Zusammenfassung
Cochlea-Implantate (CI) stellen seit fast 25 Jahren den Goldstandard
in der Versorgung taub geborener Kinder bzw. postlingual ertaubter Erwachsener
dar. Die Cochlea-Implantate sind damit die Erfolgsgeschichte im Bereich der
neurobionischen Prothesen. Durch die inzwischen routinemäßige
Versorgung von Erwachsenen, aber besonders auch Klein- und Kleinstkindern,
bestehen große Anforderungen an die Implantate. Dies gilt besonders im
Hinblick auf die Biokompatibilität der an der Oberfläche befindlichen
Anteile des CI. Darüber hinaus existieren erhebliche mechanische
Herausforderungen an einzelne Bauteile, wie z. B. Flexibilität bzw.
Bruchfestigkeit des Elektrodenträgers und der Bruchfestigkeit des
Implantatgehäuses gegen äußere Krafteinwirkungen. Durch die
unmittelbare Nähe der Implantate zur Mittelohrschleimhaut, wie auch dem
Übergang zur Perilymphe der Cochlea, besteht zumindest die prinzipielle
Gefahr eines Übertritts von Bakterien entlang des Elektrodenträgers
in die Cochlea. Durch die vielfältigen, an das Cochlea-Implantat
gestellten Anforderungen auf dem Gebiet der Biokompatibilität und der
Elektrodenmechanik ergibt sich trotz des derzeit bereits hohen technischen
Niveaus der Implantate weiterer Spielraum zur kontinuierlichen Verbesserung der
Implantat- bzw. Materialeigenschaften und hierdurch gesteigerte
Effektivität der Cochlea-Implantate. Nachfolgend soll daher auf
grundlegende Materialaspekte der Cochlea-Implantate sowie zukünftige
Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten eingegangen werden..
Abstract
Cochlear implants (CI) represent the „gold standard”
for the treatment of congenitally deaf children and postlingually deafened
adults. Thus, cochlear implantation is a success story of new bionic prosthesis
development. Owing to routine application of cochlear implants in adults but
also in very young children (below the age of one), high demands are placed on
the implants. This is especially true for biocompatibility aspects of surface
materials of implant parts which are in contact with the human body. In
addition, there are various mechanical requirements which certain components of
the implants must fulfil, such as flexibility of the electrode array and
mechanical resistance of the implant housing. Due to the close contact of the
implant to the middle ear mucosa and because the electrode array is positioned
in the perilymphatic space via cochleostomy, there is a potential risk of
bacterial transferral along the electrode array into the cochlea. Various
requirements that have to be fulfilled by cochlear implants, such as
biocompatibility, electrode micromechanics, and although a very high level of
technical standards has been carried out there is still demand for the
improvement of implants as well as of the materials used for manufacturing,
ultimately leading to increased implant performance. General considerations of
material aspects related to cochlear implants as well as potential future
perspectives of implant development will be discussed.
Schlüsselwörter
Cochlea-Implantat - Biomaterialien - Biokompatibilität - Elektrode - Innenohr - Cochleostomie - Oberflächenfunktionalisierung - Drug Delivery - Nanopartikel - Coating
Key words
cochlear implants - biomaterials - biocompatibility - electrode - inner ear - cochleostomy - surface functionalisation - drug delivery - nanoparticle - coating
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Prof. Dr. med. Timo Stöver
Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-, Nasen-, Ohrenheilkunde, Med.
Hochschule Hannover
Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1
30625 Hannover
Email: stoever.timo@mh-hannover.de
