Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1260233
Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Rearrangements of Small Cycloalkanes: Regioselectivity Trends in β-Carbon Elimination Reactions
Publication History
Publication Date:
20 September 2011 (online)
Abstract
In this review, the regioselectivity of transition-metal-catalyzed ring cleavage of cyclopropanes and cyclobutanes by β-carbon elimination is analyzed using experimental results and rationalization models from the literature. Most models proposed are generally consistent with the following trends: Cleavage of the less substituted bond of the small cycloalkane is favored by a minimization of steric hindrance, whereas cleavage of the more substituted bond becomes possible if steric hindrance is limited and if the substituent is electron-withdrawing or if it can coordinate the metal. Importantly, steric congestion can easily offset electronic activation. Moreover, regioselectivity models appear to be more generally applicable to cyclopropanes than to cyclobutanes.
1 Introduction
2 Important Features of β-C Elimination in Small Cycloalkanes
2.1 Reversibility of Ring-Opening β-C Elimination
2.2 Syn-Coplanarity of Ring-Opening β-C Elimination
2.3 Oxidative Addition during Ring-Opening β-C Elimination
2.4 Comparison with Other Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Ring-Opening Reactions
3 Case Studies
3.1 β-C Elimination Involving a Carbon-Metal Bond
3.1.1 Methylenecyclopropanes
3.1.2 Alkylidenecyclopropanes
3.1.3 Vinylcyclopropanes
3.1.4 Alkynylcyclopropanes
3.1.5 Allenylcycloalkanes
3.1.6 Phenyl-Substituted Cyclopropanes
3.1.7 Regioselective Ring Opening of Cyclobutane Derivatives to Cyclooctenones
3.2 β-C Elimination Involving a Nitrogen-Metal Bond
3.3 β-C Elimination Involving an Oxygen-Metal Bond
4 Conclusion
Key words
regioselectiviy - ring opening - ring expansion - transition-metal catalysis - C-C bond activation
- For reviews on transition-metal-catalyzed C-C bond activation, see:
-
1a
Jennings PW.Johnson LL. Chem. Rev. 1994, 94: 2241 -
1b
Rybtchinski B.Milstein D. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38: 870 -
1c
Murakami M.Ito Y. In Topics in Organometallic Chemistry Vol. 3:Murai S. Springer; Berlin: 1999. p.97 -
1d
Mitsudo T.Kondo T. Synlett 2001, 309 -
1e
Nakamura I.Yamamoto Y. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2002, 344: 111 -
1f
van der Boom ME.Milstein D. Chem. Rev. 2003, 103: 1759 -
1g
Nishimura T.Uemura S. Synlett 2004, 201 -
1h
Jun C.-H. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2004, 33: 610 -
1i
Satoh T.Miura M. In Topics in Organometallic Chemistry Vol. 14:Murai S. Springer; Berlin: 2005. p.1 -
1j
Murakami M.Makino M.Ashida S.Matsuda T. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 2006, 79: 1315 -
1k
Nečas D.Kotora M. Curr. Org. Chem. 2007, 11: 1566 -
1l
Rubin M.Rubina M.Gevorgyan V. Chem. Rev. 2007, 107: 3117 -
1m
Seiser T.Cramer N. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2009, 7: 2835 -
1n
Murakami M.Matsuda T. Chem. Commun. 2011, 47: 1100 - For selected examples of ring-expansion reactions of vinylcyclobutanols, see:
-
2a
Demuth M.Pandey B.Wietfeld B.Said H.Viader J. Helv. Chim. Acta 1988, 71: 1392 -
2b
Nemoto H.Nagamochi M.Fukumoto K. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1993, 2329 -
2c
Hegedus LS.Ranslow PB. Synthesis 2000, 953 -
2d
Schweinitz A.Chtchemelinine A.Orellana A. Org. Lett. 2011, 13: 232 - For ring-expansion reactions of allenylcyclobutanols, see:
-
3a
Nemoto H.Yoshida M.Fukumoto K. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62: 6450 -
3b
Yoshida M.Sugimoto K.Ihara M. Tetrahedron Lett. 2000, 41: 5089 - For ring-expansion reactions of alkynylcyclobutanols, see:
-
4a
Yoshida M.Nemoto H.Ihara M. Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40: 8583 -
4b
Larock RC.Reddy ChK. J. Org. Chem. 2002, 67: 2027 - For reviews, see:
-
5a
Reissig H.-U.Zimmer R. Chem. Rev. 2003, 103: 1151 -
5b
Yu M.Pagenkopf BL. Tetrahedron 2005, 61: 321 -
5c
De Simone F.Waser J. Synthesis 2009, 3353 -
5d
Carson CA.Kerr MA. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2009, 38: 3051 -
5e For a review on Lewis acid
catalyzed rearrangement of activated vinylidenecyclopropanes, see:
Shi M.Shao L.-X.Lu J.-M.Wei Y.Mizuno K.Maeda H. Chem. Rev. 2010, 110: 5883 -
6a
Morizawa Y.Oshima K.Nozaki H. Tetrahedron Lett. 1982, 23: 2871 -
6b
Burgess K. Tetrahedron Lett. 1985, 26: 3049 -
6c
Shimizu I.Ohashi Y.Tsuji J. Tetrahedron Lett. 1985, 26: 3825 -
6d
Burgess K. J. Org. Chem. 1987, 52: 2046 -
6e
Yamamoto K.Ishida T.Tsuji J. Chem. Lett. 1987, 1157 -
6f
Hirio K.Arinaga Y.Ogino T. Chem. Lett. 1992, 2329 -
6g
Khusnutdinov RI.Dzhemilev UM.
J. Organomet. Chem. 1994, 471: 1 -
6h
Hughes G.Lautens M.Wu J. Synlett 2000, 835 -
6i
Moreau P.Maffei M. Tetrahedron Lett. 2004, 45: 743 - For leading references, see:
-
7a
Nishimura T.Matsumara S.Maeda Y.Uemura S. Chem. Commun. 2002, 50 -
7b
Matsumara S.Maeda Y.Nishimura T.Uemura S.
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125: 8862 -
7c
Seiser T.Cramer N. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47: 9294 -
7d
Seiser T.Roth OA.Cramer N. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48: 6320 -
7e
Shigeno M.Yamamoto T.Murakami M. Chem. Eur. J. 2009, 15: 12929 -
7f
Seiser T.Cramer N. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49: 10163 -
7g
Seiser T.Cramer N.
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132: 5340 - For leading references, see:
-
8a
Harayama H.Kuroki T.Kimura M.Tanaka S.Tamaru Y. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1997, 36: 2352 -
8b
Terao Y.Wakui H.Satoh T.Miura M.Nomura M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123: 10407 - 9 Taken from:
Wiberg KB. In The Chemistry of CyclobutanesRappoport Z.Liebman JF. John Wiley & Sons Ltd; New York: 2005. p.4 -
10a
Nishihara Y.Yoda C.Osakada K. Organometallics 2001, 20: 2124 - For related work with Rh and Ir catalysts by the same group, see:
-
10b
Itazaki M.Yoda C.Nishihara Y.Osakada K. Organometallics 2004, 23: 5402 -
10c
Nishihara Y.Yoda C.Itazaki M.Osakada K. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 2005, 78: 1469 -
11a
Zhang Y.Negishi E.-i. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111: 3454 -
11b
Grigg R.Dorrity MJ.Malone JF.Sridharan V.Sukirthalingam S. Tetrahedron Lett. 1990, 31: 1343 -
11c
Grigg R.Sridharan V.Sukirthalingam S. Tetrahedron Lett. 1991, 32: 3855 -
11d
Meyer FE.Parsons PJ.de Meijere A. J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56: 6487 -
11e
Oppolzer W.Pimm A.Stammen B.Hume WE. Helv. Chim. Acta 1997, 80: 623 -
11f
Oh CH.Kang JH.Rhim CY.Kim JH. Chem. Lett. 1998, 375 -
11g
de Meijere A.von Zezschwitz P.Bräse S. Acc. Chem. Res. 2005, 38: 413 -
11h
Grigg R.Sakee U.Sridharan V.Sukirthalingam S.Thangavelauthum R. Tetrahedron 2006, 62: 9523 - 12
Miura T.Sasaki T.Harumashi T.Murakami M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128: 2516 - 13
Carpenter NE.Kucera DJ.Overman LE. J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54: 5846 - 14
Jun C.-H. Organometallics 1996, 15: 895 -
15a
Flood TC.Bitler SP. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984, 106: 6076 - For accompanying studies, see:
-
15b
Flood TC.Slater JA. Organometallics 1984, 3: 1795 -
15c
Ermer SP.Struck GE.Bitler SP.Richards R.Bau R.Flood TC. Organometallics 1993, 12: 2634 -
16a
Casey CP.Hallenbeck SL.Wright JM.Landis CL. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119: 9680 -
16b
Casey CP.Hallenbeck SL.Pollock DW.Landis CL. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117: 9770 - 17
Bunel E.Burger BJ.Bercaw JE. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110: 976 -
18a
Pinke PA.Stauffer RD.Miller RG. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 96: 4229 -
18b
Miller RG.Pinke PA.Stauffer RD.Golden HJ.Baker DJ. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 96: 4211 -
18c
Pinke DA.Miller RG. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 96: 4221 - 19
Atkins M. P.Golding BT.Bury A.Johnson MD.Sellars PJ. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1980, 102: 3630 - 20
Owczarczyk Z.Lamaty F.Vawter EJ.Negishi E.-i.
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114: 10091 - 21
Feutren S.McAlonan H.Montgomery D.Stevenson PJ. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 2000, 1129 -
22a
Ikeda S.-i.Suzuki K.Odashima K. Chem. Commun. 2006, 457 - For other examples by the same research group, see:
-
22b
Ikeda S.-i.Sanuki R.Miyashi H.Miyashita H.Taniguchi M.Odashima K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126: 10331 -
22c
Ikeda S.-i.Miyashita H.Taniguchi M.Kondo H.Okano M.Sato Y.Odashima K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124: 12060 - For examples, see:
-
23a
Yokoyama H.Takahashi T. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38: 595 -
23b
Schweizer S.Schelper M.Thies C.Parsons PJ.Noltemeyer M.de Meijere A. Synlett 2001, 920 -
24a
Rawal VH.Michoud C. J. Org. Chem. 1993, 58: 5583 -
24b
Bennasar ML.Zulaica E.Solé D.Roca T.García-Díaz D.Alonso S. J. Org. Chem. 2009, 74: 8359 -
25a
Yu Z.-X.Wender PA.Houk KN. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126: 9154 -
25b
Liu P.Cheong PH.-Y.Yu Z.-X.Wender PA.Houk KN. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47: 3939 -
26a
Wender PA.Rieck H.Fuji M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120: 10976 -
26b
Wender PA.Dyckman AJ.Husfeld CO.Scanio MJC. Org. Lett. 2000, 2: 1609 -
26c
Wender PA.Barzilay CM.Dyckman AJ. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123: 179 - 27 For a related nickel-catalyzed rearrangement
of acyl-VCPs, see:
Bowman RK.Johnson JS. Org. Lett. 2006, 8: 573 - 28
Ogata K.Atsuumi Y.Fukuzawa S.-i. Org. Lett. 2010, 12: 4536 - 29
Kurahashi T.de Meijere A. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44: 7881 - 30
Kurahashi T.Wu YT.Meindl K.Rühl S.de Meijere A. Synlett 2005, 805 - 31
Smolensky E.Kapon M.Eisen MS. Organometallics 2007, 26: 4510 - 32
Lautens M.Meyer C.Lorenz A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118: 10676 - 33
Itazaki M.Nishihara Y.Takimoto H.Yoda C.Okasada K. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 2005, 241: 65 - 34
Taniguchi H.Ohmura T.Suginome M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131: 11298 - 35
Shirakura M.Suginome M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131: 5060 -
36a
Kim S.Takeuchi D.Osakada K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124: 762 -
36b
Kim S.Takeuchi D.Osakada K. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 2003, 204: 666 - 37
Aïssa C.Fürstner A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129: 14836 - 38
Simaan S.Goldberg AFG.Rosset S.Marek I. Chem. Eur. J. 2010, 16: 774 - 39
Simaan S.Marek I. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132: 4066 -
40a
Ma S.Zhang J. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2003, 42: 184 -
40b
Ma S.Lu L.Zhang J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126: 9645 - For initial reports of this reaction without examples presenting any regioselectivity issue, see:
-
41a
Ben-Shoshan R.Sarel S. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1969, 883 -
41b
Victor R.Ben-Shoshan R.Sarel S. Tetrahedron Lett. 1970, 4253 - 42
Moriarty RM.Yeh C.-L.Ramey KC. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1971, 93: 6709 - 43
Eisenstadt A. Tetrahedron Lett. 1972, 2005 - 44
Johnson BFG.Lewis J.Thompson DJ.Heill B.
J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1975, 567 -
45a
Taber DF.Kanai K.Jiang Q.Bui G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122: 6807 -
45b
Taber DF.Joshi PV.Kanai K. J. Org. Chem. 2004, 69: 2268 - 46
Kurahashi T.de Meijere A. Synlett 2005, 2619 -
47a
Salomon MF.Salomon RG. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1976, 89 -
47b
Salomon RG.Salomon MF.Kachinski JLC. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1977, 99: 1043 - 48
Liu P.Sirois LE.Cheong PH.-Y.Yu Z.-X.Hartung IV.Rieck H.Wender PA.Houk KN. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132: 10127 - 49
Jiao L.Ye S.Yu Z.-X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130: 7178 -
50a
Trost BM.Toste FD.Shen H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122: 2379 -
50b
Trost BM.Shen HC. Org. Lett. 2000, 2: 2523 -
50c
Trost BM.Shen HC. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2001, 40: 2313 -
50d
Trost BM.Shen HC.Horne DB.Toste FD.Steinmetz BG.Koradin C. Chem. Eur. J. 2005, 11: 2577 -
51a
Wender PA.Dyckman AJ.Husfeld CO.Kadereit D.Love JA.Rieck H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121: 10442 -
51b
Wender PA.Dyckman AJ. Org. Lett. 1999, 1: 2089 - For the first report on rhodium-catalyzed intramolecular [5+2] cycloadditon, see:
-
51c
Wender PA.Takahashi H.Witulski B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117: 4720 -
52a Application
of this chemistry has been the topic of a recent review:
Pellissier H. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2011, 353: 189 - For examples where regioselectivity of the rearrangement is an issue, see:
-
52b
Ashfeld BL.Martin SF. Org. Lett. 2005, 7: 4535 -
52c
Ashfeld BL.Miller KA.Smith AJ.Tran K.Martin SF. J. Org. Chem. 2007, 72: 9018 -
52d
Trost BM.Hu Y.Horne DB. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129: 11781 -
52e
Trost BM.Waser J.Meyer A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129: 14556 -
52f
Trost BM.Waser J.Meyer A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130: 16424 - 53
Iwasawa N.Matsuo T.Iwamoto M.Ikeno T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120: 3903 - 54
Shu D.Li X.Zhang M.Robichaux PJ.Tang W. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50: 1346 - 55
Hayashi M.Ohmatsu T.Meng Y.-P.Saigo K. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37: 837 - 56
Murakami M.Itami K.Ubukata M.Tsuji I.Ito Y.
J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63: 4 - 57
Wender PA.Deschamps NM.Sun R. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45: 3957 - 58
Huffman MA.Liebeskind LS. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115: 4895 - 59
Tobisch S. Chem. Eur. J. 2005, 11: 3113 - 60
Ryu J.-S.Li GY.Marks TJ. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125: 12584 - 61
Crépin D.Dawick J.Aïssa C. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49: 620 - 62
Wender PA.Correa AG.Sato Y.Sun R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122: 7815 - 63
Montero-Campillo MM.Rodríguez-Otero J.Cabaleiro-Lago EM. Tetrahedron 2008, 64: 6215 - For leading references, see:
-
64a
Murakami M.Amii H.Shigeto K.Ito Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118: 8285 -
64b
Murakami M.Takahashi K.Amii H.Ito Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119: 9307 -
64c
Murakami M.Itahashi T.Ito Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124: 13976 - 65
Wender PA.Pedersen TM.Scanio MJC. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124: 15154 - 66
Nishimura T.Uemura S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122: 12049 - 67
Nishimura T.Nishiguchi Y.Maeda Y.Uemura S.
J. Org. Chem. 2004, 69: 5342 - 68
Liu L.Montgomery J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128: 5348 -
69a
Matsuda T.Makino M.Murakami M. Org. Lett. 2004, 6: 1257 -
69b
Matsuda T.Makino M.Murakami M. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44: 4608 -
70a
Nishimura T.Ohe K.Uemura S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121: 2645 -
70b
Nishimura T.Uemura S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121: 11010 -
70c
Nishimura T.Ohe K.Uemura S. J. Org. Chem. 2001, 66: 1455 - 71
Park S.-B.Cha JK. Org. Lett. 2000, 2: 147 - 72
Okumoto H.Jinnai T.Shimizu H.Harada Y.Mishima H.Suzuki A. Synlett 2000, 629 - 73
Clark GR.Thensathit S. Tetrahedron Lett. 1985, 26: 2503