A. Pregnancy at forty and over: a case-control study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1993; 48 191-195
-
87 Godfrey K, Breier B, Cooper C.
Constraint of the materno-placental supply of nutrients: causes and consequence . In: O'Brien S, Wheeler T, Barker D Fetal Programming Influences on Development and Diseases in Later Life. London, UK; RCOG Press 1999: 283-298 - 88 Cogswell M E, Yip R. The influence of fetal and maternal factors on the distribution of birthweight. Semin Perinatol. 1995; 19 222-240
- 89 Kramer M S. Determinants of low birth weight: methodological assessment and meta-analysis. Bull World Health Organ. 1987; 65 663-737
- 90 Sumits T, Bennett R, Gould J. Maternal risks for very low birth weight infant mortality. Pediatrics. 1996; 98 236-241
- 91 Baeten J M, Bukusi E A, Lambe M. Pregnancy complications and outcomes among overweight and obese nulliparous women. Am J Public Health. 2001; 91 436-440
- 92 Shmueli A, Cullen M R. Birth weight, maternal age, and education: new observations from Connecticut and Virginia. Yale J Biol Med. 1999; 72 245-258
- 93 Bahadur G, Ling K L, Priya S, Davis C J, Wafa R, Ashraf A. Sex ratio and maternal age effect in nulliparous women receiving donor insemination. Fertil Steril. 2001; 75 219-220
- 94 Byrne J, Warburton D. Male excess among anatomically normal fetuses in spontaneous abortions. Am J Med Genet. 1987; 26 605-611
- 95 James W H. Evidence that mammalian sex ratios at birth are partially controlled by parental hormone levels at the time of conception. J Theor Biol. 1996; 180 271-286
- 96 Scholz H S, Haas J, Petru E. Do primiparas aged 40 years or older carry an increased obstetric risk?. Prev Med. 1999; 29 263-266
- 97 Ecker J L, Chen K T, Cohen A P, Riley L E, Lieberman E S. Increased risk of cesarean delivery with advancing maternal age: indications and associated factors in nulliparous women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001; 185 883-887
- 98 Hurley B F. Age, gender, and muscular strength. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1995; 50 41-44
- 99 Peipert J F, Bracken M B. Maternal age: an independent risk factor for cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 1993; 81 200-205
- 100 Lieberman E. Predictors of cesarean delivery. Curr Probl Obstet Gynecol Fertil. 1997; 20 104-105
- 101 Gareen I F, Morgenstern H, Greenland S, Gifford D S. Explaining the association of maternal age with cesarean delivery for nulliparous and parous women. J Clin Epidemiol. 2003; 56 1100-1110
- 102 Bell J S, Campbell D M, Graham W J, Penney G C, Ryan M, Hall M H. Can obstetric complications explain the high levels of obstetric interventions and maternity service use among older women? A retrospective analysis of routinely collected data. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 2001; 108 910-918
- 103 Lialios G, Kaponis A, Adonakis G. Maternal age as an independent risk factor for cesarean delivery. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1999; 67 187-188
- 104 Edge V, Laros R K. Pregnancy outcome in nulliparous women aged 35 or older. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993; 168 1881-1885
- 105 Martel M, Wacholder S, Lippman A, Brohan J, Hamilton E. Maternal age and primary cesarean section rates: a multivariate analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1987; 156 305-308
- 106 Adashek J A, Peaceman A M, Lopez-Zeno J A, Minogue J P, Socol M L. Factors contributing to the increased cesarean birth rate in older parturient women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993; 169 936-940
- 107 Treacy A, Robson M, O'Herlihy C. Dystocia increases with advancing maternal age. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006; 195 760-763
- 108 Berkowitz G S, Skovron M L, Lapinski R H, Berkowitz R L. Delayed childbearing and the outcome of pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 1990; 322 659-664
- 109 Parrish K M, Holt V L, Easterling T R, Connell F A, Logerfo J P. Effect of changes in maternal age, parity, and birth weight distribution on primary cesarean delivery rates. JAMA. 1994; 271 443-447
- 110 Dougherty C RS, Jones A D. Obstetric management and outcome related to maternal characteristics. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1988; 158 470-474
- 111 Callaway L K, Lust K, McIntyre H D. Pregnancy outcomes in women of very advanced maternal age. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2005; 45 12-16
- 112 Leitch C R, Walker J J. The rise in caesarean section rate: the same indications but a lower threshold. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1998; 105 621-626
- 113 Yuan W, Steffensen F H, Neilsen G L, Moller M, Olsen J, Sorensen H T. A population-based cohort study of birth and neonatal outcome in older primipara. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2000; 68 113-118
- 114 Rosenthal A N, Paterson-Brown S. Is there an incremental rise in the risk of obstetric intervention with increasing maternal age?. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1998; 105 1064-1069
- 115 Patel R R, Peters T J, Murphy D J. ALSPAC Study Team . Prenatal risk factors for Caesarean section. Analysis of the ALSPAC cohort of 12 944 women in England. Int J Epidemiol. 2005; 34 353-357
- 116 Wilson B L. Effects of age, gestation, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity on labor inductions. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2007; 39 208-213
- 117 Pollock J I. Mature maternity: long term associations in first children born to older mothers in 1970 in the UK. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1996; 50 429-435
- 118 Zeteroglu S, Sahin G H, Sahin H A. Induction of labor with misoprostol in pregnancies with advanced maternal age. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2006; 129 140-144
- 119 Srinivas S K, Stamilio D M, Sammel M D et al.. Vaginal birth after caesarean delivery: does maternal age affect safety and success?. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2007; 21 114-120
- 120 McMahon M J, Luther E R, Bowes W A, Olshan A F. Comparison of a trial of labor with an elective second cesarean section. N Engl J Med. 1996; 335 689-695
- 121 Shipp T D, Zelop C, Repke J T, Cohen A, Caughey A B, Lieberman E. The association of maternal age and symptomatic uterine rupture during a trial of labor after prior cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2002; 99 585-588
- 122 Bujold E, Hammoud A O, Hendler I et al.. Trial of labor in patients with a previous cesarean section: does maternal age influence the outcome?. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004; 190 1113-1118
- 123 Gregory K D, Korst L M, Cane P, Platt L D, Kahn K. Vaginal birth after cesarean and uterine rupture rates in California. Obstet Gynecol. 1999; 94 985-989
- 124 Cnattingius S, Berendes H W, Forman M R. Do delayed child bearers face increased risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes after the first birth?. Obstet Gynecol. 1993; 81 512-516
- 125 Spellacy W N, Miller S J, Winegar A. Pregnancy after 40 years of age. Obstet Gynecol. 1986; 68 452-454
- 126 Berkowitz G S, Shovron M L, Lapinski R H, Berkowitz R L. Does delayed childbearing increase risk?. JAMA. 1993; 269 745-748
- 127 Selvin S, Garfinkel J. Paternal age, maternal age and birth order and the risk of a fetal loss. Hum Biol. 1976; 48 223-230
- 128 Nybo Andersen A M, Wohlfahrt J, Christens P, Olsen J, Melbye M. Maternal age and fetal loss: population based register linkage study. BMJ. 2000; 320 1708-1712
- 129 Gottvall K, Grunewald C, Waldenström U. Safety of birth centre care: perinatal mortality over a 10-year period. BJOG. 2004; 111 71-78
- 130 Fretts R C, Schmittdiel J, McLean F H, Usher R H, Goldman M B. Increased maternal age and the risk of fetal death. N Engl J Med. 1995; 333 953-957
- 131 Forman M R, Meirik O, Berendes H W. Delayed childbearing in Sweden. JAMA. 1984; 252 3135-3139
- 132 Naeye R L. Causes of perinatal mortality in the US Collaborative Perinatal Project. JAMA. 1977; 238 228-229
- 133 Smith G C. Life-table analysis of the risk of perinatal death at term and post term in singleton pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001; 184 489-496
- 134 Reddy U M, Ko C W, Willinger M. Maternal age and the risk of stillbirth throughout pregnancy in the United States. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006; 195 764-770
- 135 Paneth N, Susser M. An assessment of the effects of maternal age and parity in different components of perinatal mortality. Am J Epidemiol. 1986; 123 444-454
- 136 Fretts R C, Elkin E B, Myers E R, Heffner L J. Should older women have antepartum testing to prevent unexplained stillbirth?. Obstet Gynecol. 2004; 104 56-64
- 137 Stowe Z N, Nemeroff C B. Women at risk for postpartum-onset major depression. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995; 173 639-645
- 138 Cunningham F G, Leveno K J. Maternal age and outcome of pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 1990; 323 413-416
- 139 O'Reilly-Green C, Cohen W R. Pregnancy in women aged 40 and older. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 1993; 20 313-331
- 140 Rochat R W, Koonin L M, Atrash H K, Jewett J F. Maternal mortality in the United States: report from the Maternal Mortality Collaborative. Obstet Gynecol. 1988; 72 91-97
- 141 Buehler J W, Kaunitz A M, Hogue C J, Hughes J M, Smith J C, Rochat R W. Maternal mortality in women aged 35 years or older: United States. JAMA. 1986; 255 53-57
- 142 Brassil M J, Turner M J, Egan D M, MacDonald D W. Obstetric outcome in first-time mothers aged 40 years and over. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1987; 25 115-120
- 143 Antinori S, Versaci C, Gholami G H, Panci C, Caffa B. Oocyte donation in menopausal women. Hum Reprod. 1993; 8 1487-1490
- 144 Antinori S, Versaci C, Panci C, Caffa B, Gholami G H. Fetal and maternal morbidity and mortality in menopausal women aged 45–63 years. Hum Reprod. 1995; 10 464-469
- 145 Narayan H, Buckett W, McDougall W, Cullimore J. Pregnancy after fifty: profile and pregnancy outcome in a series of elderly multigravidae. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1992; 47 47-51
- 146 Sauer M V, Paulson R J, Lobo R A. Pregnancy after age 50: application of oocyte donation to women after the natural menopause. Lancet. 1993; 341 321-323
- 147 Borini A, Bafaro G, Violini F, Bianchi L, Casadio V, Flamigni C. Pregnancies in postmenopausal women over 50 years old in an oocyte donation program. Fertil Steril. 1995; 63 258-261
- 148 Pados G, Camus M, Van Steirteghem A, Bonduelle M, Devroey P. The evolution and outcome of pregnancies from oocyte donation. Hum Reprod. 1994; 9 538-542
- 149 Wolff K M, McMahon M J, Kuller J A, Walmer D K, Meyer W R. Advanced maternal age and perinatal outcome: oocyte recipiency versus natural conception. Obstet Gynecol. 1997; 89 519-523
- 150 Steiner A Z, Paulson R J. Oocyte donation. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2006; 49 44-54
- 151 Duvekot J J, Peeters L L. Maternal cardiovascular hemodynamic adaptation to pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 1994; 49 S1-S14
- 152 Duvekot J J, Peeters L L. Renal hemodynamics and volume homeostasis in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 1994; 49 830-839
- 153 Davison J M, Noble M C. Serial changes in 24 hour creatinine clearance during normal menstrual cycles and the first trimester of pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1981; 88 10-17
- 154 Duvekot J J, Cheriex E C, Pieters F A, Menheere P P, Peeters L H. Early pregnancy changes in hemodynamics and volume homeostasis are consecutive adjustments triggered by a primary fall in systemic vascular tone. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993; 169 1382-1392
- 155 Shewman D A. Lipids, atherosclerosis and the postmenopausal women: a clinical perspective. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 1994; 21 337-355
- 156 Duvekot J J, Cheriex E C, Pieters F A, Menheere P P, Schouten H J, Peeters L L. Maternal volume homeostasis in early pregnancy in relation to fetal growth restriction. Obstet Gynecol. 1995; 85 361-367
- 157 King G L, Kunisaki M, Nishio Y, Inoguchi T, Shiba T, Xia P. Biochemical and molecular mechanisms in the development of diabetic vascular complications. Diabetes. 1996; 45(Suppl 3) S105-S108
- 158 Navot D, Drews M R, Bergh P A et al.. Age-related decline in female fertility is not due to diminished capacity of the uterus to sustain embryo implantation. Fertil Steril. 1994; 61 97-101
- 159 Soares S R, Troncoso C, Bosch E et al.. Age and uterine receptiveness: predicting the outcome of oocyte donation cycles. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005; 90 4399-4404
- 160 Flamigni C, Borini A, Violini F, Bianchi L, Serrao L. Oocyte donation: comparison between recipients from different age groups. Hum Reprod. 1993; 8 2088-2092
- 161 Abyad A. Operative and postoperative evaluation and management in the elderly. Middle East J Anaesthesiol. 1995; 13 291-306
- 162 White J A, Wright V, Hudson A M. Relationships between habitual physical activity and osteoarthrosis in ageing women. Public Health. 1993; 107 459-470
- 163 Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine . Oocyte donation to postmenopausal women. Fertil Steril. 2004; 82 S251-S255
- 164 Garrison M EB, Blalock L B, Zarski J J, Merritt P B. Delayed parenthood: an exploratory study of family functioning. Fam Relat. 1997; 46 281-290
- 165 Golombok S, Lycett E, MacCallum F et al.. Parenting infants conceived by gamete donation. J Fam Psychol. 2004; 18 443-452
- 166 Steiner A Z, Paulson R J. Motherhood after age 50: an evaluation of parenting stress and physical functioning. Fertil Steril. 2007; 87 1327-1332
- 167 Colpin H, Soenen S. Parenting and psychosocial development of IVF children: a follow-up study. Hum Reprod. 2002; 17 1111-1116
- 168 Reece S M. Social support and the early maternal experience of primiparas over 35. Matern Child Nurs J. 1993; 21 91-98
- 169 Paulson R J, Thornton M H, Francis M M, Salvador H S. Successful pregnancy in a 63-year-old woman. Fertil Steril. 1997; 67 949-951
Anwar H NassarM.D.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, American University of Beirut Medical Center
Beirut-Lebanon, P.O. Box 113-6044/B36, Hamra 110 32090, Beirut, Lebanon
Email: an21@aub.edu.lb