Empfehlungen zur Therapie, Chemoprävention und Chemoprophylaxe der Tuberkulose im Erwachsenen- und Kindesalter^[*]

Zusammenfassung

Seit der Veröffentlichung der Empfehlungen des DZK zur medikamentösen Therapie der Tuberkulose (TB) 2001 sowie zur Chemoprävention der latenten tuberkulösen Infektion (LTBI) 2004 sind verschiedene neue internationale Empfehlungen erschienen. Diese sind in die jetzigen Empfehlungen, welche sowohl die Therapie der aktiven Tuberkulose als auch die präventive Behandlung darstellen, integriert, wobei Deutschland-spezifische Adaptationen betont werden.

Jeweils gesondert wird das aktuelle Vorgehen bei Mono-, Poly- und Multiresistenzen oder Medikamentenunverträglichkeiten, bei kindlicher Tuberkulose, bei verschiedenen Formen der extrapulmonalen Tuberkulose, bei LTBI sowie in speziellen Situationen wie HIV-Infektion, Nieren- oder Leberinsuffizienz, Infektion nach BCG-Instillation bei Harnblasenkarzinom oder bei Auftreten von unerwünschten Arzneimittelwirkungen vorgestellt.

Folgende Aspekte weichen von den früheren Empfehlungen ab: Die Dreifachtherapie der sogenannten vollsensiblen Minimaltuberkulose wird bei Erwachsenen nicht mehr empfohlen. Bei der Dosierung von Ethambutol für Erwachsene wird 15 mg/kg Körpergewicht als ausreichend angesehen. Für die Therapie der multiresistenten Tuberkulose (MDR-TB) werden vier Zweitrangmedikamente (zusätzlich ggf. Pyrazinamid) empfohlen. Die Dauer der Behandlung einer MDR-TB sollte wenigstens 20 Monate betragen, wobei ein injizierbares Medikament (Initialphase) mindestens über acht Monate gegeben werden sollte. Ciprofloxacin und Ofloxacin spielen bei der Behandlung der Tuberkulose keine Rolle mehr. Außerdem wird empfohlen, jedem Tuberkulosepatienten einen HIV-Test anzubieten, um ggf. eine antiretrovirale Therapie zu ergänzen und die antituberkulöse Therapie entsprechend zu modifizieren.

Abstract

Several new international recommendations have been published since the German Central Committee against Tuberculosis (DZK) published its recommendations for drug treatment of tuberculosis (TB) in 2001 and for chemoprevention of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in 2004. These international publications have been integrated in the present new recommendations which describe both the treatment of active TB and preventive treatment, pointing out specific adaptations for Germany.

Separate sections deal with the current management of mono-, poly-, and multiresistance or drug intolerance, of TB in children, of different forms of extrapulmonary TB, of LTBI and of special situations such as HIV infection, renal or hepatic insufficiency, infection following BCG instillation in bladder cancer or in case of adverse drug reactions.

The following aspects differ from the previous recommendations: A three-drug regimen for the so-called fully susceptible minimal TB is no longer recommended in adults. A dosage of 15 mg/kg body weight of ethambutol for adults is regarded as sufficient. Four secondline drugs (supplemented by pyrazinamide, where appropriate) are recommended for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). MDR-TB should be treated over a period of at least 20 months, with an injectable drug administered for a minimum of 8 months (initial phase). Ciprofloxacine and ofloxacine are no longer used to treat TB. It is also recommended to offer an HIV test to all TB patients to complement antiretroviral therapy, if necessary, and to adapt the antituberculous therapy accordingly.

^* Ein besonderer Dank der Autoren und insbesondere von T. Schaberg gilt Herrn Prof. Dr. Hans Rieder (Schweiz) von der Internationalen Union („The Union“), der diese Empfehlungen mit großem Engagement und seinem enormen Wissen über die Tuberkulose in erheblichem Maße beeinflusst und bereichert hat. Unser Dank geht auch an die kritischen Gutachter B. Schaaf/Dortmund, G. Rohde/Maastricht und W. Haas/Berlin.

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