A New Digitized Method of the Compulsive Gnawing Test Revealed Dopaminergic Activity of Salvinorin A In Vivo [*]

Abstract

The compulsive gnawing (CG) test has been used for numerous years as an assay to determine the dopaminergic activity of various compounds. We developed a new method of quantification via a digitization step which allowed a more precise measurement of the gnawing activity. It was the aim of the present study to explore possible dopaminergic effects of salvinorin A (SA), the major active compound of Salvia divinorum, using the new digitized CG test. A group of experiments using male C57BL/6 mice were performed to validate the new method of quantification showing only significant increases of gnawing when the dopamine reuptake inhibitors buproprion (20 mg/kg, p. o.) and nomifensine (10 mg/kg, i. p.) were given concomitantly with apomorphine (10 mg/kg, i. p.). Different concentrations of the SA (1.0, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg, i. p.) were tested with positive dopaminergic activity when administered with apomorphine which differed from the semisynthetic counterpart U-69593. Furthermore, the activity observed with SA was unsuccessfully antagonized by the κ-opioid receptor antagonist norbinaltorphimine (NorBNI; 10 and 20 mg/kg, i. p.), while the dopamine antagonist haloperidol did successfully block (0.06 mg/kg, i. p.) the gnawing activity seen with SA. Our data further strengthen the argument that salvinorin A is not a selective κ-opioid receptor agonist and is the first in vivo study that veers from salvinorin A acting solely like its synthetic counterparts. Furthermore, the digitized CG test system used in this study provides a new computational method to accurately detect behavior associated with dopaminergic neurotransmission.

Key words

Salvia divinorum - Lamiaceae - salvinorin A - compulsive gnawing - dopaminergic activity - κ‐opioid receptor

1 Dedicated to Professor Dr. Dr. Adolf Nahrstedt on the occasion of his 70th birthday.

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1 Dedicated to Professor Dr. Dr. Adolf Nahrstedt on the occasion of his 70th birthday.