Zusammenfassung
Trotz aller Weiterentwicklungen in Diagnostik und Therapie ist
die Prognose des kardiogenen Schocks weiterhin schlecht. Ursächlich
ist die Entwicklung eines Multiorgandysfunktionssyndroms aufgrund
einer eingeschränkten Perfusion mit gestörter
Mikrozirkulation zu nennen. Die Diagnose des kardiogenen Schocks
wird anhand klinischer Zeichen, Echokardiographie und Hämodynamik
gestellt. Durch die hohe prognostische Relevanz der Mikrozirkulation
ist dieser Parameter immer weiter in das Interesse der Kliniker
gerückt. Im kardiogenen Schock zeigt sich sowohl eine Abnahme
der Dichte der Gefäße als auch des Mikroflusses – besonders
in den kleinsten Kapillaren, wo Gas- und Nährstoffaustausch stattfinden.
Neue Daten zeigen, dass sich mittels Intravitalmikroskopie on-line-
und in-vivo-Parameter der Mikrozirkulation erheben lassen. Somit
kann beispielsweise eine Untersuchung während der Therapieumstellung
(z. B. Katecholamine oder mechanische Unterstützungssysteme)
mit Hinblick auf die Perfusionseffektivität stattfinden.
Die direkte Messung der Mikrozirkulation im kardiogenen Schock wird
in der vorliegenden Arbeit zusammengefasst; so kann das pathophysiologische
Verständnis in Hinblick auf erweiterte Diagnostik und Therapie
dieses komplexen Krankheitsbilder vertieft werden. Durch die nicht-invasive
Messtechnik und bettseitige Verfügbarkeit hat die Intravitalmikroskopie
das Potential, Berücksichtigung in klinischen Algorithmen
zur Therapieoptimierung im schweren Schock zu finden.
Abstract
The prognosis of cardiogenic shock is still dismal despite advancements
in diagnostic and therapeutic options. One of the major problems
is the development of multi-organ failure caused by impaired organ
perfusion with inadequate microcirculation. The diagnosis of cardiogenic
shock is based on clinical signs of hypoperfusion, echocardiography,
and hemodynamic parameters. Because of its high prognostic relevance
microcirculation has become more interesting for clinicians recently. Signs
of severe cardiogenic shock are reduced vascular density and impaired
microflow, especially in the smallest vessels and the location of
exchange of gas and nutrients. Recent studies revealed that intravital-microscopy
is a valuable tool for on-line and in-vivo measuring of microcirculatory
parameters. The assessment of microcirculation during modifications
of the treatment of cardiogenic shock is valuable, e. g.
during catecholamine therapy or when using of circulatory assist
devices. This article summarizes new findings regarding microcirculation
in cardiogenic shock, the use of assist devices, and novel pharmacological treatment.
Evaluation of microcirculatory changes with its new insights in
the complex pathophysiolgy of cardiogenic shock has the potential
to become part of diagnostic algorithms.
Schlüsselwörter
Mikrozirkulation - Kardiogener Schock - OPS - SDF - Intravitalmikroskopie
Keywords
microcirculation - cardiogenic shock - orthogonal polarization spectral - sidestream dark field - intravital microscopy
Literatur
1
Buerke M, Russ M, Prondzinsky R, Werdan K.
Infarct-related cardiogenic shock – diagnosis,
monitoring and therapy.
Intensivmed.
2009;
46
132-146
2
Cotter G, Williams S G, Vered Z, Tan L B.
Role of cardiac
power in heart failure.
Curr Opin Cardiol.
2003;
18
215-222
3
De Backer D, Creteur J, Dubois M -J, Sakr Y, Vincent J -L.
Microvascular alterations in patients with acute severe heart
failure and cardiogenic shock.
American Heart Journal.
2004;
147
91-99
4
den Uil C A, Lagrand W K, Spronk P E, van der Ent M, Jewbali L S, Brugts J J. et al .
Low-dose nitroglycerin improves microcirculation
in hospitalized patients with acute heart failure.
Eur
J Heart Fail.
2009;
11
386-390
5
den Uil C A, Lagrand W K, van der Ent M, Jewbali L S, Brugts J J, Spronk P E. et al .
The Effects of Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump
Support on Macrocirculation and Tissue Microcirculation in Patients
with Cardiogenic Shock.
Cardiology.
2009;
114
42-46
6
Fries M, Weil M H, Chang Y T, Castillo C, Tang W.
Microcirculation during cardiac arrest and resuscitation.
Crit Care Med.
2006;
34
S454-S457
7
Geppert A, Steiner A, Zorn G, Delle-Karth G, Koreny M, Haumer M. et al .
Multiple
organ failure in patients with cardiogenic shock is associated with high
plasma levels of interleukin-6.
Crit Care Med.
2002;
30
1987-1994
8
Gowda R M, Fox J T, Khan I A.
Cardiogenic shock: basics and clinical considerations.
Int J Cardiol.
2008;
123
221-228
9
Hochman J S, Sleeper L A, Webb J G, Sanborn T A, White H D, Talley J D. et al .
Early revascularization in acute myocardial
infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. SHOCK Investigators.
Should We Emergently Revascularize Occluded Coronaries for Cardiogenic
Shock.
N Engl J Med.
1999;
341
625-634
10
Jacobs A K, French J K, Col J, Sleeper L A, Slater J N, Carnendran L. et al .
Cardiogenic shock with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction:
a report from the SHOCK Trial Registry. SHould we emergently revascularize Occluded
coronaries for Cardiogenic shocK?.
J Am Coll Cardiol.
2000;
36
1091-1096
11
Jung C, Ferrari M, Gradinger R, Fritzenwanger M, Pfeifer R, Schlosser M. et al .
Evaluation
of the microcirculation during extracorporeal membrane-oxygenation.
Clin Hemorheol Microcirc.
2008;
40
311-314
12
Jung C, Ferrari M, Rodiger C, Fritzenwanger M, Figulla H R.
Combined Impella and intra-aortic balloon pump support to improve
macro- and microcirculation: a clinical case.
Clin Res
Cardiol.
2008;
97
849-850
13
Jung C, Ferrari M, Roediger C, Fritzenwanger M, Goebel B, Lauten A. et al .
Evaluation
of the sublingual microcirculation in cardiogenic shock.
Clin Hemorheol
Microcirc.
2009;
42
141-148
14
Jung C, Lauten A, Rodiger C, Fritzenwanger M, Schumm J, Figulla H. et al .
In vivo
evaluation of tissue microflow under combined therapy with extracorporeal
life support and intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation.
Anaesth Intensive
Care.
2009;
37
883-835
15
Jung C, Rodiger C, Fritzenwanger M, Schumm J, Lauten A, Figulla H R. et al .
Acute
microflow changes after stop and restart of intra-aortic balloon pump
in cardiogenic shock.
Clin Res Cardiol.
2009;
98
469-475
16
Jung C, Rodiger C, Lauten A, Fritzenwanger M, Goebel B, Schumm J. et al .
[Long-term
therapy with propofol has no impact on microcirculation in medical
intensive care patients.].
Med Klin (Munich).
2009;
104
336-342
17
Jung C, Schlosser M, Figulla H R, Ferrari M.
Providing Macro- and
Microcirculatory Support with the Lifebridge System During High-risk
PCI in Cardiogenic Shock.
Heart Lung Circ.
2008;
18
296-298
18
Knotzer H, Hasibeder W R.
Microcirculatory
function monitoring at the bedside--a view from the intensive care.
Physiol Meas.
2007;
28
R65-86
19
Nieminen M, Böhm M, Cowie M, Drexler H, Filippatos G GJ. et al .
Executive summary of the
guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of acute heart failure:
The Task Force on Acute Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology.
Eur Heart J.
2005;
26
384-416
20
Sakr Y, Dubois M J, De Backer D, Creteur J, Vincent J L.
Persistent microcirculatory alterations are associated with
organ failure and death in patients with septic shock.
Crit
Care Med.
2004;
32
1825-1831
21
Sjauw K D, Engstrom A E, Vis M M, van der Schaaf R J, Baan Jr J, Koch K T. et al .
A systematic review and meta-analysis of
intra-aortic balloon pump therapy in ST-elevation myocardial infarction:
should we change the guidelines?.
Eur Heart J.
2009;
30
459-468
22
Spronk P E, Zandstra D F, Ince C.
Bench-to-bedside review: sepsis is a disease of the microcirculation.
Crit Care.
2004;
8
462-468
23
Topalian S, Ginsberg F, Parrillo J E.
Cardiogenic shock.
Crit Care Med.
2008;
36
S66-S74
24
Wimmer R, Janusch M, Lemm H, Winkler M, Buerke M, Werdan K.
Effekte von Levosimendan
auf die Mikrozirkulation bei kardiogenem Schock.
Intensivmed.
2007;
44
227-261
Dr. Christian Jung
Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität
Erlanger Allee 101
07747 Jena
Phone: 03641/ 9324101
Fax: 03641/9324102
Email: christian.jung@med.uni-jena.de