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DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1109464
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Neuropsychologische Differenzialdiagnostik degenerativer Demenzen
Neuropsychological Differential Diagnosis of Degenerative DementiasPublikationsverlauf
Publikationsdatum:
16. Juni 2009 (online)

Zusammenfassung
Die neuropsychologische Differenzialdiagnostik der degenerativen Demenzen erreicht eine hohe Sensitivität und Spezifität, sodass mit ihr in sehr vielen Fällen bereits in frühen Krankheitsstadien eine korrekte Zuordnung verschiedener Demenzsyndrome möglich ist. In Zusammenschau des aktuellen Forschungsstands lässt sich die Alzheimer-Demenz von Formen der Frontotemporalen Lobärdegeneration sowie der Vaskulären Demenz durch die bei Morbus Alzheimer typischerweise stärker und früher beeinträchtigten mnestischen, visuell-perzeptiven und visuo-konstruktiven Leistungen abgrenzen. Bei den Frontotemporalen Lobärdegenerationen und Vaskulären Demenzen dominieren gegenüber der Alzheimer-Demenz schwerere exekutive Dysfunktionen in den meisten kontrollierten empirischen Studien. Die Frontotemporalen Lobärdegenerationen sind zusätzlich durch deutlichere Verhaltensauffälligkeiten, sprachliche Beeinträchtigungen und semantische Störungen gekennzeichnet. Die neuropsychologische Demenzabklärung trägt in relevantem Ausmaß zur Früherkennung, Differenzialdiagnostik und evidenzbasierten Behandlung von Demenzsyndromen bei. Im Zuge der Entwicklung und Verfügbarkeit spezifischer antidementiver Therapien wird die frühzeitige differenzialdiagnostische Demenzabklärung weiter an Bedeutung gewinnen.
Abstract
Neuropsychological differential diagnosis of degenerative dementias is characterized by high sensitivity and specificity which allows syndrome assignment in most instances in early stages. According to the empirical evidence, Alzheimer’s disease can be discriminated from frontotemporal lobar degeneration and from vascular dementia by quality and severity of memory deficits and also by the presence of visuo-perceptive and visuo-constructive deficits. In frontotemporal lobar degeneration and vascular dementia executive dysfunctions predominate in most controlled empirical studies. Moreover, in frontotemporal lobar degeneration severe aphasic and semantic impairments can be observed. Neuropsychological assessment contributes to the early detection, differential diagnosis and evidence-based treatment of dementia syndromes to a considerable extent. Once more specific treatments are available, the early differential diagnosis of degenerative dementias will become highly important.
Schlüsselwörter
Alzheimer-Demenz - Frontotemporale Demenz - Primär Progrediente Aphasie - Semantische Demenz - Vaskuläre Demenz - Neuropsychologie
Key words
Alzheimer’s disease - frontotemporal dementia - primary progressive aphasia - semantic dementia - vascular dementia - neuropsychology
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Simone A. Wolf
Diplom-Psychologin/Diplom-Psychogerontologin, Institut für Klinische Psychologie Bürgerhospital
Stuttgart
Tunzhofer Str. 14 – 16
70191 Stuttgart
eMail: si.wolf@klinikum-stuttgart.de