European guidelines for quality assurance in colorectal cancer screening and diagnosis. First Edition – Introduction

I. Lansdorp-Vogelaar; L. von Karsa

doi:10.1055/s-0032-1308898

Endoscopy, Inhaltsverzeichnis

Endoscopy 2012; 44(S 03): SE15-SE30
DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1308898

Guidelines

European guidelines for quality assurance in colorectal cancer screening and diagnosis. First Edition – Introduction

I. Lansdorp-Vogelaar

¹Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

,

L. von Karsa

²Quality Assurance Group, Early Detection and Prevention Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France

› Institutsangaben

Abstract

Multidisciplinary, evidence-based guidelines for quality assurance in colorectal cancer screening and diagnosis have been developed by experts in a project coordinated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The full guideline document covers the entire process of population-based screening. It consists of 10 chapters and over 250 recommendations, graded according to the strength of the recommendation and the supporting evidence. The 450-page guidelines and the extensive evidence base have been published by the European Commission. The first chapter deals with the evidence for the effectiveness of CRC screening; key operational parameters such as age-range, interval between two negative screening examinations, and some combinations of tests; and cost-effectiveness. The content of the chapter is presented here to promote international discussion and collaboration by making the principles and standards recommended in the new EU Guidelines known to a wider professional and scientific community. Following these recommendations has the potential to enhance the control of colorectal cancer through improvement in the quality and effectiveness of the screening process, including multi-disciplinary diagnosis and management of the disease.

Keywords

mass screening - colorectal neoplasms - population-based programme - effectiveness - cost-effectiveness - quality assurance recommendations - evidence-based guidelines

Volltext

Referenzen

References
1 Ahlquist DA, Sargent DJ, Levin TR et al. Stool DNA screening for colorectal neoplasia: prospective multicenter comparison with occult blood testing. Gastroenterology 2005; 128: 63
2 Allison JE, Sakoda LC, Levin TR et al. Screening for colorectal neoplasms with new fecal occult blood tests: update on performance characteristics. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007; 99: 1462-1470
3 Allison JE, Tekawa IS, Ransom LJ et al. A comparison of fecal occult-blood tests for colorectal-cancer screening. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 155-159
4 Arbyn M, Anttila A, Jordan J et al. European Guidelines for Quality Assurance in Cervical Cancer Screening. Second edition – summary document. Ann Oncol 2010; 21: 448-458
5 Arbyn M, Anttila A, Jordan J et al. eds. European guidelines for quality assurance in cervical cancer screening. Second edition. Luxembourg: European Commission, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities; 2008
6 Arnesen RB, von Benzon E, Adamsen S et al. Diagnostic performance of computed tomography colonography and colonoscopy: a prospective and validated analysis of 231 paired examinations. Acta Radiol 2007; 48: 831-837
7 Atkin W, Valori R, Kuipers EJ et al. European guidelines for quality assurance in colorectal cancer screening and diagnosis. First edition. Colonoscopic surveillance following adenoma removal. Endoscopy 2012; 44
8 Atkin WS, Edwards R, Kralj-Hans I et al. Once-only flexible sigmoidoscopy screening in prevention of colorectal cancer: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2010; 375: 1624-1633
9 Austoker J, Giordano L, Hewitson P et al. European guidelines for quality assurance in colorectal cancer screening and diagnosis. First edition. Communication. Endoscopy 2012; 44: SE164-1SE85
10 Baxter NN, Goldwasser MA, Paszat LF et al. Association of colonoscopy and death from colorectal cancer. Ann Intern Med 2009; 150: 1-8
11 Berchi C, Bouvier V, Reaud JM et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of two strategies for mass screening for colorectal cancer in France. Health Econ 2004; 13: 227-238
12 Bluecross Blueshield Association Special Report. Special report: fecal DNA analysis for colon cancer screening. Technol Eval Cent Asses Program Exec Summ 2006; 21: 1-2
13 Brenner H, Arndt V, Stegmaier C et al. Reduction of clinically manifest colorectal cancer by endoscopic screening: empirical evaluation and comparison of screening at various ages. Eur J Cancer Prev 2005; 14: 231-237
14 Brenner H, Chang-Claude J, Seiler CM et al. Does a negative screening colonoscopy ever need to be repeated?. Gut 2006; 55: 1145-1150
15 Brenner H, Hoffmeister M, Arndt V et al. Protection from right- and left-sided colorectal neoplasms after colonoscopy: population-based study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2010; 102: 89-95
16 Castiglione G, Zappa M, Grazzini G et al. Immunochemical vs guaiac faecal occult blood tests in a population-based screening programme for colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 1996; 74: 141-144
17 Chaparro Sanchez M, del Campo V, Mate Jimenez J et al. Computed tomography colonography compared with conventional colonoscopy for the detection of colorectal polyps. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 30: 375-380
18 Ciccolallo L, Capocaccia R, Coleman MP et al. Survival differences between European and US patients with colorectal cancer: role of stage at diagnosis and surgery. Gut 2005; 54: 268-273
19 Commission of the European Communities. Report from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions – Implementation of the Council Recommendation of 2 December 2003 on cancer screening (2003/878/EC). Brussels: 2008 COM(2008) 882 final
20 Commission of the European Communities. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on Action Against Cancer: European Partnership. Brussels: European Commission; 2009 COM (2009) 291 final http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_information/dissemination/diseases/docs/com_2009_291_en.pdf Accessed 11/2/2012
21 Council of the European Union. Council Recommendation of 2 December 2003 on cancer screening (2003/878/EC). Off J Eur Union 2003; 34-38
22 Council of the European Union. Council conclusions on reducing the burden of cancer. 2876th Employment, Social Policy, Health and Consumer Affairs Council meeting. Luxembourg, 9 –10 June 2008. Brussels, Belgium: Press Office of the Council of the European Union; 10 June 2008; 2008. 10414/08 (Presse 166)
23 Council of the European Union. Council conclusions on action against cancer. 3032nd General Affairs Council meeting. Brussels, 13 September 2010. Brussels, Belgium: Press Office of the Council of the European Union; 2010. 5021/09
24 Dancourt V, Lejeune C, Lepage C et al. Immunochemical faecal occult blood tests are superior to guaiac-based tests for the detection of colorectal neoplasms. Eur J Cancer 2008; 44: 2254-2258
25 de Wolf C, Perry N eds. European guidelines for quality assurance in breast cancer screening. Second edition. Luxembourg: European Commission, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities; 1996
26 Ee HC, Semmens JB, Hoffman NE. Complete colonoscopy rarely misses cancer. Gastrointest Endosc 2002; 55: 167-171
27 Eliakim R, Yassin K, Niv Y et al. Prospective multicenter performance evaluation of the second-generation colon capsule compared with colonoscopy. Endoscopy 2009; 41: 1026-1031
28 European Parliament. European Parliament Resolution on Breast Cancer in the European Union. 2004 (2002/2279(INI)). OJ C 68 E (18 March 2004): 611-617
29 European Parliament. European Parliament Resolution on Breast Cancer in the Enlarged European Union. 2006 P6_TA(2006)0449.
30 European Parliament. European Parliament resolution of 10 April on combating cancer in the enlarged European Union. 2008 P6_TA-PROV(2008)0121.
31 Faivre J, Dancourt V, Lejeune C et al. Reduction in colorectal cancer mortality by fecal occult blood screening in a French controlled study. Gastroenterology 2004; 126: 1674-1680
32 Ferlay J, Parkin DM, Steliarova-Foucher E. Estimates of cancer incidence and mortality in Europe in 2008. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46: 765-781
33 Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F et al. GLOBOCAN 2008 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC. CancerBase No. 10 [Internet]. 2010: http://globocan.iarc.fr Accessed 1/9/2011
34 Fireman Z, Kopelman Y. The colon – the latest terrain for capsule endoscopy. Dig Liver Dis 2007; 39: 895-899
35 Gay G, Delvaux M, Frederic M et al. Could the Colonic Capsule PillCam Colon Be Clinically Useful for Selecting Patients Who Deserve a Complete Colonoscopy?: Results of Clinical Comparison With Colonoscopy in the Perspective of Colorectal Cancer Screening. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 1076-1086
36 Giordano L, Webster P, Anthony C et al. Improving the quality of communication in organised cervical cancer screening programmes. Patient.Educ.Couns 2008; 72: 130-136
37 Giordano L, Webster P, Segnan N et al. Guidance on breast screening communication. In: Perry N, Broeders M, de Wolf C, et al., eds. European guidelines for quality assurance in breast cancer screening and diagnosis. Fourth edition. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities; 2006: 379-394
38 Gondal G, Grotmol T, Hofstad B et al. The Norwegian Colorectal Cancer Prevention (NORCCAP) screening study: baseline findings and implementations for clinical work-up in age groups 50–64 years. Scand J Gastroenterol 2003; 38: 635-642
39 Guittet L, Bouvier V, Mariotte N et al. Comparison of a guaiac based and an immunochemical faecal occult blood test in screening for colorectal cancer in a general average risk population. Gut 2007; 56: 210-214
40 Halligan S, Altman DG, Taylor SA et al. CT colonography in the detection of colorectal polyps and cancer: systematic review, meta-analysis, and proposed minimum data set for study level reporting. Radiology 2005; 237: 893-904
41 Halloran S, Launoy G, Zappa M. European guidelines for quality assurance in colorectal cancer screening and diagnosis. First edition. Faecal Occult Blood Testing. Endoscopy 2012; 44: SE65-SE87
42 Hanselaar AG. Criteria for organized cervical screening programs. Special emphasis on The Netherlands program. Acta Cytol 2002; 46: 619-629
43 Hardcastle JD, Chamberlain JO, Robinson MH et al. Randomised controlled trial of faecal-occult-blood screening for colorectal cancer. Lancet 1996; 348: 1472-1477
44 Heresbach D, Manfredi S, D'halluin PN et al. Review in depth and meta-analysis of controlled trials on colorectal cancer screening by faecal occult blood test. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 18: 427-433
45 Hewitson P, Glasziou P, Irwig L et al. Screening for colorectal cancer using the faecal occult blood test, Hemoccult. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;
46 Hoepffner N, Shastri YM, Hanisch E et al. Comparative evaluation of a new bedside faecal occult blood test in a prospective multicentre study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006; 23: 145-154
47 Hoff G, Grotmol T, Skovlund E et al. Risk of colorectal cancer seven years after flexible sigmoidoscopy screening: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2009; 338: b1846
48 Hofstad B. Colon Polyps: Prevalence Rates, Incidence Rates, and Growth Rates. In: Waye J, Rex DK, Williams CB, , eds Colonoscopy: Principles and Practice. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2003: 358-376
49 Huang EH, Whelan RL, Gleason NR et al. Increased incidence of colorectal adenomas in follow-up evaluation of patients with newly diagnosed hyperplastic polyps. Surg Endosc 2001; 15: 646-648
50 Hughes K, Leggett B, Del MC et al. Guaiac versus immunochemical tests: faecal occult blood test screening for colorectal cancer in a rural community. Aust N Z J Public Health 2005; 29: 358-364
51 Imperiale TF, Ransohoff DF, Itzkowitz SH et al. Fecal DNA versus fecal occult blood for colorectal-cancer screening in an average-risk population. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 2704-2714
52 Imperiale TF, Wagner DR, Lin CY et al. Results of screening colonoscopy among persons 40 to 49 years of age. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 1781-1785
53 Itzkowitz S, Brand R, Jandorf L et al. A simplified, noninvasive stool DNA test for colorectal cancer detection. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103: 2862-2870
54 Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E et al. Cancer statistics, 2008. CA Cancer J Clin 2008; 58: 71-96
55 Jensch S, de Vries AH, Peringa J et al. CT colonography with limited bowel preparation: performance characteristics in an increased-risk population. Radiology 2008; 247: 122-132
56 Kahi CJ, Imperiale TF, Juliar BE et al. Effect of screening colonoscopy on colorectal cancer incidence and mortality. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 7: 770-775
57 Kavanagh AM, Giovannucci EL, Fuchs CS et al. Screening endoscopy and risk of colorectal cancer in United States men. Cancer Causes Control 1998; 9: 455-462
58 Kerr J, Day P, Broadstock M et al. Systematic review of the effectiveness of population screening for colorectal cancer. N Z Med J 2007; 120: U2629
59 Kim DH, Lee SY, Choi KS et al. The usefulness of colonoscopy as a screening test for detecting colorectal polyps. Hepatogastroenterology 2007; 54: 2240-2242
60 Ko CW, Dominitz JA, Nguyen TD. Fecal occult blood testing in a general medical clinic: comparison between guaiac-based and immunochemical-based tests. Am J Med 2003; 115: 111-114
61 Kronborg O, Fenger C, Olsen J et al. Randomised study of screening for colorectal cancer with faecal-occult-blood test. Lancet 1996; 348: 1467-1471
62 Ladabaum U, Chopra CL, Huang G et al. Aspirin as an adjunct to screening for prevention of sporadic colorectal cancer. A cost-effectiveness analysis. Ann Intern Med 2001; 135: 769-781
63 Lejeune C, Arveux P, Dancourt V et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of fecal occult blood screening for colorectal cancer. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 2004; 20: 434-439
64 Li S, Wang H, Hu J et al. New immunochemical fecal occult blood test with two-consecutive stool sample testing is a cost-effective approach for colon cancer screening: results of a prospective multicenter study in Chinese patients. Int J Cancer 2006; 118: 3078-3083
65 Lieberman DA, Weiss DG. One-time screening for colorectal cancer with combined fecal occult-blood testing and examination of the distal colon. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 555-560
66 Lieberman DA, Weiss DG, Bond JH et al. Use of colonoscopy to screen asymptomatic adults for colorectal cancer. Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group 380. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 162-168
67 Lieberman DA, Weiss DG, Harford WV et al. Five-year colon surveillance after screening colonoscopy. Gastroenterology 2007; 133: 1077-1085
68 Lindholm E, Brevinge H, Haglind E. Survival benefit in a randomized clinical trial of faecal occult blood screening for colorectal cancer. Br J Surg 2008; 95: 1029-1036
69 Loganayagam A. Faecal screening of colorectal cancer. Int J Clin Pract 2008; 62: 454-459
70 Malila N, Senore C, Armaroli P. European guidelines for quality assurance in colorectal cancer screening and diagnosis. First edition. Organisation. Endoscopy 2012; 44: SE31-SE48
71 Mandel JS, Bond JH, Church TR et al. Reducing mortality from colorectal cancer by screening for fecal occult blood. Minnesota Colon Cancer Control Study. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1365-1371
72 Mandel JS, Church TR, Ederer F et al. Colorectal cancer mortality: effectiveness of biennial screening for fecal occult blood. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999; 91: 434-437
73 Minozzi S, Armaroli P, Banzi R et al. European guidelines for quality assurance in colorectal cancer screening and diagnosis – First edition. Appendix 1: Systematic evidence review. 2010 http://bookshop.europa.eu/en/european-guidelines-for-quality-assurance-in-colorectal-cancer-screening-and-diagnosis-pbND3210390/ Accessed 11/2/2012
74 Minozzi S, Armaroli P, Segnan N. European guidelines for quality assurance in colorectal cancer screening and diagnosis. First edition. Principles of evidence assessment and methods for reaching recommendations. Endoscopy 2012; 44: SE9-SE14
75 Morson BC. The evolution of colorectal carcinoma. Clin Radiol 1984; 35: 425-431
76 Moss S, Ancelle-Park R, Brenner H. European guidelines for quality assurance in colorectal cancer screening and diagnosis. First edition. Evaluation and interpretation of screening outcomes. Endoscopy 2012; 44: SE49-SE64
77 Mulhall BP, Veerappan GR, Jackson JL. Meta-analysis: computed tomographic colonography. Ann Intern Med 2005; 142: 635-650
78 Muller AD, Sonnenberg A. Protection by endoscopy against death from colorectal cancer. A case-control study among veterans. Arch Intern Med 1995; 155: 1741-1748
79 Muto T, Bussey HJ, Morson BC. The evolution of cancer of the colon and rectum. Cancer 1975; 36: 2251-2270
80 Nakajima M, Saito H, Soma Y et al. Prevention of advanced colorectal cancer by screening using the immunochemical faecal occult blood test: a case-control study. Br J Cancer 2003; 89: 23-28
81 Newcomb PA, Norfleet RG, Storer BE et al. Screening sigmoidoscopy and colorectal cancer mortality. J Natl Cancer Inst 1992; 84: 1572-1575
82 Pabby A, Suneja A, Heeren T et al. Flexible sigmoidoscopy for colorectal cancer screening in the elderly. Dig Dis Sci 2005; 50: 2147-2152
83 Parekh M, Fendrick AM, Ladabaum U. As tests evolve and costs of cancer care rise: reappraising stool-based screening for colorectal neoplasia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008; 27: 697-712
84 Perry N, Broeders M, de Wolf C et al. European guidelines for quality assurance in breast cancer screening and diagnosis. Fourth edition – summary document. Ann Oncol 2008; 19: 614-622
85 Perry N, Broeders M, de Wolf C et al. European guidelines for quality assurance in breast cancer screening and diagnosis. Fourth edition. Luxembourg: European Commission, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities; 2006
86 Perry N, de Wolf C, Törnberg S et al. (eds.) European guidelines for quality assurance in mammography screening. Third edition. Luxembourg: European Commission, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities; 2001
87 Pickhardt PJ, Hassan C, Laghi A et al. Cost-effectiveness of colorectal cancer screening with computed tomography colonography: the impact of not reporting diminutive lesions. Cancer 2007; 109: 2213-2221
88 Pignone M, Rich M, Teutsch SM et al. Screening for colorectal cancer in adults at average risk: a summary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2002; 137: 132-141
89 Pignone M, Saha S, Hoerger T et al. Cost-effectiveness analyses of colorectal cancer screening: a systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2002; 137: 96-104
90 Platell CF, Philpott G, Olynyk JK. Flexible sigmoidoscopy screening for colorectal neoplasia in average-risk people: evaluation of a five-year rescreening interval. Med J Aust 2002; 176: 371-373
91 Prorok PC, Andriole GL, Bresalier RS et al. Design of the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial. Control Clin Trials 2000; 21: 273S-309S
92 Purkayastha S, Athanasiou T, Tekkis PP et al. Magnetic resonance colonography vs computed tomography colonography for the diagnosis of colorectal cancer: an indirect comparison. Colorectal Dis 2007; 9: 100-111
93 Quirke P, Risio M, Lambert R et al. European guidelines for quality assurance in colorectal cancer screening and diagnosis. First edition. Quality assurance in pathology in colorectal cancer screening and diagnosis. Endoscopy 2012; 44
94 Rainis T, Keren D, Goldstein O et al. Diagnostic yield and safety of colonoscopy in Israeli patients in an open access referral system. J Clin Gastroenterol 2007; 41: 394-399
95 Rasmussen M, Fenger C, Kronborg O. Diagnostic yield in a biennial Hemoccult-II screening program compared to a once-only screening with flexible sigmoidoscopy and Hemoccult-II. Scand J Gastroenterol 2003; 38: 114-118
96 Rasmussen M, Kronborg O, Fenger C et al. Possible advantages and drawbacks of adding flexible sigmoidoscopy to hemoccult-II in screening for colorectal cancer. A randomized study. Scand J Gastroenterol 1999; 34: 73-78
97 Regula J, Rupinski M, Kraszewska E et al. Colonoscopy in colorectal-cancer screening for detection of advanced neoplasia. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 1863-1872
98 Reuterskiold MH, Lasson A, Svensson E et al. Diagnostic performance of computed tomography colonography in symptomatic patients and in patients with increased risk for colorectal disease. Acta Radiol 2006; 47: 888-898
99 Rex DK, Cummings OW, Helper DJ et al. 5-year incidence of adenomas after negative colonoscopy in asymptomatic average-risk persons. [see comment] Gastroenterology 1996; 111: 1178-1181
100 Roberts-Thomson IC, Tucker GR, Hewett PJ et al. Single-center study comparing computed tomography colonography with conventional colonoscopy. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14: 469-473
101 Rosman AS, Korsten MA. Meta-analysis comparing CT colonography, air contrast barium enema, and colonoscopy. Am J Med 2007; 120: 203-210
102 Rozen P, Knaani J, Samuel Z. Comparative screening with a sensitive guaiac and specific immunochemical occult blood test in an endoscopic study. Cancer 2000; 89: 46-52
103 Rundle AG, Lebwohl B, Vogel R et al. Colonoscopic screening in average-risk individuals ages 40 to 49 vs 50 to 59 years. Gastroenterology 2008; 134: 1311-1315
104 Saito H, Soma Y, Koeda J et al. Reduction in risk of mortality from colorectal cancer by fecal occult blood screening with immunochemical hemagglutination test. A case-control study. Int J Cancer 1995; 61: 465-469
105 Saito H, Soma Y, Nakajima M et al. A case-control study evaluating occult blood screening for colorectal cancer with hemoccult test and an immunochemical hemagglutination test. Oncol Rep 2000; 7: 815-819
106 Schoen RE, Pinsky PF, Weissfeld JL et al. Results of repeat sigmoidoscopy 3 years after a negative examination. JAMA 2003; 290: 41-48
107 Schoenfeld P, Cash B, Flood A et al. Colonoscopic screening of average-risk women for colorectal neoplasia. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 2061-2068
108 Scholefield JH, Moss S, Sufi F et al. Effect of faecal occult blood screening on mortality from colorectal cancer: results from a randomised controlled trial. Gut 2002; 50: 840-844
109 Segnan N, Patnick J, Karsa Lvon (eds.) European guidelines for quality assurance in colorectal cancer screening and diagnosis. First edition. Luxembourg: European Commission, Publications Office of the European Union; 2010
110 Segnan N, Senore C, Andreoni B et al. Randomized trial of different screening strategies for colorectal cancer: patient response and detection rates. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97: 347-357
111 Segnan N, Senore C, Andreoni B et al. Baseline findings of the Italian multicenter randomized controlled trial of “once-only sigmoidoscopy”–SCORE. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002; 94: 1763-1772
112 Segnan N, Senore C, Andreoni B et al. Comparing attendance and detection rate of colonoscopy with sigmoidoscopy and FIT for colorectal cancer screening. Gastroenterology 2007; 132: 2304-2312
113 Selby JV, Friedman GD, Quesenberry CP Jr et al. A case-control study of screening sigmoidoscopy and mortality from colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 653-657
114 Sieg A, Brenner H. Cost-saving analysis of screening colonoscopy in Germany. Z Gastroenterol 2007; 45: 945-951
115 Sieg A, Friedrich K, Sieg U. Is PillCam COLON capsule endoscopy ready for colorectal cancer screening? A prospective feasibility study in a community gastroenterology practice.. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104: 848-854
116 Singh H, Turner D, Xue L et al. Risk of developing colorectal cancer following a negative colonoscopy examination: evidence for a 10-year interval between colonoscopies. JAMA 2006; 295: 2366-2373
117 Smith A, Young GP, Cole SR et al. Comparison of a brush-sampling fecal immunochemical test for hemoglobin with a sensitive guaiac-based fecal occult blood test in detection of colorectal neoplasia. Cancer 2006; 107: 2152-2159
118 Song K, Fendrick AM, Ladabaum U. Fecal DNA testing compared with conventional colorectal cancer screening methods: a decision analysis. Gastroenterology 2004; 126: 1270-1279
119 Sosna J, Morrin MM, Kruskal JB et al. CT colonography of colorectal polyps: a metaanalysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2003; 181: 1593-1598
120 Steele RJC, Pox C, Kuipers E et al. European guidelines for quality assurance in colorectal cancer screening and diagnosis. First edition. Management of lesions detected in colorectal cancer screening. Endoscopy 2012; 44: SE140-SE150
121 Steele RJC, Rey J-F, Lambert R. European guidelines for quality assurance in colorectal cancer screening and diagnosis. First edition. Professional requirements and training. Endoscopy 2012; 44: SE88-SE105
122 Tappenden P, Chilcott J, Eggington S et al. Option appraisal of population-based colorectal cancer screening programmes in England. Gut 2007; 56: 677-684
123 Thiis-Evensen E, Hoff GS, Sauar J et al. Population-based surveillance by colonoscopy: effect on the incidence of colorectal cancer. Telemark Polyp Study I. Scand J Gastroenterol 1999; 34: 414-420
124 Tran K. Capsule colonoscopy: PillCam Colon. Issues Emerg Health Technol 2007; 1-4
125 UK Flexible Sigmoidoscopy Screening Trial Investigators. Single flexible sigmoidoscopy screening to prevent colorectal cancer: baseline findings of a UK multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 2002; 359: 1291-1300
126 Valori R, Rey J-F, Atkin W et al. European guidelines for quality assurance in colorectal cancer screening and diagnosis. First edition. Quality assurance in endoscopy in colorectal screening and diagnosis. Endoscopy 2012; 44: SE88-SE105
127 Van Gossum A, Munoz-Navas M, Fernandez-Urien I et al. Capsule endoscopy versus colonoscopy for the detection of polyps and cancer. N Engl J Med 2009; 361: 264-270
128 van Rossum LG, van Rijn AF, Laheij RJ et al. Random comparison of guaiac and immunochemical fecal occult blood tests for colorectal cancer in a screening population. Gastroenterology 2008; 135: 82-90
129 Vijan S, Hwang I, Inadomi J et al. The cost-effectiveness of CT colonography in screening for colorectal neoplasia. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102: 380-390
130 von Karsa L. Mammographie Screening – umfassendes, populationsbezogenes Qualitätsmanagement ist hier gefragt!. Mammography screening – comprehensive, population-based quality assurance is required! Zeitschrift für Allgemeinmedizin 1995; 71: 1863-1867
131 von Karsa L, Anttila A, Ronco G et al. Cancer Screening in the European Union. Report on the implementation of the Council Recommendation on Cancer Screening – First Report. Luxembourg: European Commission; 2008. http://ec.europa.eu/health/archive/ph_determinants/genetics/documents/cancer_screening.pdf Accessed 11/2/2012
132 von Karsa L, Lignini TA, Patnick J et al. The dimensions of the CRC problem. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2010; 24: 381-396
133 Walleser S, Griffiths A, Lord SJ et al. What is the value of computered tomography colonography in patients screening positive for fecal occult blood? A systematic review and economic evaluation. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 5: 1439-1446
134 Walsh JM, Terdiman JP. Colorectal cancer screening: scientific review. JAMA 2003; 289: 1288-1296
135 Whitlock EP, Lin JS, Liles E et al. Screening for colorectal cancer: a targeted, updated systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2008; 149: 638-658
136 Whynes DK. Cost-effectiveness of screening for colorectal cancer: evidence from the Nottingham faecal occult blood trial. J Med Screen 2004; 11: 11-15
137 Wilson JM, Jungner YG. Principles and practice of mass screening for disease. World Health Organization; 1968. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/php/WHO_PHP_34.pdf Accessed 11/2/2012
138 Winawer SJ, Fletcher RH, Miller L et al. Colorectal cancer screening: clinical guidelines and rationale. Gastroenterology 1997; 112: 594-642
139 Winawer SJ, Zauber AG, Ho MN. The National Polyp Study Workgroup et al. Prevention of colorectal cancer by colonoscopic polypectomy. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1977-1981
140 Wong BC, Wong WM, Cheung KL et al. A sensitive guaiac faecal occult blood test is less useful than an immunochemical test for colorectal cancer screening in a Chinese population. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003; 18: 941-946
141 Yamaji Y, Mitsushima T, Ikuma H et al. Incidence and recurrence rates of colorectal adenomas estimated by annually repeated colonoscopies on asymptomatic Japanese. Gut 2004; 53: 568-572
142 Zappa M, Castiglione G, Paci E et al. Measuring interval cancers in population-based screening using different assays of fecal occult blood testing: the District of Florence experience. Int J Cancer 2001; 92: 151-154
143 Zauber AG, Lansdorp-Vogelaar I, Wilschut J et al. Cost-effectiveness of DNA stool testing to screen for colorectal cancer. Report to AHRQ and CMS from the Cancer Intervention and Surveillance Modeling Network (CISNET) for MISCAN and SimCRC Models.. December 20 2007
144 Zheng S, Chen K, Liu X et al. Cluster randomization trial of sequence mass screening for colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 2003; 46: 51-58