Summary
Although transgenic mouse technology has already been widely used for the study of
gene function and regulation in many areas of biomedicine, it has been applied only
sporadically to the investigation of testicular function. Nevertheless, the contribution
of this experimental approach to the understanding of male reproduction is considerable,
not least because of the frequency of infertility in transgenic mice.
Transgenic mice can be produced by microinjection of DNA constructs in the male pronucleus
of fertilized eggs that are then retransferred into the oviducts of pseudopregnant
females and allowed to develop to term. A proportion of the offspring have the foreign
DNA sequences permamently integrated into the genome and thus become transgenic. In
this way it is possible to obtain either the over-expression of genes, which can be
targeted to the testis using testis-specific promoters, or to effect interruption
of the functional integrity of genes by insertional mutagenesis. The regulation of
gene expression in vivo can be studied by producing transgenic mice where the transgene is composed of the
regulatory sequences of a gene of interest driving the expression of a reporter gene.
Specific genes can be “knocked out” by homologous recombination.
This article reviews the contribution of the transgenic approach to the following
areas of male reproduction: the identification of factors involved in sex determination
and development of the reproductive tract; the study of the function and expression
of genes important for spermatogenesis and male reproduction; the identification of
genes involved in spermatogenesis and of genomic sequences directing the expression
of a transgene in the testis; the study of the function of specific reproductive tissues
or cells in vivo; oncogenesis in reproductive tissues; the creation of cell lines suitable for in vitro studies; gene therapy.
Key words
Transgenic mice - male reproduction - testis - spermatogenesis
