Komponentenbasierte Diagnostik von Nahrungsmittelallergien

Zusammenfassung

Jeder Dritte in unserer Bevölkerung vermutet unter einer Nahrungsmittelallergie zu leiden, hieraus ergibt sich die Erfordernis einer aussagekräftigen, zeitsparenden und kostengünstigen Diagnostik. Die zunehmende Identifikation von Einzelallergenen und die Möglichkeit, ihr spezifisches IgE im Rahmen der komponentenbasierten Diagnostik nachzuweisen, hat die Rolle der In-vitro-Diagnostik hervorgehoben und ihre Sensitivität deutlich verbessert. Die Einteilung der Allergene ist nicht mehr nur ihrem biologischen Ursprung nach möglich, sondern auch gemäß ihrer Struktur in Allergenfamilien, wodurch mögliche Kreuzreaktivitäten erklärt werden können. Zudem ergeben sich durch die neu identifizierten Einzelallergene Unterscheidungshilfen zwischen klinisch irrelevanter Sensibilisierung sowie klinisch relevanter Allergie. In diesem Artikel werden bedeutende Allergenfamilien sowie Beispiele der komponentenbasierten Diagnostik anhand verschiedener Nahrungsmittel präsentiert.

Abstract

Food allergies are very common. Therefore, there is a great need for accurate and timesaving diagnostic tools. Recently, component-resolved diagnostics (CRD) of allergen specific IgE have been introduced. CRD is based on new findings on the biological structure of single allergens improving the sensitivity of in vitro diagnostics. Allergens can be grouped in protein families giving insights into possible cross-reactivity and helping to distinguish between clinically relevant and irrelevant sensitisations. In this article important protein families and examples for CRD in clinical practice are presented.

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