Aktualisierte Leitlinie zur Diagnostik und Therapie der Colitis ulcerosa 2011 – Ergebnisse einer Evidenzbasierten Konsensuskonferenz

Inhaltsverzeichnis Kapitel 1: Methodik 1275  Hintergrund 1275  Methodik 1276 Kapitel 2: Klinische Diagnostik 1278  Klassifikation 1278  Krankengeschichte 1279  Diagnosestellung 1281  Endoskopische Diagnostik 1283  Differenzialdiagnostische Abgrenzung zum Morbus Crohn 1283  Bestimmung der Krankheitsaktivität 1283  Ultraschall 1284  Kolonstenose bei Colitis ulcerosa 1284  Pädiatrie 1284 Kapitel 3: Histopathologische Diagnostik 1285  Entzündungsdiagnostik 1285  Intraepitheliale Neoplasien (IEN) 1286 Kapitel 4: Akuter Schub 1287  Proktitis 1287  Linksseitenkolitis 1288  Ausgedehnter Befall 1289  Schwere CU, beliebige Ausdehnung 1290  Colitis ulcerosa refraktär auf systemische Steroidtherapie 1291  Akuter Schub unter remissionserhaltender Therapie 1293  Komplikationen der schweren Colitis ulcerosa 1293  Schmerztherapie 1294  Medikamentöse Therapie 1294 Kapitel 5: Remissionserhaltung 1296 Kapitel 6: Infektiologische Probleme 1298 Kapitel 7: Chirurgie 1308  Pouchitis 1312 Kapitel 8: Karzinom-Prophylaxe 1313  Risikokonstellation 1313  Überwachungskoloskopie, zeitliche Strategie 1313  Überwachungskoloskopie, Durchführungsbedingungen 1314  Karzinome, IEN, ALM, DALM sowie Therapiekonsequenzen 1315  Chemoprävention 1316  Immunsuppression und Karzinomentstehung 1317 Kapitel 9: Extraintestinale Manifestationen 1317  Gelenkmanifestationen 1317  Manifestation an der Leber und an den Gallenwegen 1318  Hautmanifestationen bei Colitis ulcerosa 1319  Augenmanifestationen bei Colitis ulcerosa 1319  Osteoporose 1319  Seltene extraintestinale Manifestationen und extraintestinale Begleiterkrankungen 1320 Kapitel 10: Psychosomatik, Komplementär- und Alternativmedizin 1320  Psychosomatik 1320  Komplementär- und Alternativmedizin 1322

Literatur

• 1 Timmer A, Goebell H. Incidence of ulcerative colitis, 1980 – 1995 – a prospective study in an urban population in Germany.  Z Gastroenterol. 1999;  37 1079-1084
• 2 Ott C, Obermeier F, Thieler S et al. The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in a rural region of Southern Germany: a prospective population-based study.  Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;  20 917-923
• 3 Loftus E V. Clinical epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: incidence, prevalence, and environmental influences.  Gastroenterology. 2004;  126 1504-1517
• 4 Lowe A M, Roy P O, B-Poulin M et al. Epidemiology of Crohn’s disease in Quebec, Canada.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009;  15 429-435
• 5 Stark R, Konig H H, Leidl R. Costs of inflammatory bowel disease in Germany.  Pharmacoeconomics. 2006;  24 797-814
• 6 Prenzler A, Bokemeyer B, Mittendorf T et al. Kosten der Colitis ulcerosa – eine Kalkulation aus der Perspektive der Gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung.  Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2010;  135 281-286
• 7 Hoffmann J C, Zeitz M, Bischoff S C et al. Diagnostik und Therapie der Colitis Ulcerosa: Ergebnisse einer evidenzbasierten Konsensuskonferenz der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselerkrankungen zusammen mit dem Kompetenznetz chronisch entzündliche Darmerkrankungen.  Z Gastroenterol. 2004;  42 979-1042
• 8 Stange E F, Travis S P, Vermeire S et al. European evidence-based Consensus on the diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis: Definitions and diagnosis.  J Crohns Colitis. 2008;  2 1-23
• 9 Travis S P, Stange E F, Lemann M et al. European evidence-based Consensus on the management of ulcerative colitis: Current management.  J Crohns Colitis. 2008;  2 24-62
• 10 Biancone L, Michetti P, Travis S et al. European evidence-based Consensus on the management of ulcerative colitis: Special situations.  J Crohns Colitis. 2008;  2 63-92
• 11 Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften ÄZQ editors.. Deutsches Instrument zur methodischen Leitlinien-Bewertung (DELBI) – Fassung 2005 / 2006 +  Domäne 8 (2008). Berlin; 2008 Available from: http://www.delbi.de
• 12 Marteau P, Probert C S, Lindgren S et al. Combined oral and enema treatment with Pentasa (mesalazine) is superior to oral therapy alone in patients with extensive mild/moderate active ulcerative colitis: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study.  Gut. 2005;  54 960-965
• 13 Silverberg M S, Satsangi J, Ahmad T et al. Toward an integrated clinical, molecular and serological classification of inflammatory bowel disease: Report of a Working Party of the 2005 Montreal World Congress of Gastroenterology.  Can J Gastroenterol. 2005;  19 (Suppl A) 5-36
• 14 Ekbom A, Helmick C, Zack M et al. Ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer. A population-based study.  N Engl J Med. 1990;  323 1228-1233
• 15 Soetikno R M, Lin O S, Heidenreich P A et al. Increased risk of colorectal neoplasia in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;  56 48-54
• 16 Forrest K, Symmons D, Foster P. Systematic review: is ingestion of paracetamol or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs associated with exacerbations of inflammatory bowel disease?.  Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;  20 1035-1043
• 17 Takeuchi K, Smale S, Premchand P et al. Prevalence and mechanism of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced clinical relapse in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.  Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;  4 196-202
• 18 Sandborn W J, Stenson W F, Brynskov J et al. Safety of celecoxib in patients with ulcerative colitis in remission: a randomized, placebo-controlled, pilot study.  Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;  4 203-211
• 19 Korzenik J R, Podolsky D K. Selective use of selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in inflammatory bowel disease.  Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;  4 157-159
• 20 Ho G T, Chiam P, Drummond H et al. The efficacy of corticosteroid therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: analysis of a 5-year UK inception cohort.  Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;  24 319-330
• 21 Faubion Jr W A, Loftus Jr E V, Harmsen W S et al. The natural history of corticosteroid therapy for inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study.  Gastroenterology. 2001;  121 255-260
• 22 Toruner M, Loftus Jr E V, Harmsen W S et al. Risk factors for opportunistic infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.  Gastroenterology. 2008;  134 929-936
• 23 Mahid S S, Minor K S, Soto R E et al. Smoking and inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis.  Mayo Clin Proc. 2006;  81 1462-1471
• 24 Hoie O, Wolters F, Riis L et al. Ulcerative colitis: patient characteristics may predict 10-yr disease recurrence in a European-wide population-based cohort.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;  102 1692-1701
• 25 Beaugerie L, Massot N, Carbonnel F et al. Impact of cessation of smoking on the course of ulcerative colitis.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;  96 2113-2116
• 26 Birrenbach T, Bocker U. Inflammatory bowel disease and smoking: a review of epidemiology, pathophysiology, and therapeutic implications.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2004;  10 848-859
• 27 Rudra T, Motley R, Rhodes J. Does smoking improve colitis?.  Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1989;  170 61-63 ; discussion 66 – 68
• 28 Loftus Jr E V, Sandborn W J, Tremaine W J et al. Primary sclerosing cholangitis is associated with nonsmoking: a case-control study.  Gastroenterology. 1996;  110 1496-1502
• 29 Merrett M N, Mortensen N, Kettlewell M et al. Smoking may prevent pouchitis in patients with restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis.  Gut. 1996;  38 362-364
• 30 Joelsson M, Benoni C, Oresland T. Does smoking influence the risk of pouchitis following ileal pouch anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis?.  Scand J Gastroenterol. 2006;  41 929-933
• 31 Loftus Jr E V. Clinical epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: Incidence, prevalence, and environmental influences.  Gastroenterology. 2004;  126 1504-1517
• 32 Rutgeerts P, D’Haens G, Hiele M et al. Appendectomy protects against ulcerative colitis.  Gastroenterology. 1994;  106 1251-1253
• 33 Frisch M, Johansen C, Mellemkjaer L et al. Appendectomy and subsequent risk of inflammatory bowel diseases.  Surgery. 2001;  130 36-43
• 34 Koutroubakis I E, Vlachonikolis I G, Kouroumalis E A. Role of appendicitis and appendectomy in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis: a critical review.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2002;  8 277-286
• 35 Cosnes J, Carbonnel F, Beaugerie L et al. Effects of appendicectomy on the course of ulcerative colitis.  Gut. 2002;  51 803-807
• 36 Radford-Smith G L, Edwards J E, Purdie D M et al. Protective role of appendicectomy on onset and severity of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease.  Gut. 2002;  51 808-813
• 37 Florin T H, Pandeya N, Radford-Smith G L. Epidemiology of appendicectomy in primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis: its influence on the clinical behaviour of these diseases.  Gut. 2004;  53 973-979
• 38 Vermeire S. Review article: genetic susceptibility and application of genetic testing in clinical management of inflammatory bowel disease.  Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;  24 (Suppl 3) 2-10
• 39 Van Kruiningen H J, Joossens M, Vermeire S et al. Familial Crohn’s disease in Belgium: pedigrees, temporal relationships among cases, and family histories.  J Clin Gastroenterol. 2007;  41 583-590
• 40 Hanauer S B. Update on the etiology, pathogenesis and diagnosis of ulcerative colitis.  Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;  1 26-31
• 41 Xavier R J, Podolsky D K. Unravelling the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease.  Nature. 2007;  448 427-434
• 42 Bernstein C N, Rawsthorne P, Cheang M et al. A population-based case control study of potential risk factors for IBD.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;  101 993-1002
• 43 Garcia R odriguez LA, Gonzalez-Perez A, Johansson S et al. Risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease in the general population.  Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;  22 309-315
• 44 Henriksen M, Jahnsen J, Lygren I et al. Are there any differences in phenotype or disease course between familial and sporadic cases of inflammatory bowel disease? Results of a population-based follow-up study.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;  102 1955-1963
• 45 IBD Working Group of the ESPGHN. Inflammatory bowel disease in children and adolescents: recommendations for diagnosis – the Porto criteria.  J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005;  41 1-7
• 46 Langholz E, Munkholm P, Davidsen M et al. Course of ulcerative colitis: analysis of changes in disease activity over years.  Gastroenterology. 1994;  107 3-11
• 47 Henriksen M, Jahnsen J, Lygren I et al. Change of diagnosis during the first five years after onset of inflammatory bowel disease: results of a prospective follow-up study (the IBSEN Study).  Scand J Gastroenterol. 2006;  41 1037-1043
• 48 Price A B. Overlap in the spectrum of non-specific inflammatory bowel disease – ‘colitis indeterminate’.  J Clin Pathol. 1978;  31 567-577
• 49 Rodgers A D, Cummins A G. CRP correlates with clinical score in ulcerative colitis but not in Crohn’s disease.  Dig Dis Sci. 2007;  52 2063-2068
• 50 Vermeire S, Van Assche G, Rutgeerts P. C-reactive protein as a marker for inflammatory bowel disease.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2004;  10 661-665
• 51 Prantera C, Davoli M, Lorenzetti R et al. Clinical and laboratory indicators of extent of ulcerative colitis. Serum C-reactive protein helps the most.  J Clin Gastroenterol. 1988;  10 41-45
• 52 Korczowski B, Szybist W. Serum procalcitonin and C-reactive protein in children with diarrhoea of various aetiologies.  Acta Paediatr. 2004;  93 169-173
• 53 Herrlinger K R, Dittmann R, Weitz G et al. Serum procalcitonin differentiates inflammatory bowel disease and self-limited colitis.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2004;  10 229-233
• 54 Mylonaki M, Langmead L, Pantes A et al. Enteric infection in relapse of inflammatory bowel disease: importance of microbiological examination of stool.  Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;  16 775-778
• 55 Ajaj W M, Lauenstein T C, Pelster G et al. Magnetic resonance colonography for the detection of inflammatory diseases of the large bowel: quantifying the inflammatory activity.  Gut. 2005;  54 257-263
• 56 Roseth A G, Aadland E, Grzyb K. Normalization of faecal calprotectin: a predictor of mucosal healing in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.  Scand J Gastroenterol. 2004;  39 1017-1020
• 57 Schoepfer A M, Beglinger C, Straumann A et al. Ulcerative colitis: Correlation of the Rachmilewitz endoscopic activity index with fecal calprotectin, clinical activity, C-reactive protein, and blood leukocytes.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009;  15 1851-1858
• 58 Plevy S. Do serological markers and cytokines determine the indeterminate?.  J Clin Gastroenterol. 2004;  38 S51-56
• 59 Riis L, Vind I, Vermeire S et al. The prevalence of genetic and serologic markers in an unselected European population-based cohort of IBD patients.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2007;  13 24-32
• 60 Joossens S, Daperno M, Shums Z et al. Interassay and interobserver variability in the detection of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in patients with ulcerative colitis.  Clin Chem. 2004;  50 1422-1425
• 61 Reese G E, Constantinides V A, Simillis C et al. Diagnostic precision of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies and perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in inflammatory bowel disease.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;  101 2410-2422
• 62 Brown W J, Hudson M J, Patrick S et al. Search for enteric microbial pathogens in patients with ulcerative colitis.  Digestion. 1992;  53 121-128
• 63 Weber P, Koch M, Heizmann W R et al. Microbic superinfection in relapse of inflammatory bowel disease.  J Clin Gastroenterol. 1992;  14 302-308
• 64 Rolny P, Jarnerot G, Mollby R. Occurrence of Clostridium difficile toxin in inflammatory bowel disease.  Scand J Gastroenterol. 1983;  18 61-64
• 65 Issa M, Vijayapal A, Graham M B et al. Impact of Clostridium difficile on inflammatory bowel disease.  Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;  5 345-351
• 66 Rodemann J F, Dubberke E R, Reske K A et al. Incidence of Clostridium difficile infection in inflammatory bowel disease.  Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;  5 339-344
• 67 Johal S S, Hammond J, Solomon K et al. Clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea in hospitalised patients: onset in the community and hospital and role of flexible sigmoidoscopy.  Gut. 2004;  53 673-677
• 68 Minami M, Ohta M, Ohkura T et al. Cytomegalovirus infection in severe ulcerative colitis patients undergoing continuous intravenous cyclosporine treatment in Japan.  World J Gastroenterol. 2007;  13 754-760
• 69 Matsuoka K, Iwao Y, Mori T et al. Cytomegalovirus is frequently reactivated and disappears without antiviral agents in ulcerative colitis patients.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;  102 331-337
• 70 Dimitroulia E, Spanakis N, Konstantinidou A E et al. Frequent detection of cytomegalovirus in the intestine of patients with inflammatory bowel disease.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006;  12 879-884
• 71 Hommes D W, Sterringa G, Deventer S J et al. The pathogenicity of cytomegalovirus in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and evidence-based recommendations for future research.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2004;  10 245-250
• 72 Kojima van T, Watanabe T, Hata K et al. Cytomegalovirus infection in ulcerative colitis.  Scand J Gastroenterol. 2006;  41 706-711
• 73 Vermeire S, Van Assche G, Rutgeerts P. Laboratory markers in IBD: useful, magic, or unnecessary toys?.  Gut. 2006;  55 426-431
• 74 Poullis A, Foster R, Northfield T C et al. Review article: faecal markers in the assessment of activity in inflammatory bowel disease.  Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002;  16 675-681
• 75 Langhorst J, Elsenbruch S, Mueller T et al. Comparison of 4 neutrophil-derived proteins in feces as indicators of disease activity in ulcerative colitis.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2005;  11 1085-1091
• 76 Konikoff M R, Denson L A. Role of fecal calprotectin as a biomarker of intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006;  12 524-534
• 77 Fine K D, Ogunji F, George J et al. Utility of a rapid fecal latex agglutination test detecting the neutrophil protein, lactoferrin, for diagnosing inflammatory causes of chronic diarrhea.  Am J Gastroenterol. 1998;  93 1300-1305
• 78 D’Inca R, Dal Pont E, Di Leo V et al. Can calprotectin predict relapse risk in inflammatory bowel disease?.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;  103 2007-2014
• 79 Costa F, Mumolo M G, Bellini M et al. Role of faecal calprotectin as non-invasive marker of intestinal inflammation.  Dig Liver Dis. 2003;  35 642-647
• 80 Roseth A G, Aadland E, Jahnsen J et al. Assessment of disease activity in ulcerative colitis by faecal calprotectin, a novel granulocyte marker protein.  Digestion. 1997;  58 176-180
• 81 Jong N S, Leach S T, Day A S. Fecal S 100A12: a novel noninvasive marker in children with Crohn’s disease.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006;  12 566-572
• 82 Roon von A C, Karamountzos de L, Purkayastha S et al. Diagnostic precision of fecal calprotectin for inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal malignancy.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;  102 803-813
• 83 Kaiser T, Langhorst J, Wittkowski H et al. Faecal S 100A12 as a non-invasive marker distinguishing inflammatory bowel disease from irritable bowel syndrome.  Gut. 2007;  56 1706-1713
• 84 Foell D, Wittkowski H, Roth J. Monitoring disease activity by stool analyses: from occult blood to molecular markers of intestinal inflammation and damage.  Gut. 2009;  58 859-868
• 85 Walker T R, Land M L, Kartashov A et al. Fecal lactoferrin is a sensitive and specific marker of disease activity in children and young adults with inflammatory bowel disease.  J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007;  44 414-422
• 86 Joishy M, Davies I, Ahmed M et al. Fecal calprotectin and lactoferrin as noninvasive markers of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease.  J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2009;  48 48-54
• 87 Quail M A, Russell R K, Van Limbergen J E et al. Fecal calprotectin complements routine laboratory investigations in diagnosing childhood inflammatory bowel disease.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009;  15 756-759
• 88 Tibble J A, Sigthorsson G, Bridger S et al. Surrogate markers of intestinal inflammation are predictive of relapse in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.  Gastroenterology. 2000;  119 15-22
• 89 Costa F, Mumolo M G, Ceccarelli L et al. Calprotectin is a stronger predictive marker of relapse in ulcerative colitis than in Crohn’s disease.  Gut. 2005;  54 364-368
• 90 Carbonnel F, Lavergne A, Lemann M et al. Colonoscopy of acute colitis. A safe and reliable tool for assessment of severity.  Dig Dis Sci. 1994;  39 1550-1557
• 91 Alemayehu G, Jarnerot G. Colonoscopy during an attack of severe ulcerative colitis is a safe procedure and of great value in clinical decision making.  Am J Gastroenterol. 1991;  86 187-190
• 92 Fefferman D S, Farrell R J. Endoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease: indications, surveillance, and use in clinical practice.  Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;  3 11-24
• 93 Deutsch D E, Olson A D. Colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy as the initial evaluation of pediatric patients with colitis: a survey of physician behavior and a cost analysis.  J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1997;  25 26-31
• 94 Langhorst J, Kuhle C A, Ajaj W et al. MR colonography without bowel purgation for the assessment of inflammatory bowel diseases: diagnostic accuracy and patient acceptance.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2007;  13 1001-1008
• 95 Schreyer A G, Scheibl K, Heiss P et al. MR colonography in inflammatory bowel disease.  Abdom Imaging. 2006;  31 302-307
• 96 Triester S L, Leighton J A, Leontiadis G I et al. A meta-analysis of the yield of capsule endoscopy compared to other diagnostic modalities in patients with non-stricturing small bowel Crohn’s disease.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;  101 954-964
• 97 Waye J D. The role of colonoscopy in the differential diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease.  Gastrointest Endosc. 1977;  23 150-154
• 98 Floren C H, Benoni C, Willen R. Histologic and colonoscopic assessment of disease extension in ulcerative colitis.  Scand J Gastroenterol. 1987;  22 459-462
• 99 Pera A, Bellando P, Caldera D et al. Colonoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease. Diagnostic accuracy and proposal of an endoscopic score.  Gastroenterology. 1987;  92 181-185
• 100 Kiesslich R, Fritsch J, Holtmann M et al. Methylene blue-aided chromoendoscopy for the detection of intraepithelial neoplasia and colon cancer in ulcerative colitis.  Gastroenterology. 2003;  124 880-888
• 101 Pineton de Chambrun G, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Lemann M et al. Clinical implications of mucosal healing for the management of IBD.  Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;  7 15-29
• 102 Parente F, Molteni M, Marino B et al. Bowel ultrasound and mucosal healing in ulcerative colitis.  Dig Dis. 2009;  27 285-290
• 103 Froslie K F, Jahnsen J, Moum B A et al. Mucosal healing in inflammatory bowel disease: results from a Norwegian population-based cohort.  Gastroenterology. 2007;  133 412-422
• 104 Hoffmann J C, Preiss J C, Autschbach F et al. Clinical practice guideline on diagnosis and treatment of Crohn’s disease.  Z Gastroenterol. 2008;  46 1094-1146
• 105 D’Haens G, Sandborn W J, Feagan B G et al. A review of activity indices and efficacy end points for clinical trials of medical therapy in adults with ulcerative colitis.  Gastroenterology. 2007;  132 763-786
• 106 Truelove S C, Witts L J. Cortisone in ulcerative colitis; final report on a therapeutic trial.  Br Med J. 1955;  2 1041-1048
• 107 Jakobovits S L, Travis S P. Management of acute severe colitis.  Br Med Bull. 2005;  75 – 76 131-144
• 108 Turner D, Otley A R, Mack D et al. Development, validation, and evaluation of a pediatric ulcerative colitis activity index: a prospective multicenter study.  Gastroenterology. 2007;  133 423-432
• 109 Parente F, Greco S, Molteni M et al. Role of early ultrasound in detecting inflammatory intestinal disorders and identifying their anatomical location within the bowel.  Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;  18 1009-1016
• 110 Hollerbach S, Geissler A, Schiegl H et al. The accuracy of abdominal ultrasound in the assessment of bowel disorders.  Scand J Gastroenterol. 1998;  33 1201-1208
• 111 Maconi G, Ardizzone S, Parente F et al. Ultrasonography in the evaluation of extension, activity, and follow-up of ulcerative colitis.  Scand J Gastroenterol. 1999;  34 1103-1107
• 112 Worlicek H, Lutz H, Heyder N et al. Ultrasound findings in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis: a prospective study.  J Clin Ultrasound. 1987;  15 153-163
• 113 Bozkurt T, Richter F, Lux G. Ultrasonography as a primary diagnostic tool in patients with inflammatory disease and tumors of the small intestine and large bowel.  J Clin Ultrasound. 1994;  22 85-91
• 114 Arienti V, Campieri M, Boriani L et al. Management of severe ulcerative colitis with the help of high resolution ultrasonography.  Am J Gastroenterol. 1996;  91 2163-2169
• 115 Faure C, Belarbi N, Mougenot J F et al. Ultrasonographic assessment of inflammatory bowel disease in children: comparison with ileocolonoscopy.  J Pediatr. 1997;  130 147-151
• 116 Pradel J A, David X R, Taourel P et al. Sonographic assessment of the normal and abnormal bowel wall in nondiverticular ileitis and colitis.  Abdom Imaging. 1997;  22 167-172
• 117 Haber H P, Busch A, Ziebach R et al. Ultrasonographic findings correspond to clinical, endoscopic, and histologic findings in inflammatory bowel disease and other enterocolitides.  J Ultrasound Med. 2002;  21 375-382
• 118 Pascu M, Roznowski A B, Muller H P et al. Clinical relevance of transabdominal ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging in patients with inflammatory bowel disease of the terminal ileum and large bowel.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2004;  10 373-382
• 119 Parente F, Molteni M, Marino B et al. Are Colonoscopy and Bowel Ultrasound Useful for Assessing Response to Short-Term Therapy and Predicting Disease Outcome of Moderate-to-Severe Forms of Ulcerative Colitis? A Prospective Study.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;  105 1150-1157
• 120 Dixit R, Chowdhury V, Kumar N. Hydrocolonic sonography in the evaluation of colonic lesions.  Abdom Imaging. 1999;  24 497-505
• 121 Ludwig D, Wiener S, Bruning A et al. Mesenteric blood flow is related to disease activity and risk of relapse in ulcerative colitis: a prospective follow up study.  Gut. 1999;  45 546-552
• 122 Homann N, Klarmann U, Fellermann K et al. Mesenteric pulsatility index analysis predicts response to azathioprine in patients with Crohn’s disease.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2005;  11 126-132
• 123 Rutter M D, Saunders B P, Wilkinson K H et al. Cancer surveillance in longstanding ulcerative colitis: endoscopic appearances help predict cancer risk.  Gut. 2004;  53 1813-1816
• 124 Andersen K, Vogt C, Blondin D et al. Multi-detector CT-colonography in inflammatory bowel disease: prospective analysis of CT-findings to high-resolution video colonoscopy.  Eur J Radiol. 2006;  58 140-146
• 125 Horsthuis K, Bipat S, Bennink R J et al. Inflammatory bowel disease diagnosed with US, MR, scintigraphy, and CT: meta-analysis of prospective studies.  Radiology. 2008;  247 64-79
• 126 Sawczenko A, Sandhu B K. Presenting features of inflammatory bowel disease in Great Britain and Ireland.  Arch Dis Child. 2003;  88 995-1000
• 127 Allison M C, Hamilton-Dutoit S J, Dhillon A P et al. The value of rectal biopsy in distinguishing self-limited colitis from early inflammatory bowel disease.  Q J Med. 1987;  65 985-995
• 128 Bentley E, Jenkins D, Campbell F et al. How could pathologists improve the initial diagnosis of colitis? Evidence from an international workshop.  J Clin Pathol. 2002;  55 955-960
• 129 Dejaco C, Oesterreicher C, Angelberger S et al. Diagnosing colitis: a prospective study on essential parameters for reaching a diagnosis.  Endoscopy. 2003;  35 1004-1008
• 130 Dube A K, Cross S S, Lobo A J. Audit of the histopathological diagnosis of non-neoplastic colorectal biopsies: achievable standards for the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease.  J Clin Pathol. 1998;  51 378-381
• 131 Dundas S A, Dutton J, Skipworth P. Reliability of rectal biopsy in distinguishing between chronic inflammatory bowel disease and acute self-limiting colitis.  Histopathology. 1997;  31 60-66
• 132 Jenkins D, Balsitis M, Gallivan S et al. Guidelines for the initial biopsy diagnosis of suspected chronic idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. The British Society of Gastroenterology Initiative.  J Clin Pathol. 1997;  50 93-105
• 133 Nostrant T T, Kumar N B, Appelman H D. Histopathology differentiates acute self-limited colitis from ulcerative colitis.  Gastroenterology. 1987;  92 318-328
• 134 Schumacher G, Kollberg B, Sandstedt B. A prospective study of first attacks of inflammatory bowel disease and infectious colitis. Histologic course during the 1st year after presentation.  Scand J Gastroenterol. 1994;  29 318-332
• 135 Seldenrijk C A, Morson B C, Meuwissen S G et al. Histopathological evaluation of colonic mucosal biopsy specimens in chronic inflammatory bowel disease: diagnostic implications.  Gut. 1991;  32 1514-1520
• 136 Surawicz C M, Belic L. Rectal biopsy helps to distinguish acute self-limited colitis from idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease.  Gastroenterology. 1984;  86 104-113
• 137 Tanaka M, Masuda T, Yao T et al. Observer variation of diagnoses based on simple biopsy criteria differentiating among Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, and other forms of colitis.  J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2001;  16 1368-1372
• 138 Tanaka M, Riddell R H, Saito H et al. Morphologic criteria applicable to biopsy specimens for effective distinction of inflammatory bowel disease from other forms of colitis and of Crohn’s disease from ulcerative colitis.  Scand J Gastroenterol. 1999;  34 55-67
• 139 Tanaka M, Saito H, Fukuda S et al. Simple mucosal biopsy criteria differentiating among Crohn disease, ulcerative colitis, and other forms of colitis: measurement of validity.  Scand J Gastroenterol. 2000;  35 281-286
• 140 Theodossi A, Spiegelhalter D J, Jass J et al. Observer variation and discriminatory value of biopsy features in inflammatory bowel disease.  Gut. 1994;  35 961-968
• 141 McHugh J B, Appelman H D, McKenna B J. The diagnostic value of endoscopic terminal ileum biopsies.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;  102 1084-1089
• 142 Cherian S, Singh P. Is routine ileoscopy useful? An observational study of procedure times, diagnostic yield, and learning curve.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;  99 2324-2329
• 143 Geboes K, Ectors N, D’Haens G et al. Is ileoscopy with biopsy worthwhile in patients presenting with symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease?.  Am J Gastroenterol. 1998;  93 201-206
• 144 Lemberg D A, Clarkson C M, Bohane T D et al. Role of esophagogastroduodenoscopy in the initial assessment of children with inflammatory bowel disease.  J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;  20 1696-1700
• 145 Surawicz C M. Serial sectioning of a portion of a rectal biopsy detects more focal abnormalities: a prospective study of patients with inflammatory bowel disease.  Dig Dis Sci. 1982;  27 434-436
• 146 Surawicz C M, Meisel J L, Ylvisaker T et al. Rectal biopsy in the diagnosis of Crohn’s disease: value of multiple biopsies and serial sectioning.  Gastroenterology. 1981;  80 66-71
• 147 Therkildsen M H, Jensen B N, Teglbjaerg P S et al. The final outcome of patients presenting with their first episode of acute diarrhoea and an inflamed rectal mucosa with preserved crypt architecture. A clinicopathologic study.  Scand J Gastroenterol. 1989;  24 158-164
• 148 Washington K, Greenson J K, Montgomery E et al. Histopathology of ulcerative colitis in initial rectal biopsy in children.  Am J Surg Pathol. 2002;  26 1441-1449
• 149 Geboes K, Dalle I. Influence of treatment on morphological features of mucosal inflammation.  Gut. 2002;  50 (Suppl 3) III37-III42
• 150 Odze R, Antonioli D, Peppercorn M et al. Effect of topical 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) therapy on rectal mucosal biopsy morphology in chronic ulcerative colitis.  Am J Surg Pathol. 1993;  17 869-875
• 151 Kleer C G, Appelman H D. Ulcerative colitis: patterns of involvement in colorectal biopsies and changes with time.  Am J Surg Pathol. 1998;  22 983-989
• 152 Bousvaros A, Antonioli D A, Colletti R B et al. Differentiating ulcerative colitis from Crohn disease in children and young adults: report of a working group of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and the Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation of America.  J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007;  44 653-674
• 153 Glickman J N, Bousvaros A, Farraye F A et al. Pediatric patients with untreated ulcerative colitis may present initially with unusual morphologic findings.  Am J Surg Pathol. 2004;  28 190-197
• 154 Robert M E, Tang L, Hao L M et al. Patterns of inflammation in mucosal biopsies of ulcerative colitis: perceived differences in pediatric populations are limited to children younger than 10 years.  Am J Surg Pathol. 2004;  28 183-189
• 155 Markowitz J, Kahn E, Grancher K et al. Atypical rectosigmoid histology in children with newly diagnosed ulcerative colitis.  Am J Gastroenterol. 1993;  88 2034-2037
• 156 Autschbach F. Pathologie der CED. In: Hoffmann J C, Krösen A J, Klump B, eds Chronisch entzündliche Darmerkrankungen Das CED-Handbuch für Klinik und Praxis.. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2004: 110-122
• 157 Borchard F. Differential diagnosis of colitis.  Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol. 1999;  83 110-121
• 158 Herbay von A. Histopathologische Diagnostik chronischentzündlicher Darmerkrankungen. Historischer Rückblick und aktuelle Übersicht.  Pathologe. 1999;  20 276-287
• 159 Gomes P, du Boulay C, Smith C L et al. Relationship between disease activity indices and colonoscopic findings in patients with colonic inflammatory bowel disease.  Gut. 1986;  27 92-95
• 160 D’Haens G, Van Deventer S, Van Hogezand R et al. Endoscopic and histological healing with infliximab anti-tumor necrosis factor antibodies in Crohn’s disease: A European multicenter trial.  Gastroenterology. 1999;  116 1029-1034
• 161 Riley S A, Mani V, Goodman M J et al. Microscopic activity in ulcerative colitis: what does it mean?.  Gut. 1991;  32 174-178
• 162 Bitton A, Peppercorn M A, Antonioli D A et al. Clinical, biological, and histologic parameters as predictors of relapse in ulcerative colitis.  Gastroenterology. 2001;  120 13-20
• 163 Nishio Y, Ando T, Maeda O et al. Pit patterns in rectal mucosa assessed by magnifying colonoscope are predictive of relapse in patients with quiescent ulcerative colitis.  Gut. 2006;  55 1768-1773
• 164 Taylor B A, Pemberton J H, Carpenter H A et al. Dysplasia in chronic ulcerative colitis: implications for colonoscopic surveillance.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1992;  35 950-956
• 165 Thomas T, Abrams K A, Robinson R J et al. Meta-analysis: cancer risk of low-grade dysplasia in chronic ulcerative colitis.  Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2007;  25 657-668
• 166 Ullman T, Croog V, Harpaz N et al. Progression of flat low-grade dysplasia to advanced neoplasia in patients with ulcerative colitis.  Gastroenterology. 2003;  125 1311-1319
• 167 Befrits R, Ljung T, Jaramillo E et al. Low-grade dysplasia in extensive, long-standing inflammatory bowel disease: a follow-up study.  Dis Colon Rectum. 2002;  45 615-620
• 168 Lim C H, Dixon M F, Vail A et al. Ten year follow up of ulcerative colitis patients with and without low grade dysplasia.  Gut. 2003;  52 1127-1132
• 169 Pohl C, Hombach A, Kruis W. Chronic inflammatory bowel disease and cancer.  Hepatogastroenterology. 2000;  47 57-70
• 170 Melville D M, Jass J R, Morson B C et al. Observer study of the grading of dysplasia in ulcerative colitis: comparison with clinical outcome.  Hum Pathol. 1989;  20 1008-1014
• 171 Jess T, Loftus Jr E V, Velayos F S et al. Incidence and prognosis of colorectal dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study from Olmsted County, Minnesota.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006;  12 669-676
• 172 Bernstein C N, Shanahan F, Weinstein W M. Are we telling patients the truth about surveillance colonoscopy in ulcerative colitis?.  Lancet. 1994;  343 71-74
• 173 Blackstone M O, Riddell R H, Rogers B H et al. Dysplasia-associated lesion or mass (DALM) detected by colonoscopy in long-standing ulcerative colitis: an indication for colectomy.  Gastroenterology. 1981;  80 366-374
• 174 Engelsgjerd M, Farraye F A, Odze R D. Polypectomy may be adequate treatment for adenoma-like dysplastic lesions in chronic ulcerative colitis.  Gastroenterology. 1999;  117 1288-1294 ; discussion 1488 – 1291
• 175 Rubin P H, Friedman S, Harpaz N et al. Colonoscopic polypectomy in chronic colitis: conservative management after endoscopic resection of dysplastic polyps.  Gastroenterology. 1999;  117 1295-1300
• 176 Torres C, Antonioli D, Odze R D. Polypoid dysplasia and adenomas in inflammatory bowel disease: a clinical, pathologic, and follow-up study of 89 polyps from 59 patients.  Am J Surg Pathol. 1998;  22 275-284
• 177 Vieth M, Behrens H, Stolte M. Sporadic adenoma in ulcerative colitis: endoscopic resection is an adequate treatment.  Gut. 2006;  55 1151-1155
• 178 Schneider A, Stolte M. Differential diagnosis of adenomas and dysplastic lesions in patients with ulcerative colitis.  Z Gastroenterol. 1993;  31 653-656
• 179 Campieri M, Gionchetti P, Belluzzi A et al. 5-Aminosalicylic acid as enemas or suppositories in distal ulcerative colitis?.  Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1988;  10 406-409
• 180 Brown J, Haines S, Wilding I R. Colonic spread of three rectally administered mesalazine (Pentasa) dosage forms in healthy volunteers as assessed by gamma scintigraphy.  Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1997;  11 685-691
• 181 Campieri M, De Franchis R, Bianchi Porro G et al. Mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic acid) suppositories in the treatment of ulcerative proctitis or distal proctosigmoiditis. A randomized controlled trial.  Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1990;  25 663-668
• 182 Jacobsen B A, Abildgaard K, Rasmussen H H et al. Availability of mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic acid) from enemas and suppositories during steady-state conditions.  Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1991;  26 374-378
• 183 Marshall J K, Irvine E J. Rectal aminosalicylate therapy for distal ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis.  Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1995;  9 293-300
• 184 Regueiro M, Loftus E V, Steinhart A H et al. Medical management of left-sided ulcerative colitis and ulcerative proctitis: critical evaluation of therapeutic trials.  Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2006;  12 979-994
• 185 Lawrance I C, Copeland T S. Rectal tacrolimus in the treatment of resistant ulcerative proctitis.  Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2008;  28 1214-1220
• 186 Dieren J M, Bodegraven van A A, Kuipers E J et al. Local application of tacrolimus in distal colitis: feasible and safe.  Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2009;  15 193-198
• 187 Safdi van M, DeMicco M, Sninsky C et al. A double-blind comparison of oral versus rectal mesalamine versus combination therapy in the treatment of distal ulcerative colitis.  The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1997;  92 1867-1871
• 188 Frieri G, Giacomelli R, Pimpo M et al. Mucosal 5-aminosalicylic acid concentration inversely correlates with severity of colonic inflammation in patients with ulcerative colitis.  Gut. 2000;  47 410-414
• 189 Frieri G, Pimpo M, Galletti B et al. Long-term oral plus topical mesalazine in frequently relapsing ulcerative colitis.  Digestive and Liver Disease: Official Journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver. 2005;  37 92-96
• 190 Sutherland L, Macdonald J K. Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis.  Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Online). 2006;  CD000543
• 191 Sandborn W J, Kamm M A, Lichtenstein G R et al. MMX Multi Matrix System mesalazine for the induction of remission in patients with mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis: a combined analysis of two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials.  Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;  26 205-215
• 192 Lichtenstein G R, Kamm M A, Boddu P et al. Effect of once- or twice-daily MMX mesalamine (SPD476) for the induction of remission of mild to moderately active ulcerative colitis.  Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology: The Official Clinical Practice Journal of the American Gastroenterological Association. 2007;  5 95-102
• 193 Kruis W, Kiudelis G, Racz I et al. Once daily versus three times daily mesalazine granules in active ulcerative colitis: a double-blind, double-dummy, randomised, non-inferiority trial.  Gut. 2009;  58 233-240
• 194 Cortot A, Maetz D, Degoutte E et al. Mesalamine foam enema versus mesalamine liquid enema in active left-sided ulcerative colitis.  The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2008;  103 3106-3114
• 195 Lémann M, Galian A, Rutgeerts P et al. Comparison of budesonide and 5-aminosalicylic acid enemas in active distal ulcerative colitis.  Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1995;  9 557-562
• 196 Mulder C J, Fockens P, Meijer J W et al. Beclomethasone dipropionate (3 mg) versus 5-aminosalicylic acid (2 g) versus the combination of both (3mg/ 2 g) as retention enemas in active ulcerative proctitis.  European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 1996;  8 549-553
• 197 Lucidarme D, Marteau P, Foucault M et al. Efficacy and tolerance of mesalazine suppositories vs. hydrocortisone foam in proctitis.  Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1997;  11 335
• 198 Farup P G, Hovde O, Halvorsen F A et al. Mesalazine suppositories versus hydrocortisone foam in patients with distal ulcerative colitis. A comparison of the efficacy and practicality of two topical treatment regimens.  Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1995;  30 164-170
• 199 Gionchetti P, D’Arienzo A, Rizzello F et al. Topical treatment of distal active ulcerative colitis with beclomethasone dipropionate or mesalamine: a single-blind randomized controlled trial.  Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2005;  39 291-297
• 200 Biancone L, Calabrese E, Petruzziello C et al. Treatment with biologic therapies and the risk of cancer in patients with IBD.  Nature Clinical Practice Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2007;  4 78-91
• 201 Manguso F, Balzano A. Meta-analysis: the efficacy of rectal beclomethasone dipropionate vs. 5-aminosalicylic acid in mild to moderate distal ulcerative colitis.  Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2007;  26 21-29
• 202 Ferry G D, Kirschner B S, Grand R J et al. Olsalazine versus sulfasalazine in mild to moderate childhood ulcerative colitis: results of the Pediatric Gastroenterology Collaborative Research Group Clinical Trial.  Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1993;  17 32-38
• 203 Barden L, Lipson A, Pert P et al. Mesalazine in childhood inflammatory bowel disease.  Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1989;  3 597-603
• 204 Tolia V, Massoud N, Klotz U. Oral 5-aminosalicyclic acid in children with colonic chronic inflammatory bowel disease: clinical and pharmacokinetic experience.  J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1989;  8 333-338
• 205 Wiersma H, Escher J C, Dilger K et al. Pharmacokinetics of mesalazine pellets in children with inflammatory bowel disease.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2004;  10 626-631
• 206 Christensen L A, Fallingborg J, Jacobsen B A et al. Bioavailability of 5-aminosalicyclic acid from slow release 5-aminosalicyclic acid drug and sulfasalazine in normal children.  Dig Dis Sci. 1993;  38 1831-1836
• 207 Cervený P, Bortlík M, Kubena A et al. Nonadherence in inflammatory bowel disease: results of factor analysis.  Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2007;  13 1244-1249
• 208 Moshkovska T, Stone M, Baker R et al. Qualitative investigation of patient adherence to 5-aminosalicylic acid therapy in patients with ulcerative colitis.  Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2008;  14 763-768
• 209 Kane S V, Accortt N A, Magowan S et al. Predictors of persistence with 5-aminosalicylic acid therapy for ulcerative colitis.  Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2009;  29 855-862
• 210 Higgins P DR, Rubin D T, Kaulback K et al. Systematic review: impact of non-adherence to 5-aminosalicylic acid products on the frequency and cost of ulcerative colitis flares.  Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2009;  29 247-257
• 211 Prantera C, Viscido A, Biancone L et al. A new oral delivery system for 5-ASA: preliminary clinical findings for MMx.  Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2005;  11 421-427
• 212 Lichtenstein G R, Kamm M A, Sandborn W J et al. MMX mesalazine for the induction of remission of mild-to-moderately active ulcerative colitis: efficacy and tolerability in specific patient subpopulations.  Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2008;  27 1094-1102
• 213 Edwards F C, Truelove S C. The Course And Prognosis Of Ulcerative Colitis.  Gut. 1963;  4 299-315
• 214 Turner D, Walsh C M, Steinhart A H et al. Response to corticosteroids in severe ulcerative colitis: a systematic review of the literature and a meta-regression.  Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology: The Official Clinical Practice Journal of the American Gastroenterological Association. 2007;  5 103-110
• 215 Baron J H, Connell A M, Kanaghinis T G et al. Out-patient treatment of ulcerative colitis. Comparison between three doses of oral prednisone.  British Medical Journal. 1962;  2 441-443
• 216 Lennard-Jones J E, Longmore A J, Newell A C et al. An assessment of prednisone, salazopyrin, and topical hydrocortisone hemisuccinate used as out-patient treatment for ulcerative colitis.  Gut. 1960;  1 217-222
• 217 Truelove S C, Witts L J. Cortisone in ulcerative colitis; preliminary report on a therapeutic trial.  British Medical Journal. 1954;  2 375-378
• 218 Truelove S C, Witts L J. Cortisone and corticotrophin in ulcerative colitis.  British Medical Journal. 1959;  1 387-394
• 219 Rosenberg W, Ireland A, Jewell D P. High-dose methylprednisolone in the treatment of active ulcerative colitis.  Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1990;  12 40-41
• 220 Turner D, Walsh C M, Benchimol E I et al. Severe paediatric ulcerative colitis: incidence, outcomes and optimal timing for second-line therapy.  Gut. 2008;  57 331-338
• 221 Turner D, Travis S PL, Griffiths A et al. Consensus for Managing Acute Severe Ulcerative Colitis in Children: A Systematic Review and Joint Statement From ECCO, ESPGHAN, and the Porto IBD Working Group of ESPGHAN.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2011;  106 574-88
• 222 Kugathasan S, Dubinsky M C, Keljo D et al. Severe colitis in children.  Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2005;  41 375-385
• 223 Järnerot G, Hertervig E, Friis-Liby I et al. Infliximab as rescue therapy in severe to moderately severe ulcerative colitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled study.  Gastroenterology. 2005;  128 1805-1811
• 224 Lawson M M, Thomas A G, Akobeng A K. Tumour necrosis factor alpha blocking agents for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis.  Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Online). 2006;  3 CD005112
• 225 Ochsenkühn T, Sackmann M, Göke B. Infliximab for acute, not steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis: a randomized pilot study.  European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2004;  16 1167-1171
• 226 Probert C SJ, Hearing S D, Schreiber S et al. Infliximab in moderately severe glucocorticoid resistant ulcerative colitis: a randomised controlled trial.  Gut. 2003;  52 998-1002
• 227 Rutgeerts P, Sandborn W J, Feagan B G et al. Infliximab for induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis.  The New England Journal of Medicine. 2005;  353 2462-2476
• 228 Shibolet O, Regushevskaya E, Brezis M et al. Cyclosporine A for induction of remission in severe ulcerative colitis.  Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Online). 2005;  CD004277
• 229 Lichtiger S, Present D H, Kornbluth A et al. Cyclosporine in severe ulcerative colitis refractory to steroid therapy.  The New England Journal of Medicine. 1994;  330 1841-1845
• 230 D’Haens G, Lemmens L, Geboes K et al. Intravenous cyclosporine versus intravenous corticosteroids as single therapy for severe attacks of ulcerative colitis.  Gastroenterology. 2001;  120 1323-1329
• 231 Baumgart D C, Macdonald J K, Feagan B. Tacrolimus (FK506) for induction of remission in refractory ulcerative colitis.  Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Online). 2008;  CD007216
• 232 Baumgart D C, Wiedenmann B, Dignass A U. Rescue therapy with tacrolimus is effective in patients with severe and refractory inflammatory bowel disease.  Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003;  17 1273-1281
• 233 Fellermann K, Tanko Z, Herrlinger K R et al. Response of refractory colitis to intravenous or oral tacrolimus (FK506).  Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2002;  8 317-324
• 234 Ogata H, Matsui T, Nakamura M et al. A randomised dose finding study of oral tacrolimus (FK506) therapy in refractory ulcerative colitis.  Gut. 2006;  55 1255-1262
• 235 Benazzato L, D’Incà R, Grigoletto F et al. Prognosis of severe attacks in ulcerative colitis: effect of intensive medical treatment.  Digestive and Liver Disease: Official Journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver. 2004;  36 461-466
• 236 Lennard-Jones J E, Ritchie J K, Hilder W et al. Assessment of severity in colitis: a preliminary study.  Gut. 1975;  16 579-584
• 237 Lindgren S C, Flood L M, Kilander A F et al. Early predictors of glucocorticosteroid treatment failure in severe and moderately severe attacks of ulcerative colitis.  European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 1998;  10 831-835
• 238 Travis S P, Farrant J M, Ricketts C et al. Predicting outcome in severe ulcerative colitis.  Gut. 1996;  38 905-910
• 239 Bressler B, Law J K, Al Nahdi Sheraisher N et al. The use of infliximab for treatment of hospitalized patients with acute severe ulcerative colitis.  Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology = Journal Canadien De Gastroenterologie. 2008;  22 937-940
• 240 Campbell S, Travis S, Jewell D. Ciclosporin use in acute ulcerative colitis: a long-term experience.  European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2005;  17 79-84
• 241 Kohn A, Prantera C, Pera A et al. Anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha (infliximab) in the treatment of severe ulcerative colitis: result of an open study on 13 patients.  Digestive and Liver Disease Official: Journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver. 2002;  34 626-630
• 242 Sands B E, Tremaine W J, Sandborn W J et al. Infliximab in the treatment of severe, steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis: a pilot study.  Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2001;  7 83-88
• 243 Cacheux W, Seksik P, Lemann M et al. Predictive factors of response to cyclosporine in steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis.  The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2008;  103 637-642
• 244 Cohen R D, Brodsky A L, Hanauer S B. A comparison of the quality of life in patients with severe ulcerative colitis after total colectomy versus medical treatment with intravenous cyclosporin.  Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 1999;  5 1-10
• 245 Van Assche G, Dalle I, Noman M et al. A pilot study on the use of the humanized anti-interleukin-2 receptor antibody daclizumab in active ulcerative colitis.  The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2003;  98 369-376
• 246 Baumgart D C, Pintoffl J P, Sturm A et al. Tacrolimus is safe and effective in patients with severe steroid-refractory or steroid-dependent inflammatory bowel disease--a long-term follow-up.  The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2006;  101 1048-1056
• 247 Pascu M, Müller A R, Wiedenmann B et al. Rescue therapy with tacrolimus in a patient with toxic megacolon.  International Journal of Colorectal Disease. 2003;  18 271-275
• 248 Ardizzone S, Maconi G, Russo A et al. Randomised controlled trial of azathioprine and 5-aminosalicylic acid for treatment of steroid dependent ulcerative colitis.  Gut. 2006;  55 47-53
• 249 Jewell D P, Truelove S C. Azathioprine in ulcerative colitis: final report on controlled therapeutic trial.  British Medical Journal. 1974;  4 627-630
• 250 Rosenberg J L, Wall A J, Levin B et al. A controlled trial of azathioprine in the management of chronic ulcerative colitis.  Gastroenterology. 1975;  69 96-99
• 251 Derijks L JJ, Gilissen L PL, Hooymans P M et al. Review article: thiopurines in inflammatory bowel disease.  Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2006;  24 715-729
• 252 Dubinsky M C. Azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine in inflammatory bowel disease: pharmacology, efficacy, and safety.  Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology: The Official Clinical Practice Journal of the American Gastroenterological Association. 2004;  2 731-743
• 253 Gisbert J P, Linares P M, McNicholl A G et al. Meta-analysis: the efficacy of azathioprine and mercaptopurine in ulcerative colitis.  Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009;  30 126-137
• 254 Adler D J, Korelitz B I. The therapeutic efficacy of 6-mercaptopurine in refractory ulcerative colitis.  The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1990;  85 717-722
• 255 Ardizzone S, Molteni P, Imbesi V et al. Azathioprine in steroid-resistant and steroid-dependent ulcerative colitis.  Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1997;  25 330-333
• 256 Fraser A G, Orchard T R, Robinson E M et al. Long-term risk of malignancy after treatment of inflammatory bowel disease with azathioprine.  Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2002;  16 1225-1232
• 257 Paoluzi O A, Pica R, Marcheggiano A et al. Azathioprine or methotrexate in the treatment of patients with steroid-dependent or steroid-resistant ulcerative colitis: results of an open-label study on efficacy and tolerability in inducing and maintaining remission.  Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2002;  16 1751-1759
• 258 Steinhart A H, Baker J P, Brzezinski A et al. Azathioprine therapy in chronic ulcerative colitis.  Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1990;  12 271-275
• 259 Andrews J M, Travis S PL, Gibson P R et al. Systematic review: does concurrent therapy with 5-ASA and immunomodulators in inflammatory bowel disease improve outcomes?.  Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2009;  29 459-469
• 260 Hanauer S B, Sandborn W J, Dallaire C et al. Delayed-release oral mesalamine 4.8g/day (800 mg tablets) compared to 2.4g/day (400 mg tablets) for the treatment of mildly to moderately active ulcerative colitis: The ASCEND I trial.  Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology = Journal Canadien De Gastroenterologie. 2007;  21 827-834
• 261 Gan S I, Beck P L. A new look at toxic megacolon: an update and review of incidence, etiology, pathogenesis, and management.  The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2003;  98 2363-2371
• 262 Sheth S G, LaMont J T. Toxic megacolon.  Lancet. 1998;  351 509-513
• 263 Longo W E, Virgo K S, Bahadursingh A N et al. Patterns of disease and surgical treatment among United States veterans more than 50 years of age with ulcerative colitis.  American Journal of Surgery. 2003;  186 514-518
• 264 Kopf A, Janson W, Stein C. Opioid therapy in chronic non-malignant pain.  Der Anaesthesist. 2003;  52 103-114
• 265 Gerson L B, Triadafilopoulos G. Palliative care in inflammatory bowel disease: an evidence-based approach.  Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2000;  6 228-243
• 266 Arundel C, Lewis J H. Drug-induced liver disease in 2006.  Current Opinion in Gastroenterology. 2007;  23 244-254
• 267 Edwards J T, Radford-Smith G L, Florin T H. Chronic narcotic use in inflammatory bowel disease patients: prevalence and clinical characteristics.  Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2001;  16 1235-1238
• 268 Kaplan M A, Korelitz B I. Narcotic dependence in inflammatory bowel disease.  Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1988;  10 275-278
• 269 White M, Shah N, Lindley K et al. Pain management in fulminating ulcerative colitis.  Paediatric Anaesthesia. 2006;  16 1148-1152
• 270 Bebb J R, Scott B B. How effective are the usual treatments for ulcerative colitis?.  Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2004;  20 143-149
• 271 Sandborn W J, Hanauer S B. Systematic review: the pharmacokinetic profiles of oral mesalazine formulations and mesalazine pro-drugs used in the management of ulcerative colitis.  Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003;  17 29-42
• 272 Klotz U. Colonic targeting of aminosalicylates for the treatment of ulcerative colitis.  Digestive and Liver Disease: Official Journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver. 2005;  37 381-388
• 273 Van Staa T P, Travis S, Leufkens H GM et al. 5-aminosalicylic acids and the risk of renal disease: a large British epidemiologic study.  Gastroenterology. 2004;  126 1733-1739
• 274 Diak P, Siegel J, La Grenade L et al. Malignancy in children and tumor necrosis factor-alpha blockers: Forty-eight cases reported to the food and drug administration.  Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2010;  62 2517-2524
• 275 Horneff G, Hospach T, Dannecker G et al. Updated statement by the German Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Rheumatology (GKJR) on the FDA’s report regarding malignancies in anti-TNF-treated patients from Aug. 4, 2009.  Zeitschrift Fur Rheumatologie. 2010;  69 561-567
• 276 Jones J L, Loftus E V. Lymphoma risk in inflammatory bowel disease: is it the disease or its treatment?.  Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2007;  13 1299-1307
• 277 Reinshagen M, Schütz E, Armstrong V W et al. 6-thioguanine nucleotide-adapted azathioprine therapy does not lead to higher remission rates than standard therapy in chronic active crohn disease: results from a randomized, controlled, open trial.  Clinical Chemistry. 2007;  53 1306-1314
• 278 Gonvers J J, Juillerat P, Mottet C et al. Maintenance of medically induced remission of Crohn’s disease.  Digestion. 2007;  76 116-129
• 279 Lémann M, Mary J Y, Colombel J F et al. A randomized, double-blind, controlled withdrawal trial in Crohn’s disease patients in long-term remission on azathioprine.  Gastroenterology. 2005;  128 1812-1818
• 280 Vilien M, Dahlerup J F, Munck L K et al. Randomized controlled azathioprine withdrawal after more than two years treatment in Crohn’s disease: increased relapse rate the following year.  Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2004;  19 1147-1152
• 281 Colombel J F, Ferrari N, Debuysere H et al. Genotypic analysis of thiopurine S-methyltransferase in patients with Crohn’s disease and severe myelosuppression during azathioprine therapy.  Gastroenterology. 2000;  118 1025-1030
• 282 Schedel J, Gödde A, Schütz E et al. Impact of thiopurine methyltransferase activity and 6-thioguanine nucleotide concentrations in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases.  Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2006;  1069 477-491
• 283 Moskovitz D N, Van Assche G, Maenhout B et al. Incidence of colectomy during long-term follow-up after cyclosporine-induced remission of severe ulcerative colitis.  Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology: The Official Clinical Practice Journal of the American Gastroenterological Association. 2006;  4 760-765
• 284 Penfornis A, Kury-Paulin S. Immunosuppressive drug-induced diabetes.  Diabetes & Metabolism. 2006;  32 539-546
• 285 Oren R, Arber N, Odes S et al. Methotrexate in chronic active ulcerative colitis: a double-blind, randomized, Israeli multicenter trial.  Gastroenterology. 1996;  110 1416-1421
• 286 Maté-Jiménez J, Hermida C, Cantero-Perona J et al. 6-mercaptopurine or methotrexate added to prednisone induces and maintains remission in steroid-dependent inflammatory bowel disease.  European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2000;  12 1227-1233
• 287 Roth L S, Chande N, Ponich T et al. Predictors of disease severity in ulcerative colitis patients from Southwestern Ontario.  World J Gastroenterol. 2010;  16 232-236
• 288 Vucelic B. Inflammatory bowel diseases: controversies in the use of diagnostic procedures.  Dig Dis. 2009;  27 269-277
• 289 Kane S, Lu F, Kornbluth A et al. Controversies in mucosal healing in ulcerative colitis.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009;  15 796-800
• 290 Brain O, Travis S P. Therapy of ulcerative colitis: state of the art.  Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2008;  24 469-474
• 291 Rutgeerts P, Vermeire S, Van Assche G. Mucosal healing in inflammatory bowel disease: impossible ideal or therapeutic target?.  Gut. 2007;  56 453-455
• 292 Rahimi R, Nikfar S, Rezaie A et al. Comparison of mesalazine and balsalazide in induction and maintenance of remission in patients with ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis.  Dig Dis Sci. 2009;  54 712-721
• 293 Sutherland L, Macdonald J K. Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis.  Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;  CD000544
• 294 Cohen R D, Woseth D M, Thisted R A et al. A meta-analysis and overview of the literature on treatment options for left-sided ulcerative colitis and ulcerative proctitis.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;  95 1263-1276
• 295 Kornbluth A A, Salomon P, Sacks H S et al. Meta-analysis of the effectiveness of current drug therapy of ulcerative colitis.  J Clin Gastroenterol. 1993;  16 215-218
• 296 Nikfar S, Rahimi R, Rezaie A et al. A meta-analysis of the efficacy of sulfasalazine in comparison with 5-aminosalicylates in the induction of improvement and maintenance of remission in patients with ulcerative colitis.  Dig Dis Sci. 2009;  54 1157-1170
• 297 Sandborn W J. Treatment of ulcerative colitis with oral mesalamine: advances in drug formulation, efficacy expectations and dose response, compliance, and chemoprevention.  Rev Gastroenterol Disord. 2006;  6 97-105
• 298 Hanauer S B. Review article: high-dose aminosalicylates to induce and maintain remissions in ulcerative colitis.  Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;  24 (Suppl 3) 37-40
• 299 Marshall J K, Irvine E J. Rectal corticosteroids versus alternative treatments in ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis.  Gut. 1997;  40 775-781
• 300 d’Albasio G, Pacini F, Camarri E et al. Combined therapy with 5-aminosalicylic acid tablets and enemas for maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis: a randomized double-blind study.  Am J Gastroenterol. 1997;  92 1143-1147
• 301 Piodi L P, Ulivieri F M, Cermesoni L et al. Long-term intermittent treatment with low-dose 5-aminosalicylic enemas is efficacious for remission maintenance in ulcerative colitis.  Scand J Gastroenterol. 2004;  39 154-157
• 302 Fockens P, Mulder C J, Tytgat G N et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of 1.5 compared with 3.0 g oral slow-release mesalazine (Pentasa) in the maintenance treatment of ulcerative colitis. Dutch Pentasa Study Group.  Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1995;  7 1025-1030
• 303 Kamm M A, Sandborn W J, Gassull M et al. Once-daily, high-concentration MMX mesalamine in active ulcerative colitis.  Gastroenterology. 2007;  132 66-75 ; quiz 432 – 433
• 304 Kiilerich S, Ladefoged K, Rannem T et al. Prophylactic effects of olsalazine v sulphasalazine during 12 months maintenance treatment of ulcerative colitis. The Danish Olsalazine Study Group.  Gut. 1992;  33 252-255
• 305 Azad Khan A K, Howes D T, Piris J et al. Optimum dose of sulphasalazine for maintenance treatment in ulcerative colitis.  Gut. 1980;  21 232-240
• 306 Biddle W L, Greenberger N J, Swan J T et al. 5-Aminosalicylic acid enemas: effective agent in maintaining remission in left-sided ulcerative colitis.  Gastroenterology. 1988;  94 1075-1079
• 307 Mantzaris G J, Hatzis A, Petraki K et al. Intermittent therapy with high-dose 5-aminosalicylic acid enemas maintains remission in ulcerative proctitis and proctosigmoiditis.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1994;  37 58-62
• 308 d’Albasio G, Trallori G, Ghetti A et al. Intermittent therapy with high-dose 5-aminosalicylic acid enemas for maintaining remission in ulcerative proctosigmoiditis.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1990;  33 394-397
• 309 d’Albasio G, Paoluzi P, Campieri M et al. Maintenance treatment of ulcerative proctitis with mesalazine suppositories: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. The Italian IBD Study Group.  Am J Gastroenterol. 1998;  93 799-803
• 310 Marteau P, Crand J, Foucault M et al. Use of mesalazine slow release suppositories 1 g three times per week to maintain remission of ulcerative proctitis: a randomised double blind placebo controlled multicentre study.  Gut. 1998;  42 195-199
• 311 Kamm M A, Lichtenstein G R, Sandborn W J et al. Randomised trial of once- or twice-daily MMX mesalazine for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis.  Gut. 2008;  57 893-902
• 312 Orchard T, Probert C S, Keshav S. Review article: maintenance therapy in patients with ulcerative colitis.  Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;  24 (Suppl 1) 17-22
• 313 Bickston S J, Cominelli F. Optimal dosing of 5-aminosalicylic acid: 5 decades of choosing between politicians.  Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003;  1 3-4
• 314 Dignass A U, Bokemeyer B, Adamek H et al. Mesalamine once daily is more effective than twice daily in patients with quiescent ulcerative colitis.  Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;  7 762-769
• 315 Prantera C, Kohn A, Campieri M et al. Clinical trial: ulcerative colitis maintenance treatment with 5-ASA: a 1-year, randomized multicentre study comparing MMX with Asacol.  Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009;  30 908-918
• 316 Ardizzone S, Porro G B. How long is it advisable to prolong maintenance treatment of patients with ulcerative colitis?.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008;  14 (Suppl 2) S238-S239
• 317 Ardizzone S, Petrillo M, Imbesi V et al. Is maintenance therapy always necessary for patients with ulcerative colitis in remission?.  Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1999;  13 373-379
• 318 Patel H, Barr A, Jeejeebhoy K N. Renal effects of long-term treatment with 5-aminosalicylic acid.  Can J Gastroenterol. 2009;  23 170-176
• 319 d’Albasio G, Trallori G, Gavazzi O et al. Combined therapy with 5-aminosalicylic tablets and enemas for maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis.  Ital J Gastroenterol. 1991;  23 12-14
• 320 Timmer A, McDonald J W, Macdonald J K. Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis.  Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;  CD000478
• 321 Russo E A, Harris A W, Campbell S et al. Experience of maintenance infliximab therapy for refractory ulcerative colitis from six centres in England.  Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009;  29 308-314
• 322 Caviglia R, Ribolsi M, Rizzi M et al. Maintenance of remission with infliximab in inflammatory bowel disease: efficacy and safety long-term follow-up.  World J Gastroenterol. 2007;  13 5238-5244
• 323 Carbonnel F, Boruchowicz A, Duclos B et al. Intravenous cyclosporine in attacks of ulcerative colitis: short-term and long-term responses.  Dig Dis Sci. 1996;  41 2471-2476
• 324 Campbell S, Ghosh S. Combination immunomodulatory therapy with cyclosporine and azathioprine in corticosteroid-resistant severe ulcerative colitis: the Edinburgh experience of outcome.  Dig Liver Dis. 2003;  35 546-551
• 325 Actis G C, Lagget M, Rizzetto M et al. Long-term efficacy of oral microemulsion cyclosporin for refractory ulcerative colitis.  Minerva Med. 2004;  95 65-70
• 326 Rolny P, Sadik R. Longer term outcome of steroid refractory ulcerative colitis treated with intravenous cyclosporine without subsequent oral cyclosporine maintenance therapy.  Int J Colorectal Dis. 2002;  17 67-69
• 327 Cohen R D, Stein R, Hanauer S B. Intravenous cyclosporin in ulcerative colitis: a five-year experience.  Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;  94 1587-1592
• 328 Kruis W, Schreiber S, Theuer D et al. Low dose balsalazide (1.5 g twice daily) and mesalazine (0.5 g three times daily) maintained remission of ulcerative colitis but high dose balsalazide (3.0 g twice daily) was superior in preventing relapses.  Gut. 2001;  49 783-789
• 329 Actis G C, Fadda M, Pellicano R et al. The 17-year single-center experience with the use of azathioprine to maintain remission in ulcerative colitis.  Biomed Pharmacother. 2009;  63 362-365
• 330 Mantzaris G J, Sfakianakis M, Archavlis E et al. A prospective randomized observer-blind 2-year trial of azathioprine monotherapy versus azathioprine and olsalazine for the maintenance of remission of steroid-dependent ulcerative colitis.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;  99 1122-1128
• 331 Domenech E, Garcia-Planella E, Bernal I et al. Azathioprine without oral ciclosporin in the long-term maintenance of remission induced by intravenous ciclosporin in severe, steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis.  Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002;  16 2061-2065
• 332 Cassinotti A, Actis G C, Duca P et al. Maintenance treatment with azathioprine in ulcerative colitis: outcome and predictive factors after drug withdrawal.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;  104 2760-2767
• 333 Oussalah A, Danese S, Peyrin-Biroulet L. Efficacy of TNF Antagonists Beyond One Year in Adult and Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Systematic Review.  Curr Drug Targets. 2009;  11 156-175
• 334 El-Matary W, Vandermeer B, Griffiths A M. Methotrexate for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis.  Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;  CD007560
• 335 Herrlinger K R, Fellermann K, Stange E F. Tacrolimus – finally!.  Gut. 2006;  55 1224-1225
• 336 Lindgren S, Lofberg R, Bergholm L et al. Effect of budesonide enema on remission and relapse rate in distal ulcerative colitis and proctitis.  Scand J Gastroenterol. 2002;  37 705-710
• 337 Meyers S, Lerer P K, Feuer E J et al. Predicting the outcome of corticoid therapy for acute ulcerative colitis. Results of a prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial.  J Clin Gastroenterol. 1987;  9 50-54
• 338 Kruis W, Fric P, Pokrotnieks J et al. Maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis with the probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 is as effective as with standard mesalazine.  Gut. 2004;  53 1617-1623
• 339 Kruis W, Schutz E, Fric P et al. Double-blind comparison of an oral Escherichia coli preparation and mesalazine in maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis.  Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1997;  11 853-858
• 340 Rembacken B J, Snelling A M, Hawkey P M et al. Non-pathogenic Escherichia coli versus mesalazine for the treatment of ulcerative colitis: a randomised trial.  Lancet. 1999;  354 635-639
• 341 Henker J, Muller S, Laass M W et al. Probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) for successful remission maintenance of ulcerative colitis in children and adolescents: an open-label pilot study.  Z Gastroenterol. 2008;  46 874-875
• 342 Miele E, Pascarella F, Giannetti E et al. Effect of a probiotic preparation (VSL#3) on induction and maintenance of remission in children with ulcerative colitis.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;  104 437-443
• 343 Solomons N W. Malnutrition and infection: an update.  The British Journal of Nutrition. 2007;  98 (Suppl 1) S5-S10
• 344 Chandra R K. Nutrition, immunity and infection: from basic knowledge of dietary manipulation of immune responses to practical application of ameliorating suffering and improving survival.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1996;  93 14 304-14 307
• 345 Guerrant R L, Lima A A, Davidson F. Micronutrients and infection: interactions and implications with enteric and other infections and future priorities.  The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2000;  182 (Suppl 1) S134-S138
• 346 Castle S C. Clinical relevance of age-related immune dysfunction.  Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2000;  31 578-585
• 347 Page M J, Poritz L S, Kunselman S J et al. Factors affecting surgical risk in elderly patients with inflammatory bowel disease.  Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery: Official Journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract. 2002;  6 606-613
• 348 Crum N F, Lederman E R, Wallace M R. Infections associated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonists.  Medicine. 2005;  84 291-302
• 349 Gaemperli A, Hauser T, Speck R. Risk of infection during treatment with tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors.  Zeitschrift Fur Rheumatologie. 2006;  65 24-28, 30 – 31
• 350 Gupta G, Lautenbach E, Lewis J D. Incidence and risk factors for herpes zoster among patients with inflammatory bowel disease.  Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology: The Official Clinical Practice Journal of the American Gastroenterological Association. 2006;  4 1483-1490
• 351 Viget N, Vernier-Massouille G, Salmon-Ceron D et al. Opportunistic infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: prevention and diagnosis.  Gut. 2008;  57 549-558
• 352 Tsiodras S, Samonis G, Boumpas D T et al. Fungal infections complicating tumor necrosis factor alpha blockade therapy.  Mayo Clinic Proceedings Mayo Clinic. 2008;  83 181-194
• 353 Hagel S, Bruns T, Kantowski M et al. Cholestatic hepatitis, acute acalculous cholecystitis, and hemolytic anemia: primary Epstein-Barr virus infection under azathioprine.  Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2009;  15 1613-1616
• 354 Stuck A E, Minder C E, Frey F J. Risk of infectious complications in patients taking glucocorticosteroids.  Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 1989;  11 954-963
• 355 Jick S S, Lieberman E S, Rahman M U et al. Glucocorticoid use, other associated factors, and the risk of tuberculosis.  Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2006;  55 19-26
• 356 Yang Z, Wu Q, Wu K et al. Meta-analysis: pre-operative infliximab treatment and short-term post-operative complications in patients with ulcerative colitis.  Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2010;  31 486-492
• 357 Schneeweiss S, Setoguchi S, Weinblatt M E et al. Anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapy and the risk of serious bacterial infections in elderly patients with rheumatoid arthritis.  Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2007;  56 1754-1764
• 358 Fidder H, Schnitzler F, Ferrante M et al. Long-term safety of infliximab for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: a single-centre cohort study.  Gut. 2009;  58 501-508
• 359 Lichtenstein G R, Feagan B G, Cohen R D et al. Serious infections and mortality in association with therapies for Crohn’s disease: TREAT registry.  Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology: The Official Clinical Practice Journal of the American Gastroenterological Association. 2006;  4 621-630
• 360 Keane J, Gershon S, Wise R P et al. Tuberculosis associated with infliximab, a tumor necrosis factor alpha-neutralizing agent.  The New England Journal of Medicine. 2001;  345 1098-1104
• 361 Bakleh M, Tleyjeh I, Matteson E L et al. Infectious complications of tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonists.  International Journal of Dermatology. 2005;  44 443-448
• 362 Dederichs F, Pinciu F, Gerhard H et al. Listeria meningitis in a patient with Crohn’s disease – a seldom, but clinically relevant adverse event of therapy with infliximab.  Zeitschrift Für Gastroenterologie. 2006;  44 657-660
• 363 Tiede I, Fritz G, Strand S et al. CD28-dependent Rac1 activation is the molecular target of azathioprine in primary human CD 4 +  T lymphocytes.  The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2003;  111 1133-1145
• 364 Furst M B, Stromberg B V, Blatchford G J et al. Colonic anastomoses: bursting strength after corticosteroid treatment.  Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 1994;  37 12-15
• 365 Markel T A, Lou D C, Pfefferkorn M et al. Steroids and poor nutrition are associated with infectious wound complications in children undergoing first stage procedures for ulcerative colitis.  Surgery. 2008;  144 540-545 ; discussion 545 – 547
• 366 Mahadevan U, Loftus E V, Tremaine W J et al. Azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine before colectomy for ulcerative colitis is not associated with increased postoperative complications.  Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2002;  8 311-316
• 367 Subramanian V, Saxena S, Kang J Y et al. Preoperative steroid use and risk of postoperative complications in patients with inflammatory bowel disease undergoing abdominal surgery.  The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2008;  103 2373-2381
• 368 Subramanian V, Pollok R CG, Kang J Y et al. Systematic review of postoperative complications in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with immunomodulators.  Br J Surg. 2006;  93 793-799
• 369 Colombel J F, Loftus E V, Tremaine W J et al. Early postoperative complications are not increased in patients with Crohn’s disease treated perioperatively with infliximab or immunosuppressive therapy.  The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2004;  99 878-883
• 370 Schluender S J, Ippoliti A, Dubinsky M et al. Does infliximab influence surgical morbidity of ileal pouch-anal anastomosis in patients with ulcerative colitis?.  Dis Colon Rectum. 2007;  50 1747-1753
• 371 Selvasekar C R, Cima R R, Larson D W et al. Effect of infliximab on short-term complications in patients undergoing operation for chronic ulcerative colitis.  Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2007;  204 956-962 ; discussion 962 – 953
• 372 Appau K A, Fazio V W, Shen B et al. Use of infliximab within 3 months of ileocolonic resection is associated with adverse postoperative outcomes in Crohn’s patients.  Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery: Official Journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract. 2008;  12 1738-1744
• 373 Kunitake H, Hodin R, Shellito P C et al. Perioperative treatment with infliximab in patients with Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis is not associated with an increased rate of postoperative complications.  Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery: Official Journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract. 2008;  12 1730-1736 ; discussion 1736 – 1737
• 374 Mor I J, Vogel J D, da Luz Moreira A et al. Infliximab in ulcerative colitis is associated with an increased risk of postoperative complications after restorative proctocolectomy.  Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 2008;  51 1202-1207 ; discussion 1207 – 1210
• 375 Indar A A, Young-Fadok T M, Heppell J et al. Effect of perioperative immunosuppressive medication on early outcome in Crohn’s disease patients.  World J Surg. 2009;  33 1049-1052
• 376 Ferrante M, D’Hoore A, Vermeire S et al. Corticosteroids but not infliximab increase short-term postoperative infectious complications in patients with ulcerative colitis.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009;  15 1062-1070
• 377 Blum H E, Berg T, Tillmann H L et al. Procedures for problematic situations with hepatitis B.  Zeitschrift Für Gastroenterologie. 2004;  42 692-697
• 378 Domm S, Cinatl J, Mrowietz U. The impact of treatment with tumour necrosis factor-alpha antagonists on the course of chronic viral infections: a review of the literature.  The British Journal of Dermatology. 2008;  159 1217-1228
• 379 Mindikoglu A L, Regev A, Schiff E R. Hepatitis B virus reactivation after cytotoxic chemotherapy: the disease and its prevention.  Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology: The Official Clinical Practice Journal of the American Gastroenterological Association. 2006;  4 1076-1081
• 380 Esteve M, Saro C, González-Huix F et al. Chronic hepatitis B reactivation following infliximab therapy in Crohn’s disease patients: need for primary prophylaxis.  Gut. 2004;  53 1363-1365
• 381 Lau G KK. Hepatitis B reactivation after chemotherapy: two decades of clinical research.  Hepatology International. 2008;  2 152-162
• 382 European Association For The Study Of The LEASL . Clinical Practice Guidelines: management of chronic hepatitis B.  Journal of Hepatology. 2009;  50 227-242
• 383 Schoepfer A M, Flogerzi B, Fallegger S et al. Comparison of interferon-gamma release assay versus tuberculin skin test for tuberculosis screening in inflammatory bowel disease.  The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2008;  103 2799-2806
• 384 Diel R, Forßbohm M, Loytved G et al. Empfehlungen für die Umgebungsuntersuchungen bei Tuberkulose.  Pneumologie. 2007;  61 440-455
• 385 Aslanidis S, Vassiliadis T, Pyrpasopoulou A et al. Inhibition of TNFalpha does not induce viral reactivation in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection: two cases.  Clinical Rheumatology. 2007;  26 261-264
• 386 Campbell S, Ghosh S. Infliximab therapy for Crohn’s disease in the presence of chronic hepatitis C infection.  European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2001;  13 191-192
• 387 Nissen M J, Fontanges E, Allam Y et al. Rheumatological manifestations of hepatitis C: incidence in a rheumatology and non-rheumatology setting and the effect of methotrexate and interferon.  Rheumatology. 2005;  44 1016-1020
• 388 Vivarelli M, Burra P, La Barba G et al. Influence of steroids on HCV recurrence after liver transplantation: A prospective study.  Journal of Hepatology. 2007;  47 793-798
• 389 Stangl J R, Carroll K L, Illichmann M et al. Effect of antimetabolite immunosuppressants on Flaviviridae, including hepatitis C virus.  Transplantation. 2004;  77 562-567
• 390 Scherzer T M, Staufer K, Novacek G et al. Efficacy and safety of antiviral therapy in patients with Crohn’s disease and chronic hepatitis C.  Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2008;  15 742-748
• 391 Hoffmann H, Loytved G, Bodmer T. Interferon-gamma release assays in tuberculosis diagnostics.  Der Internist. 2007;  48 497-498, 500 – 506
• 392 Ehlers S. Why does tumor necrosis factor targeted therapy reactivate tuberculosis?.  The Journal of Rheumatology Supplement. 2005;  74 35-39
• 393 Wallis R S, Broder M S, Wong J Y et al. Granulomatous infectious diseases associated with tumor necrosis factor antagonists.  Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2004;  38 1261-1265
• 394 Tubach F, Salmon D, Ravaud P et al. Risk of tuberculosis is higher with anti-tumor necrosis factor monoclonal antibody therapy than with soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor therapy: The three-year prospective French Research Axed on Tolerance of Biotherapies registry.  Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2009;  60 1884-1894
• 395 Gómez-Reino J J, Carmona L, Angel Descalzo M. Risk of tuberculosis in patients treated with tumor necrosis factor antagonists due to incomplete prevention of reactivation of latent infection.  Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2007;  57 756-761
• 396 Seong S S, Choi C B, Woo J H et al. Incidence of tuberculosis in Korean patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA): effects of RA itself and of tumor necrosis factor blockers.  The Journal of Rheumatology. 2007;  34 706-711
• 397 Aberra F N, Stettler N, Brensinger C et al. Risk for active tuberculosis in inflammatory bowel disease patients.  Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology: The Official Clinical Practice Journal of the American Gastroenterological Association. 2007;  5 1070-1075
• 398 Schiff M H, Burmester G R, Kent J D et al. Safety analyses of adalimumab (HUMIRA) in global clinical trials and US postmarketing surveillance of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.  Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2006;  65 889-894
• 399 Wallis R S. Mathematical modeling of the cause of tuberculosis during tumor necrosis factor blockade.  Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2008;  58 947-952
• 400 Carmona L, Gómez-Reino J J, Rodríguez-Valverde V et al. Effectiveness of recommendations to prevent reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection in patients treated with tumor necrosis factor antagonists.  Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2005;  52 1766-1772
• 401 Sichletidis L, Settas L, Spyratos D et al. Tuberculosis in patients receiving anti-TNF agents despite chemoprophylaxis.  The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease: The Official Journal of the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2006;  10 1127-1132
• 402 Magro F, Pereira P, Veloso F T et al. Unusual presentation of tuberculosis after infliximab therapy.  Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2005;  11 82-84
• 403 Keane J, Bresnihan B. Tuberculosis reactivation during immunosuppressive therapy in rheumatic diseases: diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.  Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 2008;  20 443-449
• 404 Sibartie V, Kirwan W O, O’Mahony S et al. Intestinal tuberculosis mimicking Crohn’s disease: lessons relearned in a new era.  European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2007;  19 347-349
• 405 Paul Ehrlich Institut. Empfehlungen zur Diagnose und Prävention der latenten Tuberkulose bei Patienten vor Beginn der Behandlung mit Remicade (Infliximab).  Februar 2002.
• 406 Diel R, Hauer B, Loddenkemper R et al. Recommendations for tuberculosis screening before initiation of TNF-alpha-inhibitor treatment in rheumatic diseases.  Pneumologie. 2009;  63 329-334
• 407 Efthimiou P, Sood S. QuantiFERON TB Gold Test: the new standard for screening of latent tuberculosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis?.  Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2007;  66 276
• 408 Sellam J, Hamdi H, Roy C et al. Comparison of in vitro-specific blood tests with tuberculin skin test for diagnosis of latent tuberculosis before anti-TNF therapy.  Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2007;  66 1610-1615
• 409 Raval A, Akhavan-Toyserkani G, Brinker A et al. Brief communication: characteristics of spontaneous cases of tuberculosis associated with infliximab.  Annals of Internal Medicine. 2007;  147 699-702
• 410 Vassilopoulos D, Stamoulis N, Hadziyannis E et al. Usefulness of enzyme-linked immunospot assay (Elispot) compared to tuberculin skin testing for latent tuberculosis screening in rheumatic patients scheduled for anti-tumor necrosis factor treatment.  The Journal of Rheumatology. 2008;  35 1271-1276
• 411 Beglinger C, Dudler J, Mottet C et al. Screening for tuberculosis infection before the initiation of an anti-TNF-alpha therapy.  Swiss Medical Weekly: Official Journal of the Swiss Society of Infectious Diseases, the Swiss Society of Internal Medicine, the Swiss Society of Pneumology. 2007;  137 620-622
• 412 Mow W S, Abreu-Martin M T, Papadakis K A et al. High incidence of anergy in inflammatory bowel disease patients limits the usefulness of PPD screening before infliximab therapy.  Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology: The Official Clinical Practice Journal of the American Gastroenterological Association. 2004;  2 309-313
• 413 Schaberg T, Hauer B, Haas W H et al. Latent tuberculosis infection: recommendations for preventive therapy in adults in Germany.  Pneumologie. 2004;  58 255-270
• 414 Balcells M E, Thomas S L, Godfrey-Faussett P et al. Isoniazid preventive therapy and risk for resistant tuberculosis.  Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2006;  12 744-751
• 415 Theis V S, Rhodes J M. Review article: minimizing tuberculosis during anti-tumour necrosis factor-alpha treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.  Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2008;  27 19-30
• 416 Schaberg T, Hauer B. Therapie der Tuberkulose und der latenten tuberkulösen Infektion – Standard für die pulmonalen und die meisten extrapulmonalen Formen.  Der Klinikarzt. 2008;  37 183-188
• 417 Claessen M M, Lutgens M W, Buuren H R et al. More right-sided IBD-associated colorectal cancer in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009;  15 1331-1336
• 418 Ananthakrishnan A N, McGinley E L, Binion D G. Excess hospitalisation burden associated with Clostridium difficile in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.  Gut. 2008;  57 205-210
• 419 Dallal R M, Harbrecht B G, Boujoukas A J et al. Fulminant Clostridium difficile: an underappreciated and increasing cause of death and complications.  Ann Surg. 2002;  235 363-372
• 420 Meyer A M, Ramzan N N, Loftus E V et al. The diagnostic yield of stool pathogen studies during relapses of inflammatory bowel disease.  Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2004;  38 772-775
• 421 Asha N J, Tompkins van D, Wilcox M H. Comparative analysis of prevalence, risk factors, and molecular epidemiology of antibiotic-associated diarrhea due to Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens, and Staphylococcus aureus.  Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2006;  44 2785-2791
• 422 Ben-Horin S, Margalit M, Bossuyt P et al. Combination immunomodulator and antibiotic treatment in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and clostridium difficile infection.  Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology: The Official Clinical Practice Journal of the American Gastroenterological Association. 2009;  7 981-987
• 423 Issa M, Ananthakrishnan A N, Binion D G. Clostridium difficile and inflammatory bowel disease.  Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2008;  14 1432-1442
• 424 Vonberg R P, Kuijper E J, Wilcox M H et al. Infection control measures to limit the spread of Clostridium difficile.  Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2008;  14 (Suppl 5’) 2-20
• 425 Nelson R. Antibiotic treatment for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults.  Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Online). 2007;  CD004610
• 426 Bauer M P, Kuijper E J, Dissel J T. European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID): treatment guidance document for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI).  Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2009;  15 1067-1079
• 427 Fekety van R, Silva J, Kauffman C et al. Treatment of antibiotic-associated Clostridium difficile colitis with oral vancomycin: comparison of two dosage regimens.  The American Journal of Medicine. 1989;  86 15-19
• 428 Gerding D N, Muto C A, Owens R C. Treatment of Clostridium difficile infection.  Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2008;  46 Suppl 1 S32-42
• 429 Kuijper E J, Wilcox M H. Decreased effectiveness of metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection?.  Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2008;  47 63-65
• 430 Pillai A, Nelson R. Probiotics for treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated colitis in adults.  Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Online). 2008;  CD004611
• 431 Musa S, Thomson S, Cowan M et al. Clostridium difficile infection and inflammatory bowel disease.  Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2010;  45 261-272
• 432 US Department of Agriculture . US Department of Agriculture: Food Safety for Transplant Recipients. A Need-to-Know Guide for Bone Marrow and Solid Organ Transplant Recipients.  Washington, USDA 2001.
• 433 Melmed G Y, Ippoliti A F, Papadakis K A et al. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease are at risk for vaccine-preventable illnesses.  The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2006;  101 1834-1840
• 434 Loras C, Saro C, Gonzalez-Huix F et al. Prevalence and factors related to hepatitis B and C in inflammatory bowel disease patients in Spain: a nationwide, multicenter study.  The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2009;  104 57-63
• 435 Melmed G Y. Vaccination strategies for patients with inflammatory bowel disease on immunomodulators and biologics.  Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2009;  15 1410-1416
• 436 Wasan S K, Baker S E, Skolnik P R et al. A Practical Guide to Vaccinating the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patient.  The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2010;  105 1231-1238
• 437 Mitteilung der Ständigen Impfkommission am RKI. Sonderdruck Nov. 2005 STIKO zu Impfungen für Patienten mit Immundefizien. 
• 438 Watson J C, Hadler S C, Dykewicz C A et al. Measles, mumps, and rubella – vaccine use and strategies for elimination of measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome and control of mumps: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).  MMWR Recommendations and Reports: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Recommendations and Reports/Centers for Disease Control. 1998;  47 1-57
• 439 Marin M, Güris D, Chaves S S et al. Prevention of varicella: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).  MMWR Recommendations and Reports: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Recommendations and Reports/Centers for Disease Control. 2007;  56 1-40
• 440 Mitteilung der Ständigen Impfkommission (STIKO) am Robert-Koch-Institut: Impfung gegen die Neue Influenza A (H1N1).  Epidemiologisches Bulletin. 2009;  50 513-519
• 441 Nichol K L. Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccination.  Vaccine. 2008;  26 (Suppl 4) D17-D22
• 442 Mamula P, Markowitz J E, Piccoli D A et al. Immune response to influenza vaccine in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease.  Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology: The Official Clinical Practice Journal of the American Gastroenterological Association. 2007;  5 851-856
• 443 Lu Y, Jacobson D L, Ashworth L A et al. Immune response to influenza vaccine in children with inflammatory bowel disease.  The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2009;  104 444-453
• 444 Institut RK .Empfehlungen der Ständigen Impfkommission (STIKO) am Robert Koch-Institut/Stand: Juli 2009. 
• 445 Vida Pérez L, Gómez Camacho F, García Sánchez V et al. Adequate rate of response to hepatitis B virus vaccination in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.  Medicina Clínica. 2009;  132 331-335
• 446 Cardell K, Akerlind B, Sällberg M et al. Excellent response rate to a double dose of the combined hepatitis A and B vaccine in previous nonresponders to hepatitis B vaccine.  The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2008;  198 299-304
• 447 Ständige Impfkomission (STIKO) am RKI, 3. Dezember 2004 /Nr. 49, Begründung der STIKO für eine allgemeine Varizellenimpfung.  Epidemiologisches Bulletin. 2004;  49 421-423
• 448 Kinder A, Stephens S, Mortimer N et al. Severe herpes zoster after infliximab infusion.  Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2004;  80 26
• 449 Korelitz B I, Fuller S R, Warman J I et al. Shingles during the course of treatment with 6-mercaptopurine for inflammatory bowel disease.  The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1999;  94 424-426
• 450 Nobile S, Catassi C, Felici L. Herpes zoster infection followed by Henoch-Schönlein purpura in a girl receiving infliximab for ulcerative colitis.  Journal of Clinical Rheumatology: Practical Reports on Rheumatic & Musculoskeletal Diseases. 2009;  15 101
• 451 Impfung gegen HPV – Aktuelle Bewertung der STIKO.  Epidemiologisches Bulletin. 2009;  32 319-328
• 452 Kane S, Khatibi B, Reddy D. Higher incidence of abnormal Pap smears in women with inflammatory bowel disease.  The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2008;  103 631-636
• 453 Kane S. Abnormal Pap smears in inflammatory bowel disease.  Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2008;  14 1158-1160
• 454 Elkayam O, Caspi D, Reitblatt T et al. The effect of tumor necrosis factor blockade on the response to pneumococcal vaccination in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis.  Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2004;  33 283-288
• 455 Kaine J L, Kivitz A J, Birbara C et al. Immune responses following administration of influenza and pneumococcal vaccines to patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving adalimumab.  The Journal of Rheumatology. 2007;  34 272-279
• 456 Mease P J, Ritchlin C T, Martin R W et al. Pneumococcal vaccine response in psoriatic arthritis patients during treatment with etanercept.  The Journal of Rheumatology. 2004;  31 1356-1361
• 457 Melmed G Y, Agarwal N, Frenck R W et al. Immunosuppression impairs response to pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.  The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2010;  105 148-154
• 458 Kapetanovic M C, Saxne T, Sjöholm A et al. Influence of methotrexate, TNF blockers and prednisolone on antibody responses to pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.  Rheumatology. 2006;  45 106-111
• 459 Cohen R D, Bowie W R, Enns R et al. Pulmonary actinomycosis complicating infliximab therapy for Crohn’s disease.  Thorax. 2007;  62 1013-1014
• 460 Poppers D M, Scherl E J. Prophylaxis against Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: toward a standard of care.  Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2008;  14 106-113
• 461 Green H, Paul M, Vidal L et al. Prophylaxis for Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in non-HIV immunocompromised patients.  Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Online). 2007;  CD005590
• 462 Rahier J F, Ben-Horin S, Chowers Y et al. European evidence-based Consensus on the prevention, diagnosis and management of opportunistic infections in inflammatory bowel disease.  Journal of Crohn’s and Colitis. 2009;  3 47-91
• 463 Ioannidis J P, Cappelleri J C, Skolnik P R et al. A meta-analysis of the relative efficacy and toxicity of Pneumocystis carinii prophylactic regimens.  Archives of Internal Medicine. 1996;  156 177-188
• 464 Bengtson M B, Solberg I C, Aamodt G et al. Relationships between inflammatory bowel disease and perinatal factors: Both maternal and paternal disease are related to preterm birth of offspring.  Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2010;  16 847-855
• 465 Blanshard C, Benhamou Y, Dohin E et al. Treatment of AIDS-associated gastrointestinal cytomegalovirus infection with foscarnet and ganciclovir: a randomized comparison.  The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1995;  172 622-628
• 466 Rowshani A T, Bemelman F J, Leeuwen E MM et al. Clinical and immunologic aspects of cytomegalovirus infection in solid organ transplant recipients.  Transplantation. 2005;  79 381-386
• 467 Hoz de la R E, Stephens van G, Sherlock C. Diagnosis and treatment approaches of CMV infections in adult patients.  Journal of Clinical Virology: The Official Publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology. 2002;  25 (Suppl 2) S1-S12
• 468 Torres-Madriz G, Boucher H W. Immunocompromised hosts: perspectives in the treatment and prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus disease in solid-organ transplant recipients.  Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2008;  47 702-711
• 469 Preiksaitis J K, Brennan D C, Fishman J et al. Canadian society of transplantation consensus workshop on cytomegalovirus management in solid organ transplantation final report.  American Journal of Transplantation: Official Journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons. 2005;  5 218-227
• 470 Martin D F, Sierra-Madero J, Walmsley S et al. A Controlled Trial of Valganciclovir as Induction Therapy for Cytomegalovirus Retinitis.  N Engl J Med. 2002;  346 1119-1126
• 471 Humar A, Siegal D, Moussa G et al. A prospective assessment of valganciclovir for the treatment of cytomegalovirus infection and disease in transplant recipients.  The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2005;  192 1154-1157
• 472 Asberg A, Humar A, Rollag H et al. Oral valganciclovir is noninferior to intravenous ganciclovir for the treatment of cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients.  American Journal of Transplantation: Official Journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons. 2007;  7 2106-2113
• 473 Len O, Gavalda J, Aguado J M et al. Valganciclovir as treatment for cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients.  Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2008;  46 20-27
• 474 Kandiel A, Lashner B. Cytomegalovirus colitis complicating inflammatory bowel disease.  The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2006;  101 2857-2865
• 475 Perrottet N, Decosterd L A, Meylan P et al. Valganciclovir in adult solid organ transplant recipients: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics and clinical interpretation of plasma concentration measurements.  Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 2009;  48 399-418
• 476 Falagas M E, Snydman D R, Griffith J et al. Clinical and epidemiological predictors of recurrent cytomegalovirus disease in orthotopic liver transplant recipients. Boston Center for Liver Transplantation CMVIG Study Group.  Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1997;  25 314-317
• 477 Turgeon N, Fishman J A, Doran M et al. Prevention of recurrent cytomegalovirus disease in renal and liver transplant recipients: effect of oral ganciclovir.  Transplant Infectious Disease: An Official Journal of the Transplantation Society. 2000;  2 2-10
• 478 Lichtenstein G R, Cohen R, Yamashita B et al. Quality of life after proctocolectomy with ileoanal anastomosis for patients with ulcerative colitis.  J Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;  40 669-677
• 479 Heuschen U A, Heuschen G, Rudek B et al. Long-term quality of life after continence-preserving proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis and familial adenomatous polyposis.  Der Chirurg; Zeitschrift fur alle Gebiete der operativen Medizen. 1998;  69 1052-1058
• 480 Pal S, Sahni P, Pande G K et al. Outcome following emergency surgery for refractory severe ulcerative colitis in a tertiary care centre in India.  BMC gastroenterology. 2005;  5 39
• 481 Fowkes L, Krishna K, Menon A et al. Laparoscopic emergency and elective surgery for ulcerative colitis.  Colorectal Dis. 2008;  10 373-378
• 482 Fazio V W, Ziv Y, Church J M et al. Ileal pouch-anal anastomoses complications and function in 1005 patients.  Ann Surg. 1995;  222 120-127
• 483 Actis G C, Fadda M, David E et al. Colectomy rate in steroid-refractory colitis initially responsive to cyclosporin: a long-term retrospective cohort study.  BMC gastroenterology. 2007;  7 13
• 484 Turner D, Hyams J, Markowitz J et al. Appraisal of the pediatric ulcerative colitis activity index (PUCAI).  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009;  15 1218-1223
• 485 Gumaste V, Sachar D B, Greenstein A J. Benign and malignant colorectal strictures in ulcerative colitis.  Gut. 1992;  33 938-941
• 486 Ota H, Yamazaki K, Endoh W et al. Adenocarcinoma arising below an ileoanal anastomosis after restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis: report of a case.  Surgery today. 2007;  37 596-599
• 487 Reiser J R, Waye J D, Janowitz H D et al. Adenocarcinoma in strictures of ulcerative colitis without antecedent dysplasia by colonoscopy.  Am J Gastroenterol. 1994;  89 119-122
• 488 Heuschkel R, Salvestrini C, Beattie R M et al. Guidelines for the management of growth failure in childhood inflammatory bowel disease.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008;  14 839-849
• 489 Shen B. Impact of preoperative infliximab use on postoperative infectious complications in ulcerative colitis: the price we have to pay?.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008;  14 1019-1021
• 490 Stewart D, Chao A, Kodner I et al. Subtotal colectomy for toxic and fulminant colitis in the era of immunosuppressive therapy.  Colorectal Dis. 2009;  11 184-190
• 491 Hait E J, Bousvaros A, Schuman M et al. Pouch outcomes among children with ulcerative colitis treated with calcineurin inhibitors before ileal pouch anal anastomosis surgery.  J Pediatr Surg. 2007;  42 31-34 ; discussion 34 – 35
• 492 Sorensen J, Kondrup J, Prokopowicz J et al. EuroOOPS: an international, multicentre study to implement nutritional risk screening and evaluate clinical outcome.  Clin Nutr. 2008;  27 340-349
• 493 Weimann A, Braga M, Harsanyi L et al. ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: Surgery including organ transplantation.  Clin Nutr. 2006;  25 224-244
• 494 Heuschen U A, Hinz U, Allemeyer E H et al. Risk factors for ileoanal J pouch-related septic complications in ulcerative colitis and familial adenomatous polyposis.  Ann Surg. 2002;  235 207-216
• 495 Khuri S F, Daley J, Henderson W et al. Risk adjustment of the postoperative mortality rate for the comparative assessment of the quality of surgical care: results of the National Veterans Affairs Surgical Risk Study.  Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 1997;  185 315-327
• 496 Malone D L, Genuit T, Tracy J K et al. Surgical site infections: reanalysis of risk factors.  J Surg Res. 2002;  103 89-95
• 497 Fazio V W, Tjandra J J. Transanal mucosectomy. Ileal pouch advancement for anorectal dysplasia or inflammation after restorative proctocolectomy.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1994;  37 1008-1011
• 498 Lavery I C, Sirimarco M T, Ziv Y et al. Anal canal inflammation after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. The need for treatment.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1995;  38 803-806
• 499 O’Riordain M G, Fazio V W, Lavery I C et al. Incidence and natural history of dysplasia of the anal transitional zone after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis: results of a five-year to ten-year follow-up.  Dis Colon Rectum. 2000;  43 1660-1665
• 500 Bodegraven A A, Boer R O, Lourens van J et al. Distribution of mesalazine enemas in active and quiescent ulcerative colitis.  Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1996;  10 327-332
• 501 Litzendorf M E, Stucchi A F, Wishnia S et al. Completion mucosectomy for retained rectal mucosa following restorative proctocolectomy with double-stapled ileal pouch-anal anastomosis.  J Gastrointest Surg. 2010;  14 562-569
• 502 Ault G T, Nunoo-Mensah J W, Johnson L et al. Adenocarcinoma arising in the middle of ileoanal pouches: report of five cases.  Dis Colon Rectum. 2009;  52 538-541
• 503 Linehan G, Cahill R A, Kalimuthu S N et al. Adenocarcinoma arising in the ileoanal pouch after restorative proctocolectomy for familial adenomatous polyposis.  Int J Colorectal Dis. 2008;  23 329-330
• 504 Naik V S, Patil S B, Scholefield J et al. Adenocarcinoma arising in a background of chronic atrophic pouchitis in an ileoanal pouch for ulcerative colitis.  Histopathology. 2008;  53 354-358
• 505 Kaplan G G, McCarthy E P, Ayanian J Z et al. Impact of hospital volume on postoperative morbidity and mortality following a colectomy for ulcerative colitis.  Gastroenterology. 2008;  134 680-687
• 506 Nessar G, Fazio V W, Tekkis P et al. Long-term outcome and quality of life after continent ileostomy.  Dis Colon Rectum. 2006;  49 336-344
• 507 Berndtsson I, Lindholm E, Ekman I. Thirty years of experience living with a continent ileostomy: bad restrooms – not my reservoir – decide my life.  J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2005;  32 321-326 ; quiz 327 – 328
• 508 Litle V R, Barbour S, Schrock T R et al. The continent ileostomy: long-term durability and patient satisfaction.  J Gastrointest Surg. 1999;  3 625-632
• 509 Castillo E, Thomassie L M, Whitlow C B et al. Continent ileostomy: current experience.  Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;  48 1263-1268
• 510 Leijonmarck C E, Lofberg R, Ost A et al. Long-term results of ileorectal anastomosis in ulcerative colitis in Stockholm County.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1990;  33 195-200
• 511 Elton C, Makin G, Hitos K et al. Mortality, morbidity and functional outcome after ileorectal anastomosis.  Br J Surg. 2003;  90 59-65
• 512 Maartense S, Dunker M S, Slors J F et al. Hand-assisted laparoscopic versus open restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch anal anastomosis: a randomized trial.  Ann Surg. 2004;  240 984-991 ; discussion 991 – 982
• 513 Tilney H S, Lovegrove R E, Heriot A G et al. Comparison of short-term outcomes of laparoscopic vs open approaches to ileal pouch surgery.  Int J Colorectal Dis. 2007;  22 531-542
• 514 Chung T P, Fleshman J W, Birnbaum E H et al. Laparoscopic vs. open total abdominal colectomy for severe colitis: impact on recovery and subsequent completion restorative proctectomy.  Dis Colon Rectum. 2009;  52 4-10
• 515 Geboes K, Colombel J F, Greenstein A et al. Indeterminate colitis: a review of the concept – what’s in a name?.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008;  14 850-857
• 516 Pishori T, Dinnewitzer A, Zmora O et al. Outcome of patients with indeterminate colitis undergoing a double-stapled ileal pouch-anal anastomosis.  Dis Colon Rectum. 2004;  47 717-721
• 517 Delaney C P, Remzi F H, Gramlich T et al. Equivalent function, quality of life and pouch survival rates after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for indeterminate and ulcerative colitis.  Ann Surg. 2002;  236 43-48
• 518 Regimbeau J M, Panis Y, Pocard M et al. Long-term results of ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for colorectal Crohn’s disease.  Dis Colon Rectum. 2001;  44 769-778
• 519 Malaty H M, Fan X, Opekun A R et al. Rising incidence of inflammatory bowel disease among children: a 12-year study.  J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2010;  50 27-31
• 520 Sandborn W J, Tremaine W J, Batts K P et al. Pouchitis after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis: a Pouchitis Disease Activity Index.  Mayo Clin Proc. 1994;  69 409-415
• 521 Tiainen J, Matikainen M. Long-term clinical outcome and anemia after restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis.  Scand J Gastroenterol. 2000;  35 1170-1173
• 522 Meagher A P, Farouk R, Dozois R R et al. J ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for chronic ulcerative colitis: complications and long-term outcome in 1310 patients.  Br J Surg. 1998;  85 800-803
• 523 Hurst R D, Chung T P, Rubin M et al. The implications of acute pouchitis on the long-term functional results after restorative proctocolectomy.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 1998;  4 280-284
• 524 Tiainen J, Matikainen M, Aitola P et al. Histological and macroscopic changes in the pelvic pouch: long-term follow up after restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis (UC).  Colorectal Dis. 2001;  3 28-32
• 525 Tiainen J, Matikainen M. Health-related quality of life after ileal J-pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis: long-term results.  Scand J Gastroenterol. 1999;  34 601-605
• 526 Seidel S A, Peach S E, Newman M et al. Ileoanal pouch procedures: clinical outcomes and quality-of-life assessment.  The American surgeon. 1999;  65 40-46
• 527 Heuschen U A, Autschbach F, Allemeyer E H et al. Long-term follow-up after ileoanal pouch procedure: algorithm for diagnosis, classification, and management of pouchitis.  Dis Colon Rectum. 2001;  44 487-499
• 528 Stahlberg D, Gullberg K, Liljeqvist L et al. Pouchitis following pelvic pouch operation for ulcerative colitis. Incidence, cumulative risk, and risk factors.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1996;  39 1012-1018
• 529 Lohmuller J L, Pemberton J H, Dozois R R et al. Pouchitis and extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis.  Ann Surg. 1990;  211 622-627 ; discussion 627 – 629
• 530 Nicholls R J, Banerjee A K. Pouchitis: risk factors, etiology, and treatment.  World J Surg. 1998;  22 347-351
• 531 Penna C, Dozois R, Tremaine W et al. Pouchitis after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis occurs with increased frequency in patients with associated primary sclerosing cholangitis.  Gut. 1996;  38 234-239
• 532 Shen B, Achkar J P, Lashner B A et al. Irritable pouch syndrome: a new category of diagnosis for symptomatic patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;  97 972-977
• 533 Thoeni R F, Fell S C, Engelstad B et al. Ileoanal pouches: comparison of CT, scintigraphy, and contrast enemas for diagnosing postsurgical complications.  Ajr. 1990;  154 73-78
• 534 Libicher M, Scharf J, Wunsch A et al. MRI of pouch-related fistulas in ulcerative colitis after restorative proctocolectomy.  Journal of computer assisted tomography. 1998;  22 664-668
• 535 Hrung J M, Levine M S, Rombeau J L et al. Total proctocolectomy and ileoanal pouch: the role of contrast studies for evaluating postoperative leaks.  Abdom Imaging. 1998;  23 375-379
• 536 Solomon M J, McLeod R S, O’Connor B I et al. Assessment of peripouch inflammation after ileoanal anastomosis using endoluminal ultrasonography.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1995;  38 182-187
• 537 Sandborn W, McLeod R, Jewell D. Pharmacotherapy for inducing and maintaining remission in pouchitis.  Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;  CD001176
• 538 Sandborn W J, McLeod R, Jewell D P. Medical therapy for induction and maintenance of remission in pouchitis: a systematic review.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 1999;  5 33-39
• 539 Gionchetti P, Rizzello F, Venturi A et al. Oral bacteriotherapy as maintenance treatment in patients with chronic pouchitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.  Gastroenterology. 2000;  119 305-309
• 540 Hurst R D, Molinari M, Chung T P et al. Prospective study of the incidence, timing and treatment of pouchitis in 104 consecutive patients after restorative proctocolectomy.  Arch Surg. 1996;  131 497-500 ; discussion 501 – 492
• 541 Svaninger G, Nordgren S, Oresland T et al. Incidence and characteristics of pouchitis in the Kock continent ileostomy and the pelvic pouch.  Scand J Gastroenterol. 1993;  28 695-700
• 542 Rauh S M, Schoetz Jr D J, Roberts P L et al. Pouchitis – is it a wastebasket diagnosis?.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1991;  34 685-689
• 543 Shen B, Achkar J P, Lashner B A et al. A randomized clinical trial of ciprofloxacin and metronidazole to treat acute pouchitis.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2001;  7 301-305
• 544 Nygaard K, Bergan T, Bjorneklett A et al. Topical metronidazole treatment in pouchitis.  Scand J Gastroenterol. 1994;  29 462-467
• 545 Mimura T, Rizzello F, Helwig U et al. Four-week open-label trial of metronidazole and ciprofloxacin for the treatment of recurrent or refractory pouchitis.  Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002;  16 909-917
• 546 Gionchetti P, Rizzello F, Venturi A et al. Antibiotic combination therapy in patients with chronic, treatment-resistant pouchitis.  Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1999;  13 713-718
• 547 Gionchetti P, Rizzello F, Helwig U et al. Prophylaxis of pouchitis onset with probiotic therapy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.  Gastroenterology. 2003;  124 1202-1209
• 548 Holubar S D, Cima R R, Sandborn W J et al. Treatment and prevention of pouchitis after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for chronic ulcerative colitis.  Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 6 CD001176
• 549 Gullberg K, Lindforss U, Zetterquist H et al. Cancer risk assessment in long-standing pouchitis. DNA aberrations are rare in transformed neoplastic pelvic pouch mucosa.  Int J Colorectal Dis. 2002;  17 92-97
• 550 Borjesson L, Willen R, Haboubi N et al. The risk of dysplasia and cancer in the ileal pouch mucosa after restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative proctocolitis is low: a long-term term follow-up study.  Colorectal Dis. 2004;  6 494-498
• 551 Eaden J A, Abrams K R, Mayberry J F. The risk of colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis.  Gut. 2001;  48 526-535
• 552 Lakatos L, Mester G, Erdelyi Z et al. Risk factors for ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal cancer in a Hungarian cohort of patients with ulcerative colitis: results of a population-based study.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006;  12 205-211
• 553 Soderlund S, Brandt L, Lapidus A et al. Decreasing time-trends of colorectal cancer in a large cohort of patients with inflammatory bowel disease.  Gastroenterology. 2009;  136 1561-1567 ; quiz 1818 – 1569
• 554 Winther K V, Jess T, Langholz E et al. Long-term risk of cancer in ulcerative colitis: a population-based cohort study from Copenhagen County.  Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;  2 1088-1095
• 555 Gupta R B, Harpaz N, Itzkowitz S et al. Histologic inflammation is a risk factor for progression to colorectal neoplasia in ulcerative colitis: a cohort study.  Gastroenterology. 2007;  133 1099-1105 ; quiz 1340 – 1341
• 556 Velayos F S, Loftus Jr E V, Jess T et al. Predictive and protective factors associated with colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis: A case-control study.  Gastroenterology. 2006;  130 1941-1949
• 557 Rutter M D, Saunders B P, Wilkinson K H et al. Thirty-year analysis of a colonoscopic surveillance program for neoplasia in ulcerative colitis.  Gastroenterology. 2006;  130 1030-1038
• 558 Heuschen U A, Hinz U, Allemeyer E H et al. Backwash ileitis is strongly associated with colorectal carcinoma in ulcerative colitis.  Gastroenterology. 2001;  120 841-847
• 559 Collins P D, Mpofu C, Watson A J et al. Strategies for detecting colon cancer and/or dysplasia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.  Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Online). 2006;  CD000279
• 560 Lutgens M W, Vleggaar F P, Schipper M E et al. High frequency of early colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease.  Gut. 2008;  57 1246-1251
• 561 Connell W R, Lennard-Jones J E, Williams C B et al. Factors affecting the outcome of endoscopic surveillance for cancer in ulcerative colitis.  Gastroenterology. 1994;  107 934-944
• 562 Scarpa M, Koperen P J, Ubbink D T et al. Systematic review of dysplasia after restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis.  Br J Surg. 2007;  94 534-545
• 563 Thomas-Gibson van S, Rogers P, Cooper S et al. Judgement of the quality of bowel preparation at screening flexible sigmoidoscopy is associated with variability in adenoma detection rates.  Endoscopy. 2006;  38 456-460
• 564 Toruner M, Harewood G C, Loftus Jr E V et al. Endoscopic factors in the diagnosis of colorectal dysplasia in chronic inflammatory bowel disease.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2005;  11 428-434
• 565 Rubin D T, Rothe J A, Hetzel J T et al. Are dysplasia and colorectal cancer endoscopically visible in patients with ulcerative colitis?.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2007;  65 998-1004
• 566 Rutter M D, Saunders B P, Schofield G et al. Pancolonic indigo carmine dye spraying for the detection of dysplasia in ulcerative colitis.  Gut. 2004;  53 256-260
• 567 Rubin C E, Haggitt R C, Burmer G C et al. DNA aneuploidy in colonic biopsies predicts future development of dysplasia in ulcerative colitis.  Gastroenterology. 1992;  103 1611-1620
• 568 Kaltz B, Bokemeyer B, Hoffmann J et al. Surveillance colonoscopy in ulcerative colitis patients in Germany.  Z Gastroenterol. 2007;  45 325-331
• 569 Marion J F, Waye J D, Present D H et al. Chromoendoscopy-targeted biopsies are superior to standard colonoscopic surveillance for detecting dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease patients: a prospective endoscopic trial.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;  103 2342-2349
• 570 Dekker E, Broek F J, Reitsma J B et al. Narrow-band imaging compared with conventional colonoscopy for the detection of dysplasia in patients with longstanding ulcerative colitis.  Endoscopy. 2007;  39 216-221
• 571 Odze R D, Goldblum van den J, Noffsinger A et al. Interobserver variability in the diagnosis of ulcerative colitis-associated dysplasia by telepathology.  Mod Pathol. 2002;  15 379-386
• 572 Odze R D, Farraye F A, Hecht J L et al. Long-term follow-up after polypectomy treatment for adenoma-like dysplastic lesions in ulcerative colitis.  Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;  2 534-541
• 573 Velayos F S, Terdiman J P, Walsh J M. Effect of 5-aminosalicylate use on colorectal cancer and dysplasia risk: a systematic review and metaanalysis of observational studies.  The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2005;  100 1345-1353
• 574 Pardi D S, Loftus Jr E V, Kremers W K et al. Ursodeoxycholic acid as a chemopreventive agent in patients with ulcerative colitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis.  Gastroenterology. 2003;  124 889-893
• 575 Tung B Y, Emond M J, Haggitt R C et al. Ursodiol use is associated with lower prevalence of colonic neoplasia in patients with ulcerative colitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis.  Ann Intern Med. 2001;  134 89-95
• 576 Lindor K D, Kowdley K V, Luketic V A et al. High-dose ursodeoxycholic acid for the treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis.  Hepatology. 2009;  50 808-814
• 577 Matula S, Croog V, Itzkowitz S et al. Chemoprevention of colorectal neoplasia in ulcerative colitis: the effect of 6-mercaptopurine.  Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology: The Official Clinical Practice Journal of the American Gastroenterological Association. 2005;  3 1015-1021
• 578 O’Donovan P, Perrett C M, Zhang X et al. Azathioprine and UVA light generate mutagenic oxidative DNA damage.  Science. 2005;  309 1871-1874
• 579 Perrett C M, Walker S L, O’Donovan P et al. Azathioprine treatment photosensitizes human skin to ultraviolet A radiation.  Br J Dermatol. 2008;  159 198-204
• 580 Kinlen L J. Incidence of cancer in rheumatoid arthritis and other disorders after immunosuppressive treatment.  Am J Med. 1985;  78 44-49
• 581 Dougados M, Linden van der S, Juhlin R et al. The European Spondylarthropathy Study Group preliminary criteria for the classification of spondylarthropathy.  Arthritis Rheum. 1991;  34 1218-1227
• 582 Orchard T R, Wordsworth B P, Jewell D P. Peripheral arthropathies in inflammatory bowel disease: their articular distribution and natural history.  Gut. 1998;  42 387-391
• 583 Greenstein A J, Janowitz H D, Sachar D B. The extra-intestinal complications of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis: a study of 700 patients.  Medicine. 1976;  55 401-412
• 584 Gran J T, Husby G. Joint manifestations in gastrointestinal diseases. 1. Pathophysiological aspects, ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease.  Dig Dis. 1992;  10 274-294
• 585 Vlam de K, Mielants H, Cuvelier C et al. Spondyloarthropathy is underestimated in inflammatory bowel disease: prevalence and HLA association.  J Rheumatol. 2000;  27 2860-2865
• 586 Palm O, Moum B, Jahnsen J et al. The prevalence and incidence of peripheral arthritis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, a prospective population-based study (the IBSEN study).  Rheumatology. 2001;  40 1256-1261
• 587 Palm O, Moum B, Ongre A et al. Prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis and other spondyloarthropathies among patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a population study (the IBSEN study).  J Rheumatol. 2002;  29 511-515
• 588 Protzer U, Duchmann R, Hohler T et al. Enteropathic spondylarthritis in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases: prevalence, manifestation pattern and HLA association.  Med Klin. 1996;  91 330-335
• 589 Braun J, Bollow M, Remlinger G et al. Prevalence of spondylarthropathies in HLA-B27 positive and negative blood donors.  Arthritis Rheum. 1998;  41 58-67
• 590 Thomas P D, Keat A C, Forbes A et al. Extraintestinal manifestations of ulcerative colitis following restorative proctocolectomy.  Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1999;  11 1001-1005
• 591 Scarpa R, del Puente A, D’Arienzo A et al. The arthritis of ulcerative colitis: clinical and genetic aspects.  J Rheumatol. 1992;  19 373-377
• 592 Jones G, Halbert J, Crotty M et al. The effect of treatment on radiological progression in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review of randomized placebo-controlled trials.  Rheumatology. 2003;  42 6-13
• 593 Dougados M, vam der Linden S, Leirisalo-Repo M et al. Sulfasalazine in the treatment of spondylarthropathy. A randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.  Arthritis Rheum. 1995;  38 618-627
• 594 Clegg D O, Reda D J, Weisman M H et al. Comparison of sulfasalazine and placebo in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. A Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study.  Arthritis Rheum. 1996;  39 2004-2012
• 595 Kefalakes H, Stylianides T J, Amanakis G et al. Exacerbation of inflammatory bowel diseases associated with the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: myth or reality?.  Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2009;  65 963-970
• 596 Felder J B, Korelitz B I, Rajapakse R et al. Effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs on inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;  95 1949-1954
• 597 Bonner G F, Fakhri A, Vennamaneni S R. A long-term cohort study of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and disease activity in outpatients with inflammatory bowel disease.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2004;  10 751-757
• 598 El Miedany Y, Youssef S, Ahmed I et al. The gastrointestinal safety and effect on disease activity of etoricoxib, a selective cox-2 inhibitor in inflammatory bowel diseases.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;  101 311-317
• 599 Freitas J, Farricha V, Nascimento I et al. Rofecoxib: a possible cause of acute colitis.  J Clin Gastroenterol. 2002;  34 451-453
• 600 Herfarth H, Obermeier F, Andus T et al. Improvement of arthritis and arthralgia after treatment with infliximab (Remicade) in a German prospective, open-label, multicenter trial in refractory Crohn’s disease.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;  97 2688-2690
• 601 Braun J, Brandt J, Listing J et al. Treatment of active ankylosing spondylitis with infliximab: a randomised controlled multicentre trial.  Lancet. 2002;  359 1187-1193
• 602 Van Den Bosch F, Kruithof E, Baeten D et al. Randomized double-blind comparison of chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor alpha (infliximab) versus placebo in active spondylarthropathy.  Arthritis Rheum. 2002;  46 755-765
• 603 Heijde van der D, Kivitz A, Schiff M H et al. Efficacy and safety of adalimumab in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.  Arthritis Rheum. 2006;  54 2136-2146
• 604 Lambert R G, Salonen D, Rahman P et al. Adalimumab significantly reduces both spinal and sacroiliac joint inflammation in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.  Arthritis Rheum. 2007;  56 4005-4014
• 605 Zochling J, Heijde van der D, Dougados M et al. Current evidence for the management of ankylosing spondylitis: a systematic literature review for the ASAS/EULAR management recommendations in ankylosing spondylitis.  Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;  65 423-432
• 606 Berstad A E, Aabakken L, Smith H J et al. Diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography in primary sclerosing cholangitis.  Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;  4 514-520
• 607 Moff S L, Kamel I R, Eustace J et al. Diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis: a blinded comparative study using magnetic resonance cholangiography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;  64 219-223
• 608 Abbas G, Lindor K D. Cholangiocarcinoma in primary sclerosing cholangitis.  J Gastrointest Cancer. 2009;  40 19-25
• 609 Lee Y M, Kaplan M M. Practice Guideline Committee of the ACG, American College of Gastroenterology . Management of primary sclerosing cholangitis.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;  97 528-534
• 610 Mitchell S A, Bansi D S, Hunt N et al. A preliminary trial of high-dose ursodeoxycholic acid in primary sclerosing cholangitis.  Gastroenterology. 2001;  121 900-907
• 611 Baluyut A R, Sherman S, Lehman G A et al. Impact of endoscopic therapy on the survival of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2001;  53 308-312
• 612 Gotthardt D N, Rudolph G, Kloters-Plachky P et al. Endoscopic dilation of dominant stenoses in primary sclerosing cholangitis: outcome after long-term treatment.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2010;  71 527-534
• 613 Ruocco E, Sangiuliano S, Gravina A G et al. Pyoderma gangrenosum: an updated review.  J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2009;  23 1008-1017
• 614 Larsen S, Bendtzen K, Nielsen O H. Extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease: epidemiology, diagnosis, and management.  Ann Med. 2010;  42 97-114
• 615 Yuksel I, Basar O, Ataseven H et al. Mucocutaneous manifestations in inflammatory bowel disease.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009;  15 546-550
• 616 Yilmaz S, Aydemir E, Maden A et al. The prevalence of ocular involvement in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.  Int J Colorectal Dis. 2007;  22 1027-1030
• 617 Soukiasian S H, Foster C S, Raizman M B. Treatment strategies for scleritis and uveitis associated with inflammatory bowel disease.  Am J Ophthalmol. 1994;  118 601-611
• 618 Mintz R, Feller E R, Bahr R L et al. Ocular manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2004;  10 135-139
• 619 Vries de J, Baarsma G S, Zaal M J et al. Cyclosporin in the treatment of severe chronic idiopathic uveitis.  Br J Ophthalmol. 1990;  74 344-349
• 620 Joseph A, Raj D, Dua H S et al. Infliximab in the treatment of refractory posterior uveitis.  Ophthalmology. 2003;  110 1449-1453
• 621 Reinshagen M. Osteoporosis in inflammatory bowel disease.  J Crohns Colitis. 2008;  2 202-207
• 622 Lange U, Muller-Ladner U. Glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis.  Z Rheumatol. 2007;  66 129-136 ; quiz 137 – 128
• 623 Drossman D A. Presidential address: Gastrointestinal illness and the biopsychosocial model.  Psychosom Med. 1998;  60 258-267
• 624 Engel G L. The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine.  Science. 1977;  196 129-136
• 625 Graff L A, Walker J R, Bernstein C N. Depression and anxiety in inflammatory bowel disease: a review of comorbidity and management.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009;  15 1105-1118
• 626 Camara R J, Ziegler R, Begre S et al. The role of psychological stress in inflammatory bowel disease: quality assessment of methods of 18 prospective studies and suggestions for future research.  Digestion. 2009;  80 129-139
• 627 Goodhand J R, Wahed M, Rampton D S. Management of stress in inflammatory bowel disease: a therapeutic option?.  Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;  3 661-679
• 628 Nigro G, Angelini G, Grosso S B et al. Psychiatric predictors of noncompliance in inflammatory bowel disease: psychiatry and compliance.  J Clin Gastroenterol. 2001;  32 66-68
• 629 Gomez-Gil E, Vidal A, Panes J et al. Relationship between patient’s subjective stress perception and the course of inflammatory bowel disease.  Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003;  26 411-416
• 630 Mikocka-Walus A A, Turnbull D A, Moulding N T et al. Controversies surrounding the comorbidity of depression and anxiety in inflammatory bowel disease patients: a literature review.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2007;  13 225-234
• 631 Porcelli P, Leoci C, Guerra V. A prospective study of the relationship between disease activity and psychologic distress in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.  Scand J Gastroenterol. 1996;  31 792-796
• 632 Guthrie E, Jackson J, Shaffer J et al. Psychological disorder and severity of inflammatory bowel disease predict health-related quality of life in ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;  97 1994-1999
• 633 Rubin G P, Hungin A P, Chinn D J et al. Quality of life in patients with established inflammatory bowel disease: a UK general practice survey.  Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;  19 529-535
• 634 Bernklev T, Jahnsen J, Lygren I et al. Health-related quality of life in patients with inflammatory bowel disease measured with the short form-36: psychometric assessments and a comparison with general population norms.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2005;  11 909-918
• 635 Janke K H, Klump B, Gregor M et al. Determinants of life satisfaction in inflammatory bowel disease.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2005;  11 272-286
• 636 Han S W, McColl E, Barton J R et al. Predictors of quality of life in ulcerative colitis: the importance of symptoms and illness representations.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2005;  11 24-34
• 637 Casellas F, Arenas J I, Baudet J S et al. Impairment of health-related quality of life in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a Spanish multicenter study.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2005;  11 488-496
• 638 Graff L A, Walker J R, Lix L et al. The relationship of inflammatory bowel disease type and activity to psychological functioning and quality of life.  Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;  4 1491-1501
• 639 Boer A G, Sprangers M A, Bartelsman J F et al. Predictors of health care utilization in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a longitudinal study.  Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1998;  10 783-789
• 640 Mittermaier de C, Dejaco C, Waldhoer T et al. Impact of depressive mood on relapse in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective 18-month follow-up study.  Psychosom Med. 2004;  66 79-84
• 641 Hauser W, Janke K H, Stallmach A. Mental disorder and psychologic distress in patients with ulcerative colitis after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis.  Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;  48 952-962
• 642 Mussell M, Bocker U, Nagel N et al. Predictors of disease-related concerns and other aspects of health-related quality of life in outpatients with inflammatory bowel disease.  Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;  16 1273-1280
• 643 Simren M, Axelsson J, Gillberg R et al. Quality of life in inflammatory bowel disease in remission: the impact of IBS-like symptoms and associated psychological factors.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;  97 389-396
• 644 Minderhoud I M, Oldenburg B, Wismeijer J A et al. IBS-like symptoms in patients with inflammatory bowel disease in remission; relationships with quality of life and coping behavior.  Dig Dis Sci. 2004;  49 469-474
• 645 Ansari R, Attari F, Razjouyan H et al. Ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome: relationships with quality of life.  Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;  20 46-50
• 646 Farrokhyar F, Marshall J K, Easterbrook B et al. Functional gastrointestinal disorders and mood disorders in patients with inactive inflammatory bowel disease: prevalence and impact on health.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006;  12 38-46
• 647 Spiller R. Clinical update: irritable bowel syndrome.  Lancet. 2007;  369 1586-1588
• 648 Guyatt G, Mitchell A, Irvine E J et al. A new measure of health status for clinical trials in inflammatory bowel disease.  Gastroenterology. 1989;  96 804-810
• 649 Janke K H, Klump B, Steder-Neukamm U et al. Validation of the German version of the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (Competence Network IBD, IBDQ-D).  Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol. 2006;  56 291-298
• 650 Irvine E J, Zhou Q, Thompson A K. The Short Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire: a quality of life instrument for community physicians managing inflammatory bowel disease. CCRPT Investigators. Canadian Crohn’s Relapse Prevention Trial.  Am J Gastroenterol. 1996;  91 1571-1578
• 651 Rose M, Fliege H, Hildebrandt M et al. Validation of the new German translation version of the „Short Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire” (SIBDQ).  Z Gastroenterol. 2000;  38 277-286
• 652 Drossman D A, Leserman J, Li Z M et al. The rating form of IBD patient concerns: a new measure of health status.  Psychosom Med. 1991;  53 701-712
• 653 Kunzendorf S, Jantschek G, Straubinger K et al. The Luebeck interview for psychosocial screening in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2007;  13 33-41
• 654 Kroenke K, Spitzer R L, Williams J B. The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item depression screener.  Med Care. 2003;  41 1284-1292
• 655 Herrmann-Lingen C, Buss U, Snaith R P. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale – deutsche Version (HADS-D). Bern: Hans Huber; 1995
• 656 Sewitch M J, Abrahamowicz M, Bitton A et al. Psychological distress, social support, and disease activity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;  96 1470-1479
• 657 Sewitch M J, Abrahamowicz M, Bitton A et al. Psychosocial correlates of patient-physician discordance in inflammatory bowel disease.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;  97 2174-2183
• 658 Hjortswang H, Jarnerot G, Curman B et al. The influence of demographic and disease-related factors on health-related quality of life in patients with ulcerative colitis.  Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003;  15 1011-1020
• 659 Saibeni S, Cortinovis I, Beretta L et al. Gender and disease activity influence health-related quality of life in inflammatory bowel diseases.  Hepatogastroenterology. 2005;  52 509-515
• 660 Timmer A, Bauer A, Kemptner D et al. Determinants of male sexual function in inflammatory bowel disease: a survey-based cross-sectional analysis in 280 men.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2007;  13 1236-1243
• 661 Fuller-Thomson E, Sulman J. Depression and inflammatory bowel disease: findings from two nationally representative Canadian surveys.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006;  12 697-707
• 662 Mussell M, Bocker U, Nagel N et al. Reducing psychological distress in patients with inflammatory bowel disease by cognitive-behavioural treatment: exploratory study of effectiveness.  Scand J Gastroenterol. 2003;  38 755-762
• 663 Mountifield R, Bampton P, Prosser R et al. Fear and fertility in inflammatory bowel disease: a mismatch of perception and reality affects family planning decisions.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009;  15 720-725
• 664 Miehsler W, Weichselberger M, Offerlbauer-Ernst A et al. Which patients with IBD need psychological interventions? A controlled study.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008;  14 1273-1280
• 665 Moser G, Jantschek G. Ulcerative colitis. Psychosomatics.  Z Gastroenterol. 2004;  42 1029-1030
• 666 Caprilli R, Gassull M A, Escher J C et al. European evidence based consensus on the diagnosis and management of Crohn’s disease: special situations.  Gut. 2006;  55 (Suppl 1) i36-i58
• 667 Moser G, Tillinger W, Sachs G et al. Disease-related worries and concerns: a study on out-patients with inflammatory bowel disease.  Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1995;  7 853-858
• 668 Casellas F, Fontanet G, Borruel N et al. The opinion of patients with inflammatory bowel disease on healthcare received.  Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2004;  96 174-184
• 669 Kennedy A P, Nelson E, Reeves D et al. A randomised controlled trial to assess the effectiveness and cost of a patient orientated self management approach to chronic inflammatory bowel disease.  Gut. 2004;  53 1639-1645
• 670 Robinson A, Thompson D G, Wilkin D et al. Guided self-management and patient-directed follow-up of ulcerative colitis: a randomised trial.  Lancet. 2001;  358 976-981
• 671 Borgaonkar M R, Townson G, Donnelly M et al. Providing disease-related information worsens health-related quality of life in inflammatory bowel disease.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2002;  8 264-269
• 672 Elkjaer M, Burisch J, Avnstrom S et al. Development of a Web-based concept for patients with ulcerative colitis and 5-aminosalicylic acid treatment.  Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;  22 695-704
• 673 Lange A, Haslbeck E, Andus T et al. Ambulatory education of patient with Crohn disease/ulcerative colitis.  Z Gastroenterol. 1996;  34 411-415
• 674 Wietersheim von J, Jantschek G, Sommer W et al. Education of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases.  Wien Med Wochenschr. 1999;  149 352-354
• 675 Larsson K, Sundberg Hjelm M, Karlbom U et al. A group-based patient education programme for high-anxiety patients with Crohn disease or ulcerative colitis.  Scand J Gastroenterol. 2003;  38 763-769
• 676 Jaghult S, Larson J, Wredling R et al. A multiprofessional education programme for patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a randomized controlled trial.  Scand J Gastroenterol. 2007;  42 1452-1459
• 677 Maunder R G, Esplen M J. Supportive-expressive group psychotherapy for persons with inflammatory bowel disease.  Can J Psychiatry. 2001;  46 622-626
• 678 Wietersheim von J, Kessler H. Psychotherapy with chronic inflammatory bowel disease patients: a review.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006;  12 1175-1184
• 679 Oxelmark L, Magnusson A, Lofberg R et al. Group-based intervention program in inflammatory bowel disease patients: effects on quality of life.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2007;  13 182-190
• 680 Milne B, Joachim G, Niedhardt J. A stress management programme for inflammatory bowel disease patients.  J Adv Nurs. 1986;  11 561-567
• 681 Schwarz S P, Blanchard E B. Evaluation of a psychological treatment for inflammatory bowel disease.  Behav Res Ther. 1991;  29 167-177
• 682 Elsenbruch S, Langhorst J, Popkirowa K et al. Effects of mind-body therapy on quality of life and neuroendocrine and cellular immune functions in patients with ulcerative colitis.  Psychother Psychosom. 2005;  74 277-287
• 683 Langhorst J, Mueller T, Luedtke R et al. Effects of a comprehensive lifestyle modification program on quality-of-life in patients with ulcerative colitis: a twelve-month follow-up.  Scand J Gastroenterol. 2007;  42 734-745
• 684 Szigethy E, Kenney E, Carpenter J et al. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease and subsyndromal depression.  J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;  46 1290-1298
• 685 Mawdsley J E, Jenkins D G, Macey M G et al. The effect of hypnosis on systemic and rectal mucosal measures of inflammation in ulcerative colitis.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;  103 1460-1469
• 686 Mikocka-Walus A A, Turnbull D A, Moulding N T et al. Antidepressants and inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review.  Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2006;  2 24
• 687 Engstrom I. Inflammatory bowel disease in children and adolescents: mental health and family functioning.  J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1999;  28 S28-33
• 688 Engstrom I, Lindquist B L. Inflammatory bowel disease in children and adolescents: a somatic and psychiatric investigation.  Acta Paediatr Scand. 1991;  80 640-647
• 689 Burke P M, Kocoshis S, Neigut D et al. Maternal psychiatric disorders in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease and cystic fibrosis.  Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 1994;  25 45-52
• 690 Szigethy E, Levy-Warren A, Whitton S et al. Depressive symptoms and inflammatory bowel disease in children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study.  J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2004;  39 395-403
• 691 Mackner L M, Crandall W V. Long-term psychosocial outcomes reported by children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;  100 1386-1392
• 692 Mackner L M, Crandall W V, Szigethy E M. Psychosocial functioning in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006;  12 239-244
• 693 Szigethy E, Craig A E, Iobst E A et al. Profile of depression in adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease: implications for treatment.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009;  15 69-74
• 694 Loonen H J, Grootenhuis M A, Last B F et al. Quality of life in paediatric inflammatory bowel disease measured by a generic and a disease-specific questionnaire.  Acta Paediatr. 2002;  91 348-354
• 695 Zaag-Loonen H J, Grootenhuis M A, Last B F et al. Coping strategies and quality of life of adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease.  Qual Life Res. 2004;  13 1011-1019
• 696 De Boer van der M, Grootenhuis M, Derkx B et al. Health-related quality of life and psychosocial functioning of adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2005;  11 400-406
• 697 Kunz J H, Hommel K A, Greenley R N. Health-related quality of life of youth with inflammatory bowel disease: a comparison with published data using the PedsQL 4.0 generic core scales.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2010;  16 939-946
• 698 Greenley R N, Hommel K A, Nebel J et al. A Meta-analytic Review of the Psychosocial Adjustment of Youth with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.  J Pediatr Psychol. 2010;  35 857-869
• 699 Vaisto T, Aronen E T, Simola P et al. Psychosocial symptoms and competence among adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease and their peers.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2010;  16 27-35
• 700 Karwowski C A, Keljo D, Szigethy E. Strategies to improve quality of life in adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009;  15 1755-1764
• 701 Shepanski M A, Hurd L B, Culton K et al. Health-related quality of life improves in children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease after attending a camp sponsored by the Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation of America.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2005;  11 164-170
• 702 Joos S, Rosemann T, Szecsenyi J et al. Use of complementary and alternative medicine in Germany – a survey of patients with inflammatory bowel disease.  BMC Complement Altern Med. 2006;  6 19
• 703 Langhorst J, Anthonisen I B, Steder-Neukamm U et al. Amount of systemic steroid medication is a strong predictor for the use of complementary and alternative medicine in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: results from a German national survey.  Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2005;  11 287-295
• 704 Langhorst J, Anthonisen I B, Steder-Neukamm U et al. Patterns of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: perceived stress is a potential indicator for CAM use.  Complement Ther Med. 2007;  15 30-37
• 705 Hanai H, Iida T, Takeuchi K et al. Curcumin maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis: randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.  Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;  4 1502-1506
• 706 Fernandez-Banares F, Hinojosa J, Sanchez-Lombrana J L et al. Randomized clinical trial of Plantago ovata seeds (dietary fiber) as compared with mesalamine in maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis. Spanish Group for the Study of Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis (GETECCU).  Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;  94 427-433
• 707 Joos S, Wildau N, Kohnen R et al. Acupuncture and moxibustion in the treatment of ulcerative colitis: a randomized controlled study.  Scand J Gastroenterol. 2006;  41 1056-1063
• 708 Mu J P, Wu H G, Zhang Z Q et al. Meta-analysis on acupuncture and moxibustion for treatment of ulcerative colitis.  Zhongguo Zhen Jiu. 2007;  27 687-690
• 709 Summers R W, Elliott D E, Urban Jr J F et al. Trichuris suis therapy for active ulcerative colitis: a randomized controlled trial.  Gastroenterology. 2005;  128 825-832
• 710 Chen Z S, Nie Z W, Sun Q L. Clinical study in treating intractable ulcerative colitis with traditional Chinese medicine.  Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 1994;  14 400-402
• 711 Huber R, Ditfurth A V, Amann F et al. Tormentil for active ulcerative colitis: an open-label, dose-escalating study.  J Clin Gastroenterol. 2007;  41 834-838
• 712 Gupta I, Parihar A, Malhotra P et al. Effects of gum resin of Boswellia serrata in patients with chronic colitis.  Planta Med. 2001;  67 391-395
• 713 Gupta I, Parihar A, Malhotra P et al. Effects of Boswellia serrata gum resin in patients with ulcerative colitis.  Eur J Med Res. 1997;  2 37-43
• 714 Langmead L, Feakins R M, Goldthorpe S et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral aloe vera gel for active ulcerative colitis.  Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;  19 739-747