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DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1249986
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Einfluss der Knochendichte und der Zementiertechnik auf die In-vitro-Zementverteilung in der Schulterendoprothetik
Significance of Bone Mineral Density and Modern Cementing Technique for in Vitro Cement Penetration in Total Shoulder ArthroplastyPublication History
Publication Date:
18 June 2010 (online)
Zusammenfassung
Studienziel: Die aseptische Lockerung der zementierten Schultergelenkpfanne im Bereich der Schulterendoprothetik stellt eine häufige Komplikation dar und ist bei klinischen Beschwerden mit einem Wechsel der Prothese verbunden. Mögliche Ursachen könnten in einer inhomogenen und unzureichenden Zementverteilung sowie einer schlechten Knochensubstanz begründet liegen. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, eine Mikro-CT-Analyse der Zementverteilung unter Anwendung einer modernen Zementiertechnik durchzuführen und den Einfluss der Knochendichte auf die Zementpenetration zu untersuchen. Methode: Mittels der DEXA-Methode wurde die Knochendichte unterhalb der glenoidalen Gelenkfläche an 8 Scapulapaaren gemessen (n = 16). Unter Anwendung einer modernen Zementiertechnik wurden anschließend 16 Glenoidprothesen mit unterschiedlichem Design implantiert. Untersucht wurden jeweils eine Schultergelenkpfanne mit Stiften und eine Pfanne mit einem zentralen Kiel. Vor Implantation wurden die Präparate gemäß einer zuvor durchgeführten In-vivo-Temperaturmessung des Implantatlagers auf 31 °C erwärmt. Nach Implantation wurden die Präparate im Mikro-CT untersucht und mithilfe eines speziellen Bildbearbeitungsprogramms die jeweilige Zementpenetrationsfläche berechnet. Ergebnisse: Die Knochendichte betrug im Mittelwert 0,59 (0,33–0,99) g/cm2. Die Zementpenetrationsfläche betrug im Mittelwert 107,9 (67,6–142,3) mm2 für die Stiftprothese und 128,3 (102,6–170,8) mm2 für die Kielprothese. Die Dicke der Zementschicht variierte bei der Stiftprothese zwischen 0 und 2,1 mm und bei der Kielprothese zwischen 0 und 2,4 mm. Bei der Korrelation der Zementfläche mit der Knochendichte zeigte sich ein signifikant negativer Zusammenhang für die Stiftprothese (r2 = −0,834; p < 0,01) und für die Kielprothese (r2 = −0,727; p < 0,041). Schlussfolgerungen: Unter Anwendung einer modernen Zementiertechnik kann im In-vitro-Modell am Glenoid eine ausreichende Zementpenetration erreicht werden. Die Erkenntnis, dass die Oberflächentemperatur am Implantatlager nicht der Körpertemperatur entspricht, sollte in zukünftigen In-vitro-Studien berücksichtigt werden. Die Knochendichte hat einen hohen inversen Einfluss auf die Zementpenetration und sollte in den Diskussionen zur Zementverteilung berücksichtigt werden.
Abstract
Aim: Loosening of the glenoid component is one of the major causes of failure in total shoulder arthroplasty. Possible risk factors for loosening of cemented components include an eccentric loading, poor bone quality, inadequate cementing technique and insufficient cement penetration. The application of a modern cementing technique has become an established procedure in total hip arthroplasty. The goal of modern cementing techniques in general is to improve the cement-penetration into the cancellous bone. Modern cementing techniques include the cement vacuum-mixing technique, retrograde filling of the cement under pressurisation and the use of a pulsatile lavage system. The main purpose of this study was to analyse cement penetration into the glenoid bone by using modern cement techniques and to investigate the relationship between the bone mineral density (BMD) and the cement penetration. Furthermore we measured the temperature at the glenoid surface before and after jet-lavage of different patients during total shoulder arthroplasty. It is known that the surrounding temperature of the bone has an effect on the polymerisation of the cement. Data from this experiment provide the temperature setting for the in-vitro study. Method: The glenoid surface temperature was measured in 10 patients with a hand-held non-contact temperature measurement device. The bone mineral density was measured by DEXA. Eight paired cadaver scapulae were allocated (n = 16). Each pair comprised two scapulae from one donor (matched-pair design). Two different glenoid components were used, one with pegs and the other with a keel. The glenoids for the in-vitro study were prepared with the bone compaction technique by the same surgeon in all cases. Pulsatile lavage was used to clean the glenoid of blood and bone fragments. Low viscosity bone cement was applied retrogradely into the glenoid by using a syringe. A constant pressure was applied with a modified force sensor impactor. Micro-computed tomography scans were applied to analyse the cement penetration into the cancellous bone. Results: The mean temperature during the in-vivo arthroplasty of the glenoid was 29.4 °C (27.2–31 °C) before and 26.2 °C (25–27.5 °C) after jet-lavage. The overall peak BMD was 0.59 (range 0.33–0.99) g/cm2. Mean cement penetration was 107.9 (range 67.6–142.3) mm2 in the peg group and 128.3 (range 102.6–170.8) mm2 in the keel group. The thickness of the cement layer varied from 0 to 2.1 mm in the pegged group and from 0 to 2.4 mm in the keeled group. A strong negative correlation between BMD and mean cement penetration was found for the peg group (r2 = −0.834; p < 0.01) and for the keel group (r2 = −0.727; p < 0.041). Micro-CT shows an inhomogenous dispersion of the cement into the cancellous bone. Conclusions: Data from the in-vivo temperature measurement indicate that the temperature at the glenohumeral surface under operation differs from the body core temperature and should be considered in further in-vitro studies with human specimens. Bone mineral density is negatively correlated to cement penetration in the glenoid. The application of a modern cementing technique in the glenoid provides sufficient cementing penetration although there is an inhomogenous dispersion of the cement. The findings of this study should be considered in further discussions about cementing technique and cement penetration into the cancellous bone of the glenoid.
Schlüsselwörter
Zementiertechnik - Zementpenetration - Schulterpfanne - Knochendichte - Mikro‐CT
Key words
cementing technique - cement penetration - glenoid component - bone mineral density - micro‐CT
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Dr. Guido Pape
Sektion Obere Extremität: Schulter-, Ellenbogen- und Handchirurgie
Orthopädische Universitätsklinik Heidelberg
Schlierbacher Landstraße 200 a
68119 Heidelberg
Phone: 0 62 21/96 62 24
Fax: 0 62 21/96 83 88
Email: guido.pape@med.uni-heidelberg.de