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DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1274569
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Pneumologische Schlafmedizin
Sleep medicine in pneumologyPublikationsverlauf
Publikationsdatum:
29. März 2011 (online)

Zusammenfassung
Die Diagnostik und Therapie schlafbezogener Atemstörungen sind zum festen Bestandteil der internistischen Betreuung geworden. Sie haben hohe Relevanz aufgrund der Beeinträchtigung der Leistungsfähigkeit, Aufmerksamkeit und Konzentrationsfähigkeit am Tag mit der Gefahr von Unfällen im Straßenverkehr und am Arbeitsplatz sowie ihrer Auswirkungen insbesondere auf das kardiovaskuläre und metabolische System. Das obstruktive Schlafapnoesyndrom (OSAS) muss als einer der wichtigsten Risikofaktoren für arteriosklerotische Erkrankungen, insbesondere im Bereich der Zerebralgefäße angesehen werden. Es führt zur arteriellen Hypertonie und erhöht die Mortalität insbesondere aufgrund kardiovaskulärer Erkrankungen. Schlafbezogene Atemstörungen sind jedoch auch Prädiktoren von Hyperglykämie und Fettstoffwechselstörungen. Metabolisches Syndrom und OSAS verstärken das kardiovaskuläre Risiko zumindest additiv. Daneben können jedoch auch Erkrankungen des Herzens, insbesondere Herzinsuffizienz, arterielle Hypertonie und Vorhofflimmern, zentrale Atemstörungen auslösen, was die Prognose betroffener Patienten entscheidend beeinträchtigt. In dieser Konstellation fehlen häufig die Krankheitssymptome des OSAS (Schnarchen, Tagesschläfrigkeit und fremdbeobachteten Atempausen). Stattdessen leiden die Patienten häufig unter Erschöpfung, depressiven Symptomen mit Leistungsminderung, was die Differentialdiagnose erschwert. In diesem Artikel sollen wichtige neue Daten zu diesen Aspekten vorgestellt werden. Darüber hinaus wird der Einfluss von Schlafapnoe auf thrombembolische Erkrankungen sowie die Frage der idealen Schlafdauer diskutiert werden.
Abstract
Diagnosis and treatment of sleep related breathing disorders have become an essential challenge of internal medicine. They are highly important clinically because of the impairment of daytime performance, attention and concentration with elevated risk of accidents in workplace and traffic and because of their consequences on cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. The obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) has proven to be one of the most important risk factors for arteriosclerosis, especially in the cerebral vessels. OSAS induces arterial hypertention and increases mortality due to cardiovascular diseases. Sleep related breathing disorders induce hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia. OSAS and the metabolic syndrome increase the cardiovascular risk additively. Moreover, cardiac disorders, such as arterial hypertention, heart failure and arterial fibrillation, can induce central breathing disturbances. This impairs the prognosis of affected patients substantially. Atypical symptoms of obstructive sleep apnoea (daytime sleepiness, snoring, witnessed apnoea) are often absent in these patients. In contrast patients often suffer from fatigue, reduced daytime performance, and depression which is a major challenge to diagnosis. This review presents new data on these aspects. Moreover, the association of sleep apnoea and pulmonary embolism and the question of optimal sleep duration are addressed.
Schlüsselwörter
obstruktives Schlafapneosyndrom - Schlafdauer - Arteriosklerose - Herzinsuffizienz - metabolisches Syndrom - Thrombembolie
Keywords
sleep apnea - sleep duration - arteriosclerosis - heart failure - metabolic syndrome - thrombosis
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Prof. Dr. W. J. Randerath
Institut für Pneumologie an der Universität
Witten/Herdecke
Klinik für Pneumologie
und Allergologie
Zentrum für Schlaf-
und Beatmungsmedizin
Krankenhaus Bethanien
Aufderhöher Straße 169–175
42699
Solingen
Telefon: 0212/63 6000
Fax: 0212/63 6005
eMail: randerath@klinik-bethanien.de