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DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1283884
Chirurgische Versorgung und Prognose rektovaginaler Fisteln in Abhängigkeit ihrer Genese
Surgical Treatment and Prognosis of Rectovaginal Fistulae According to their OriginPublication History
Publication Date:
02 April 2012 (online)
Zusammenfassung
Einleitung: Die rektovaginale Fistel ist eine seltene Erkrankung mit uneinheitlicher Genese. Die Genese scheint den Umfang der operativen Versorgung und deren prognostischen Verlauf zu bestimmen. Ziel der Untersuchung ist die Darstellung unterschiedlicher chirurgischer Techniken in der Versorgung rektovaginaler Fisteln und deren Ergebnisse in Abhängigkeit ihrer Genese.
Material: Im Zeitraum von 1 / 2000 bis 1 / 2010 wurden die Daten der Patientinnen mit rektovaginaler Fistel erfasst. Die retrospektive Auswertung der Daten erfolgte zur Erfassung biografischer und anamnestischer Daten, klinischer Charakteristika, Analyse von allgemeinen und spezifischen Komplikationen sowie postoperativem Verlauf.
Ergebnisse: Im Zeitraum von 1 / 2000 bis 1 / 2010 wurden 36 Patienten mit rektovaginaler Fistel versorgt. Inflammatorische Grunderkrankungen (n = 21) und vorhergehende chirurgische Maßnahmen (n = 6) waren die häufigsten Ursachen. Daneben wurden tumorassoziierte – (n = 5) und Fisteln ungeklärter Genese (n = 4) beobachtet. Als chirurgische Therapieverfahren wurden die anteriore Rektumresektion (n = 23), transrektale Verschiebeläppchenplastik (n = 7), subtotale Kolektomie (n = 3), pelvine Exenteratio (n = 2) und Rektumexstirpation (n = 1) angewendet. Der Verschluss des vaginalen Defektes erfolgte durch Einzelknopfnaht (n = 25), Verschiebeläppchenenplastik (n = 6), transvaginale Omentumplastik (n = 2) und posteriore Scheidenplastik (n = 1). Alle Patienten erhielten eine simultane linksgestielte Omentumplastik zur sicheren Trennung betroffener Areale. Patientinnen mit einer Fistelhöhe < 6 cm und der Möglichkeit des Sphinktererhaltes (n = 9) erhielten eine transperineale Omentumplastik. Im medianen Follow-up von 12 Monaten (range: 6 – 36 Monate) traten bei 6 Patientinnen Majorkomplikationen (1 × ARDS mit Nierenversagen, 1 × Anastomoseninsuffizienz, 1 × Nachblutung, 3 × Fistelrezidiv) auf. Bei 3 Patientinnen kam es zum Exitus letalis (postop. Kleinhirninfarkt bei Divertikulitis, septischer Verlauf bei Morbus Crohn, Multiorganversagen bei Tumorrezidiv).
Schlussfolgerung: Die Genese der rektovaginalen Fisteln ist entscheidend für das Ausmaß der Resektion und kann von einer einfachen Exzision bis hin zur pelvinen Exenteratio reichen. Zur Gewährleistung eines optimalen Therapieergebnisses ist die chirurgische- und die Behandlung der zugrunde liegenden Erkrankung zu kombinieren. Die zusätzliche linksgestielte transperineale Omentumplastik bietet eine weitere Therapieoption zur Trennung betroffener Areale.
Abstract
Introduction: The rectovaginal fistula is a rare entity with heterogenic causality. Its genesis seems to predict the extent of operative treatment and the prognostic outcome. The aim of this study was to present different surgical techniques in the treatment of rectovaginal fistulas and their results in correspondence to the genesis.
Material and Methods: Between 1 / 2000 and 1 / 2010, the data of patients with rectovaginal fistulas were collected. The retrospective analysis included biographic and anamnestic data as well as clinical parameters, general and specific complications and postoperative data.
Results: In a timespan of ten years 36 patients with rectovaginal fistulas were treated. The most common causes were inflammatory diseases (n = 21) and earlier surgical measures (n = 6). Moreover tumour-associated fistulas (n = 5) and fistulas with unknown genesis (n = 4) were seen. As surgical techniques anterior resection (n = 21), transrectal flap plasty (n = 7), subtotal colectomy (n = 3), pelvine exenteration (n = 2) and rectal exstirpation (n = 1) were used. The closure of the vaginal lesion was performed by single suture (n = 25), flap plasty (n = 6), transvaginal omental plasty (n = 2) and posterior vaginal plasty (n = 1). All patients were provided with an omental plasty to perform a safe division of the concerned regions. Patients with a low fistula ( < 6 cm) were treated with transperineal omental plasty. The median follow-up was 12 months (6 – 36). Within this timespan 6 patients suffered from major complications [ARDS, anastomosis insufficiency, postoperative bleeding, recurrence of fistula (n = 3)]. Three patients died in the postoperative period (cerebellar infarct, septic complication associated with Crohn’s disease, multiorgan failure in tumour recurrence).
Conclusion: The genesis of rectovaginal fistulae is an important predictor for the size of resection which can range from simple excision to exenteration. For optimal therapy the surgical intervention needs to be integrated into an interdisciplinary therapy concept.
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