Der primäre Hyperparathyreoidismus ist eine häufige
endokrine Erkrankung. Die Einführung der routinemäßigen
Kalziumbestimmung im Serum am Automaten hat zu dieser Inzidenzzunahme
geführt. Die klassischen klinischen Symptome wie Nierensteine,
ossäre Symptome oder gastrointestinale Erkrankungen spielen
heute eine untergeordnete Rolle, so dass die Hyperkalzämie
mit erhöhtem intaktem Parathormon die Diagnose zu 95 % sichern.
Da die asymptomatische Verlaufsform über 80 % der
Fälle ausmacht, wurden Kriterien für die chirurgische Therapie
in Konsensuskonferenzen beraten und publiziert. Nach gesicherter
biochemischer Diagnose werden als Lokalisationsdiagnostik der Halsultraschall
und die 99m Tc-Sestamibi-Szintigraphie favorisiert. Die jetzt verbesserte
Diagnostik hat auch zu weniger belastenden chirurgischen Methoden
mit minimal-invasiven und endoskopischen Techniken geführt.
Darüber hinaus ist durch die schnelle intraoperative Parathormonbestimmung
eine unmittelbare Erfolgskontrolle des Eingriffs möglich.
Bei leichteren asymptomatischen Formen bei älteren Patienten
ist durchaus eine Verlaufsbeobachtung gerechtfertigt. Als medikamentöse
Therapien haben sich vor allem Bisphosphonate bei ossärer
Beteiligung und zur Senkung des Kalzium- und Parathormonspiegels unter
bestimmten Voraussetzungen Cinacalcet bewährt.
Abstract
Primary hyperparathyroidism is a common endocrine disease. Since
introduction of automated routine measurement of serum calcium the
detection of primary hyperparathyroidism has increased significantly.
The classical symptoms such as kidney stones, gastrointestinal and
bone manifestation are rarely seen nowadays. For this reason, an
elevated parathyroid hormone level in a patient with hypercalcemia
confirms primary hyperparathyroidism in 95 % of
cases. Currently 80 % of these patients are asymptomatic,
and therefore criteria for diagnosis and treatment have been discussed
on several consensus conferences. After biochemical confirmation
has been obtained further diagnostic test aim at locating the tumor
should be by ultrasound and 99m TC-sestamibi scintigraphy. The improved
diagnostic work-up had led to a better surgical approach with minimally
invasive and endoscopic techniques. In addition, quick intraoperative
parathyroid hormone measurements confirm immediately the success
of surgical treatment. Non-surgical treatment in asymptomatic and
elderly patients may be justified. Bisphosphonates are the first
choice for medical treatment in patients with bone manifestation
and cinacalcet may be given to patients to lower calcium and parathyroid
hormone levels.
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