Download PDF
Int J Sports Med 2009; 30(9): 647-651
DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1220732
Training & Testing

© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Saccades and Prefrontal Hemodynamics in Basketball Players

K. Fujiwara 1 , N. Kiyota 1 , M. Maekawa 1 , K. Kunita 2 , T. Kiyota 3 , K. Maeda 4
  • 1Department of Human Movement and Health, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
  • 2Research Center for Urban Health and Sports, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
  • 3Department of Psychology, School of Humanities, Sapporo International University, Sapporo, Japan
  • 4Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Science, Morinomiya University of Health Sciences, Osaka, Japan
Further Information

Publication History

accepted after revision February 26, 2009

Publication Date:
30 June 2009 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

We investigated saccade performance and prefrontal hemodynamics in basketball players with different skill levels. Subjects were 27 undergraduate basketball players and 13 non-athlete undergraduates (control group: CON). The players were divided into two groups: those who had played in the National Athletic Meet during high school or played regularly (n=13, elite group: ELI) and those who were bench warmers (n=14, skilled group: SKI). Horizontal eye movement and oxy-, deoxy-, and total-hemoglobin (Hb) concentration in the prefrontal cortex during pro- and anti-saccade were measured using electro-oculography and near-infrared spectroscopy, respectively. Only error rate in anti-saccade was less in ELI (4.8±4.0%) than SKI (13.7±12.6%) and CON (13.9±8.3%) (p<0.05). In ELI alone, oxy- (−0.15±0.18 mmol*mm) and total-Hb (−0.12±0.15 mmol*mm) during anti-saccade decreased significantly compared with that during rest (p<0.05), while those in CON significantly increased (oxy-Hb: 0.17±0.15 mmol*mm, total-Hb: 0.14±0.14 mmol*mm) (p<0.05). These results suggest that inhibition of eye movement to a visual target changes from voluntary to automatic through the motor learning of basketball.

Key words

Anti-saccade - prefrontal hemodynamics - basketball - motor skill - near-infrared spectroscopy

References

  • 1 Brown MR, Goltz HC, Vilis T, Ford KA, Everling S. Inhibition and generation of saccades: rapid event-related fMRI of prosaccades, antisaccades, and nogo trials.  Neuroimage. 2006;  33 644-659
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 2 Clementz BA, McDowell JE, Stewart SE. Timing and magnitude of frontal activity differentiates refixation and anti-saccade performance.  Neuroreport. 2001;  12 1863-1868
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 3 Deiber MP, Wise SP, Honda M, Catalan MJ, Grafman J, Hallett M. Frontal and parietal networks for conditional motor learning: a positron emission tomography study.  J Neurophysiol. 1997;  78 977-991
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 4 Di Russo F, Pitzalis S, Spinelli D. Fixation stability and saccadic latency in élite shooters.  Vision Res. 2003;  43 1837-1845
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 5 Ericsson KA, Krampe RT, Tesch-Römer C. The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance.  Psychol Rev. 1993;  100 363-406
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 6 Evdokimidis I, Smyrnis N, Constantinidis TS, Stefanis NC, Avramopoulos D, Paximadis C, Theleritis C, Efstratiadis C, Kastrinakis G, Stefanis CN. The antisaccade task in a sample of 2,006 young men. I. Normal population characteristics.  Exp Brain Res. 2002;  147 45-52
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 7 Everling S, Fischer B. The antisaccade: a review of basic research and clinical studies.  Neuropsychologia. 1998;  36 885-899
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 8 Ford KA, Goltz HC, Brown MR, Everling S. Neural processes associated with antisaccade task performance investigated with event-related FMRI.  J Neurophysiol. 2005;  94 429-440
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 9 Fujiwara K, Kunita K, Toyama H. Changes in saccadic reaction time while maintaining neck flexion in men and women.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 2000;  81 317-324
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 10 Fujiwara K, Kunita K, Watanabe H. Sports exercise effect on shortening of saccadic reaction time associated with neck extensor muscle activity.  Int J Sports Med. 2006;  27 792-797
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 11 Gais S, Köster S, Sprenger A, Bethke J, Heide W, Kimmig H. Sleep is required for improving reaction times after training on a procedural visuo-motor task.  Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2008;  90 610-615
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 12 Gusnard DA, Raichle ME. Searching for a baseline: functional imaging and the resting human brain.  Nat Rev Neurosci. 2001;  2 685-694
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 13 Hermann MJ, Plichta MM, Ehlis AC, Fallgatter AJ. Optical topography during a Go-NoGo task assessed with multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy.  Behav Brain Res. 2005;  160 135-140
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 14 Homan RW, Herman J, Purdy P. Cerebral location of international 10–20 system electrode placement.  Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1987;  66 376-382
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 15 Hoshi Y. Functional near-infrared optical imaging: utility and limitations in human brain mapping.  Psychophysiology. 2003;  40 511-520
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 16 Jasper HH. The ten twenty electrode system of the international federation.  Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1958;  10 371-375
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 17 Jueptner M, Stephan KM, Frith CD, Brooks DJ, Frackowiak RS, Passingham RE. Anatomy of motor learning. I. Frontal cortex and attention to action.  J Neurophysiol. 1997;  77 1313-1324
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 18 Kalesnykas RP, Hallett PE. Retinal eccentricity and the latency of eye saccades.  Vision Res. 1993;  34 517-531
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 19 Kassubek J, Shmidtke K, Kimming H, Lucking CH, Greenlee MW. Changes in cortical activation during mirror reading before and after training: an fMRI study of procedural learning.  Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 2001;  10 207-217
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 20 Krause J. Coaching basketball: the complete coaching guide of the National Association of Basketball Coaches. Indianapolis: Masters Press 1994
  • 21 Land MF, McLeod P. From eye movements to actions: how batsmen hit the ball.  Nat Neurosci. 2000;  3 1340-1345
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 22 Leff DR, Elwell CE, Orihuela-Espina F, Atallah L, Delpy DT, Darzi AW, Yang GZ. Changes in prefrontal cortical behaviour depend upon familiarity on a bimanual co-ordination task: an fNIRS study.  Neuroimage. 2008;  39 805-813
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 23 Leigh RJ, Kennard C. Using saccades as a research tool in the clinical neurosciences.  Brain. 2004;  127 460-477
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 24 Lenoir M, Crevits L, Goethals M, Wildenbeest J, Musch E. Are better eye movements an advantage in ball games? A study of prosaccadic and antisaccadic eye movements.  Percept Mot Skills. 2000;  91 546-552
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 25 Mihara M, Miyai I, Hatakenaka M, Kubota K, Sakoda S. Sustained prefrontal activation during ataxic gait: a compensatory mechanism for ataxic stroke?.  Neuroimage. 2007;  37 1338-1345
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 26 Miyai I, Tanabe HC, Sase I, Eda H, Oda I, Konishi I, Tsunazawa Y, Suzuki T, Yanagida T, Kubota K. Cortical mapping of gait in humans: a near-infrared spectroscopic topography study.  Neuroimage. 2001;  14 1186-1192
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 27 Morrillo M, Di Russo F, Pitzalis S, Spinelli D. Latency of prosaccades and antisaccades in professional shooters.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;  38 388-394
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 28 Pierrot-Deseilligny C, Müri RM, Ploner CJ, Gaymard B, Demeret S, Rivaud-Pechoux S. Decisional role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in ocular motor behaviour.  Brain. 2003;  126 1460-1473
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 29 Ploner CJ, Gaymard BM, Rivaud-Péchoux S, Pierrot-Deseilligny C. The prefrontal substrate of reflexive saccade inhibition in humans.  Biol Psychiatry. 2005;  57 1159-1165
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 30 Sakai K, Hikosaka O, Miyauchi S, Takino R, Sasaki Y, Putz B. Transition of brain activation from frontal to parietal areas in visuomotor sequence learning.  J Neurosci. 1998;  18 1827-1840
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 31 Shibukawa K. Undo rikigaku (Motion dynamics) [in Japanese]. Tokyo: Taishukan publishing 1969
  • 32 Stine CD, Arterburn MR, Stern NS. Vision and sports: a review of the literature.  J Am Optom Assoc. 1982;  53 627-633
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 33 Strangman G, Culver JP, Thompson JH, Boas DA. A quantitative comparison of simultaneous BOLD fMRI and NIRS recordings during functional brain activation.  Neuroimage. 2002;  17 719-731
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 34 Suzuki M, Miyai I, Ono T, Oda I, Konishi I, Kochiyama T, Kubota K. Prefrontal and premotor cortices are involved in adapting walking and running speed on the treadmill: an optical imaging study.  Neuroimage. 2004;  23 1020-1026
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 35 Wade AR. The negative BOLD signal unmasked.  Neuron. 2002;  36 993-995
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 36 Wolf M, Wolf U, Toronov V, Michalos A, Choi JH, Gratton E. Different time evolution of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin concentration changes in the visual and motor cortices during functional stimulation: a near-infrared spectroscopy study.  Neuroimage. 2002;  16 704-712
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar

Correspondence

Dr. K. Fujiwara

Department of Human Movement and Health

Graduate School of Medical Science

Kanazawa University

13-1 Takara-machi

920-8640 Kanazawa

Japan

Phone: +81/76/265 22 25

Fax: +81/76/234 42 19

Email: fujikatu@med.m.kanazawa-u.ac.jp