ABSTRACT
Almost 30 years ago, a series of epidemiological studies popularized the early programming
theory that had resulted from observed associations between low birthweight and increased
cardiovascular morbidity and mortality later in life. Since then, several clinical
and experimental models have been created to understand the principles and mechanisms
of this fascinating phenomenon and describe its relevance to the pathophysiology of
cardiovascular and many other chronic diseases. Despite the growing body of published
evidence, the specific mechanisms mediating early programming effects are still elusive.
Moreover, many controversial issues have arisen regarding the characteristics of the
most commonly used clinical and experimental models, the existence of potential windows
of susceptibility for different organs, and the presence of sex differences in its
pathophysiology. Therefore, this review synthesizes some of the antecedents behind
the early programming theory and discusses some of the controversial issues surrounding
it. Early programming has been extensively linked to several chronic diseases; however,
for the purposes of this review we have concentrated on the potential role of this
entity in the pathophysiology of chronic cardiovascular diseases.
KEYWORDS
Fetal - programming - cardiovascular - models - window of susceptibility - sex
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Sandra T DavidgePh.D.
220 HMRC, University of Alberta
Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2S2
eMail: sandra.davidge@ualberta.ca
