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DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1119411
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Stellenwert der minimal-invasiven Chirurgie beim primären und sekundären Hyperparathyroidismus
Role of Minimal Invasive Surgery for Primary and Secondary HyperparathyroidismPublication History
eingereicht: 20. Okt. 2008
akzeptiert: 4. Dez. 2008
Publication Date:
28 January 2009 (online)
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund: Während Jahren war bei der chirurgischen Therapie des primären (pHPT) und sekundären Hyperparathyroidismus (sHPT) die bilaterale Halsexploration die Standard-Therapie. In den letzten Jahren etablierten sich minimal-invasive Operationstechniken dank verbesserten Hilfsmitteln wie der präoperativen Lokalisationsdiagnostik und der intraoperativen Messung des Parathormons (PTH). Die Vorteile liegen in einer Minimierung der Operationsrisiken und einer kürzeren Operationszeit.
Patienten und Methode: Von den zwischen 1997 und 2006 an der HNO-Klinik des Kantonsspitals Luzern vorgenommenen 123 Eingriffen wurden 109 wegen einem pHPT und 14 wegen einem sHPT durchgeführt. Die präoperative Lokalisationsdiagnostik der Patienten mit pHPT erfolgte bei 74 Patienten (68%) mittels Halssonografie, bei 8 Patienten (7%) mittels Sestamibi-Szintigrafie und bei 27 Patienten (25%) durch kombinierte Modalitäten. 103 Patienten (84%) konnten nach durchschnittlich 3,5 Jahren nachkontrolliert werden. Bis zum Juni 2001 wurde ausschliesslich eine bilaterale Halsexploration durchgeführt. Danach kam beim pHPT primär eine minimal-invasiv offene Technik zur Anwendung, während beim sHPT immer eine bilaterale Exploration durchgeführt wurde.
Ergebnisse: Die Sensitivität der präoperativen Sonografie bzw. Szinitigrafie betrug für die Lokalisation der Pathologie im korrekten Quadranten 67% bzw. 65% und auf der korrekten Seite 74% bzw. 71%. Postoperativ erreichten 97% der Patienten mit einem pHPT Normwerte von Kalzium und PTH, alle Patienten mit einem sHPT erreichten eine Normokalzämie. Lediglich bei zwei Patienten kam es nach initial erfolgreicher Operation zu einem erneuten Anstieg des Serumkalziums.
Schlussfolgerung: Der Literaturvergleich zeigt beim pHPT eine Tendenz von der bilateralen Exploration zur minimal-invasiv offenen oder endoskopisch video-assistierten Technik. Die Häufigkeit einer persistierenden oder rezidivierenden Hyperkalzämie sowie die Komplikationsrate sind dabei vergleichbar. Die minimal-invasiven Techniken sind in geübter Hand mit einer kürzeren Operationszeit verbunden. Allerdings ist eine genaue präoperative Lokalisationsdiagnostik erforderlich und unterschiedliche intraoperative Hilfsmittel sind notwendig, sodass die minimal-invasiven Techniken nicht zwingend kostengünstiger sind. Diese haben beim sHPT eine untergeordnete Bedeutung, da es sich dabei um eine Mehrfachdrüsenerkrankung handelt.
Abstract
Background: The standard surgical approach to treat primary (pHPT) and secondary hyperparathyroidism (sHPT) used to be a cervicotomy with exploration of all four parathyroid glands. This access has been challenged recently by the introduction of minimally invasive techniques in order to achieve superior cosmesic results and to reduce theatre time. We analyzed the advantages and morbidities of these surgical aproaches.
Patients and methods: Between 1997 and 2006 a total of 123 patients (109 with pHPT and 14 with sHPT) underwent parathyroidectomy at the ENT Department in Luzern. Ultrasonographic scanning was performed on 74 patients (68%), szintigraphy in 8 patients (7%) and both scanning methods in 27 patients (25%). 103 patients were available for follow-up. The indications for each technique were reviewed and outcome measures included serum Calcium and parathyroid hormone levels.
Results: Sensitivity for preoperative ultrasonographic and scintigraphic scanning was 67% and 65% for identification of the correct quadrant and 74% and 71% for identification of the correct side. A bilateral exploration was performed until June 2001 for all patients. Thereafter, a minimally invasive approach was chosen for patients with pHPT, whereas patients with sHPT still require bilateral exploration. Adequate preoperative localization was a prerequisite for a minimally invasive technique. Mean postoperative serum Kalzium levels were within the normal range, independently of the surgical technique and disease. Two patients developed hypercalcemia after an initially successful operation.
Conclusions: Review of the literature confirms the shift from bilateral exploration towards minimally invasive techniques. The incidence of persistent or recurrent disease as well as the rate of complications seems comparable. Operation time for minimally invasive techniques is reduced in the hands of an experienced surgeon. However, proper preoperative localization of the diseased parathyroid gland is not always possible and the expenses of intraoperative parathyroid hormone measures do not lower the overall costs. Considerable experience and a multidisiplinary approach (endocrinologist, surgeon, pathologist) is required to adopt efficient minimally invasive techniques. As for sHPT, bilateral exploration remains the treatment of choice.
Schlüsselwörter
Hyperparathyroidismus - Sonografie - Sestamibi-Szintigrafie - minimal-invasive Parathyroidektomie
Key words
primary hyperparathyroidism - ultrasonographic scanning - sestamibi-scintigraphy - minimally invasive parathyroidectomy
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Korrespondenzadresse
Dr. med. Werner Müller
HNO-Klinik Kantonsspital Luzern
Spitalstraße 100
6000 Luzern
Email: werner.mueller@ksl.ch