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Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 32(6): 693-702
DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1295717
© Thieme Medical Publishers

Pulmonary Mucormycosis

Georgios Hamilos1 , George Samonis1 , Dimitrios P. Kontoyiannis2
  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
  • 2Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Publication History

Publication Date:
13 December 2011 (online)

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ABSTRACT

Mucormycosis (formerly zygomycosis) is a life-threatening opportunistic mycosis that infects a broad range of hosts with qualitative or quantitative defects in innate immunity, including patients with severe neutropenia, recipients of corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive medications, poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, and those with iron overload states. Mucormycosis has recently emerged as breakthrough sinopulmonary infection in hematologic patients and recipients of transplantation being on antifungal prophylaxis with Aspergillus-active antifungals that lack activity against Mucorales. Unlike pulmonary aspergillosis, the prognosis and outcome of pulmonary mucormycosis have not improved significantly over the last decade, mainly because of difficulties in early diagnosis and the limited activity of current antifungal agents against Mucorales. Recent evidence suggests a critical role for iron metabolism and fungal–endothelial cell interactions in pathogenesis of mucormycosis, and holds promise for development of novel therapeutic strategies. Currently, prompt initiation of antifungal therapy with a lipid amphotericin B–based regimen, reversal of underlying host factors, and aggressive surgical approach offers the best chances for survival of patients infected with this devastating mycosis.

KEYWORDS

Mucormycosis - zygomycosis - Rhizopus - Mucor - immunocompromised - hematologic malignancy

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Dimitrios P. KontoyiannisM.D. 

Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, Unit 402, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center

1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030

Email: dkontoyi@mdanderson.org