Was ist oxidativer Stress?

Zusammenfassung

Oxidativer Stress im chemischen Sinne beschreibt den Zustand der oxidativen Überflutung. Heute wird häufig als oxidativer Stress auch jeder Zustand bezeichnet, der mit einer Erhöhung an Oxidantien oder auch einem Mangel an Antioxidantien sowohl im Gesamtorganismus als auch in einem Organkompartiment einhergeht. Vom molekularen Sauerstoff ausgehend werden in entsprechender Umgebung hochreaktive Metabolite generiert, die entweder direkt schädigend wirken oder die Bildung von Sekundärreaktionen ermöglichen, die schließlich zu oxidativen Prozessen führen. Die Zelle hat zahlreiche Mechanismen und Strategien entwickelt, die potenziell toxische Sauerstoffspezies auf verschiedenen Stufen ihrer Entstehung oder ihrer Reaktion mit Biomolekülen hemmen oder blockieren sollen. Zahlreiche Krankheitsbilder werden mit oxidativem Stress in Verbindung gebracht. Das Auge ist im Vergleich zu anderen Organen insofern vermehrt gefährdet, oxidative Schäden zu erleiden, da es permanent mit oxidativen Stimuli umgehen muss. Die biochemische Zusammensetzung der okulären Strukturen ist ein weiterer Faktor, der diese im Vergleich zu anderen Organen vermehrte oxidative Gefährdung ausmacht. Insbesondere die okuläre bzw. die Netzhautischämie, die diabetische Retinopathie sowie die altersbedingte Makuladegeneration und auch das Glaukom werden mit oxidativen Prozessen in Verbindung gebracht. Während bei der Netzhautischämie die klassischen Generierungsmechanismen von Oxidantien von Relevanz sind, gelten diese bei der diabetischen Retinopathie im Hinblick auf die Generierung oxidativer Metabolite mittlerweile eher als Sekundärreaktionen. Hier stehen heute Glykosylierungsprodukte (AGE’s) und die auch oxidativ induzierbare Expression von Wachstumsfaktoren im Mittelpunkt. Bei der altersbedingten Makuladegeneration scheinen photodynamische Prozesse (v. a. Typ-2-Reaktion), die von Kindheit an ablaufen und auch durch sichtbares, v. a. blaues Licht unterhalten werden, mitverantwortlich für die Entstehung des Krankheitsbilds zu sein. Zusätzlich kann die Induktion des Gefäßwachstums bzw. die Expression von Wachstumsfaktoren über Entzündungsreaktionen aber auch oxidativ erfolgen.

Abstract

Oxidative stress is defined as an overflow of oxidative metabolites either in the human body or in a compartment of the body. Today this chemical definition has been slightly modified and encompasses an elevation of oxidative metabolites or a relative deficiency of anti-oxidants. Molecular oxygen is the basis of many highly reactive oxidative species which are able to directly damage or lead to the generation of secondary reactions which then initiate oxidative processes. The cell has established numerous mechanisms and strategies to antagonise those oxidative processes at different steps. Many diseases have been shown to be either related to or even be initiated by oxidative processes. The eye is at high risk to be damaged by oxidative mechanisms. One major reason is its permanent exposition to oxidative stimuli. The biochemical composition of ocular structures, especially that of the retina (unsaturated fatty acids), is an important factor making the eye more susceptible as compared to other organs. Ocular ischaemia, ischaemia or hypoxia of the retina, diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma are important disease entities that are initiated or propagated by oxidative processes. Ischaemic processes lead to classical reactions of the oxidative pathway. This is no longer believed to be the case in diabetic retinopathy. Here, advanced glycation end products (AGE’s) and related species are able to induce oxidative reactions and the expression of growth factors. In age-related macular degeneration, photodynamic processes that already occur in childhood are believed to be a major factor contributing to the pathogenesis of the disease process. In addition, the expression of growth factors and new vessel growth can be initiated via inflammatory reactions or oxidative metabolites.

Schlüsselwörter

oxidativer Gewebeschaden - Sauerstoff - Antioxidantien - Diabetes mellitus - altersbedingte Makuladegeneration

Key words

oxidative tissue damage - oxygen - anti-oxidants - diabetes - age-related macular degeneration

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