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DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1109977
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Oxidativer Stress beim Pseudoexfoliationsglaukom
Oxidative Stress and Pseudoexfoliation GlaucomaPublikationsverlauf
Eingegangen: 4.11.2009
Angenommen: 30.11.2009
Publikationsdatum:
12. Februar 2010 (online)
Zusammenfassung
Dem Pseudoexfoliations(PEX)-Glaukom, der mit Abstand wichtigsten und häufigsten Form der Sekundärglaukome, liegt ein generalisierter, genetisch determinierter, elastotischer Matrixprozess als identifizierbare Glaukomursache zugrunde. Er ist charakterisiert durch die exzessive Produktion und progressive Ablagerung eines fibrillären extrazellulären Materials in verschiedenen Geweben einschließlich der Kammerwasserabflusswege. Eine wachsende Datenlage scheint zu bestätigen, dass die oxidative-antioxidative Balance bei Patienten mit PEX-Syndrom und PEX-Glaukom, sowohl im vorderen Augenabschnitt als auch systemisch, gestört ist und dass der daraus resultierende oxidative Stress eine zentrale Rolle in der Pathogenese des abnormalen Matrixprozesses spielt. Störungen der antioxidativen Schutzmechanismen umfassen erniedrigte Konzentrationen von Ascorbinsäure, Glutathion, antioxidativen Spurenelementen und verschiedenen antioxidativen Enzymen, welche auch eine Dysregulation auf mRNA-Ebene in PEX-Geweben zeigen. Als weitere Hinweise auf das Vorliegen von oxidativem Stress dienen erhöhte Konzentrationen von Oxidantien, wie Wasserstoffperoxid und Stickstoffmonoxid, und oxidativer Stressmarker, wie Lipidperoxidationsprodukte, Abbauprodukte oxidierter und methylierter Proteine, Advanced Glycation End Products und Homocystein in Kammerwasser, Serum und okulären Geweben. Grundlagenforschungen konnten weiterhin zeigen, dass chronischer oxidativer Stress, zusammen mit unzureichenden zellulären Schutz- und Reparaturmechanismen, den aberranten Matrixmetabolismus durch Induktion einer anhaltenden subklinischen Entzündungsreaktion und Aktivierung des profibrotischen Wachstumsfaktors TGF-β1 entscheidend beeinflussen kann. Oxidativer Stress scheint demnach einen modifizierbaren Risikofaktor in der Behandlung von Patienten mit PEX-Syndrom/Glaukom darzustellen.
Abstract
Pseudoexfoliation (PEX) glaucoma is the most common identifiable cause of open-angle glaucoma worldwide, comprising the majority of glaucoma in some countries. The underlying disorder, PEX syndrome, is a generalised, genetically determined, elastotic process of the extracellular matrix characterised by the excessive production and progressive accumulation of a fibrillar material in various tissues including the outflow pathways. Increasing evidence suggests that the oxidative-antioxidative balance is disturbed in patients with PEX syndrome/glaucoma, both in the anterior segment and throughout the body, and that the resulting oxidative stress constitutes a major mechanism involved in the pathophysiology of this fibrotic process. Significantly reduced levels of antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, glutathione, trace elements, antioxidative enzymes, and total antioxidative capacity in aqueous humor and serum suggest a faulty antioxidative defense system in PEX patients. The down-regulation of antioxidative enzymes in anterior segment tissues also indicates an inadequate cytoprotection against oxidative stress. Concomitantly, levels of oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide or nitric oxide, and oxidative stress markers, including lipid peroxidation products, degradation products of oxidated and methylated proteins, advanced glycation end products, and homocysteine are significantly increased in aqueous humor, tissues, and serum. The available data suggest that chronic oxidative stress in combination with weakened cytoprotective and repair strategies affects the abnormal matrix metabolism by induction of a persistent pro-inflammatory state and activation of the profibrotic growth factor TGF-β1. Oxidative stress, therefore, appears to represent a modifiable risk factor in the management of patients with PEX syndrome/glaucoma.
Schlüsselwörter
Pseudoexfoliationssyndrom - PEX-Glaukom - oxidativer Stress - extrazelluläre Matrix - TGF-ß1
Key words
pseudoexfoliation syndrome - pseudoexfoliation glaucoma - oxidative stress - extracellular matrix - TGF-ß1
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Prof. Dr. Ursula Schlötzer-Schrehardt
Augenklinik, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
Schwabachanlage 6
91054 Erlangen
Telefon: ++ 49/91 31/8 53 44 33
Fax: ++ 49/91 31/8 53 46 31
eMail: ursula.schloetzer@augen.imed.uni-erlangen.de