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DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1109819
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Vorhoftumoren in der kardialen MRT
Atrial Tumors in Cardiac MRIPublication History
eingereicht: 11.5.2009
angenommen: 31.8.2009
Publication Date:
14 October 2009 (online)
Zusammenfassung
In der Differenzialdiagnostik kardialer Raumforderungen spielt die Magnetresonanztomografie (MRT) neben der Echokardiografie eine bedeutende Rolle. Verschiedene kardiale Tumoren zeigen ein gehäuftes Auftreten in den Vorhöfen. Ziel dieser Übersichtsarbeit ist die Beschreibung dieser verschiedenen Vorhoftumoren, ihrer Eigenschaften und Klinik sowie ihrer kernspintomografischen Morphologie. Allgemein sind Herztumoren mit einer Prävalenz von ca. 0,001 – 0,03 % in Autopsiestudien eine sehr seltene Erkrankung und mit ca. 75 % überwiegend benigner Natur. Das Myxom ist der häufigste Herztumor, der die Vorhöfe bevorzugt. Charakteristisch ist eine starke T 2-Hyperintensität bei ansonsten inhomogenem, teils hyper-, teils hypointensem Signalverhalten, das mit dem uneinheitlichen histologischen Erscheinen korreliert. Lipome liegen subendokardial und zeigen ein fettisointenses Signalverhalten, das sich durch Fettsuppressionstechniken minimieren lässt. Fibroelastome sind die häufigsten Tumoren der Herzklappen und bestehen aus avaskulärem Bindegewebe, das sich relativ signalarm darstellt. Auf ihrer faserigen Oberfläche lagern sich leicht Thromben auf, sodass auch sehr kleine Tumoren früh durch Embolien symptomatisch werden können. Bei den selteneren malignen Tumoren überwiegen Sarkome, wobei vor allem Angiosarkome und Rhabdomyosarkome kardial am häufigsten auftreten und eine Präferenz für die Vorhöfe aufweisen. Sekundäre Malignome des Herzens sind ca. 20- bis 40-fach häufiger als primäre und treten bei einer bestehenden Malignomerkrankung in ca. 10 % der Fälle im späten Krankheitsverlauf auf. Lymphogene Metastasen bevorzugen das Perikard, die hämatogene Metastasierung befällt vor allem das Myokard. Von den eigentlichen Vorhoftumoren müssen zudem auch Thromben oder anatomische Normvarianten unterschieden werden.
Abstract
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an important tool for the diagnosis of cardiac masses. Various cardiac tumors are predisposed to occurring in atrial structures. The aim of this review article is the description of atrial tumors and their morphological features in MRI. In general, cardiac tumors are rare: approximately 0.001 – 0.03 % in autopsy studies. About 75 % of them are benign. The most common cardiac tumor is the myxoma. They are predisposed to occur in the atria and show a characteristically strong hyperintense signal on T 2-wieghted images in MRI. In other sequences a heterogeneous pattern reflects its variable histological appearance. Lipomas exhibit a signal behavior identical to fatty tissue with a typical passive movement in cine imaging. Fibroelastomas are the most common tumors of the cardiac valves. Consisting of avascular fibrous tissue, they often present with hypointense signal intensities. Thrombi attached to their surface can cause severe emboli even in small tumors. Amongst primary cardiac malignancies, sarcomas are most common and favor the atria. Secondary malignancies of the heart are far more common than primary ones (20 – 40 times). In case of known malignancies, approximately 10 % of patients develop cardiac metastasis at the end of their disease. Lymphogenic metastases favor the pericardium, while hematogenic spread prefers the myocardium. Since they are not real atrial tumors, thrombi and anatomical structures of the atria have to be differentiated from other pathologies.
Key words
heart - MR imaging - atrium - myxoma - tipoma - tumor
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