Using Neuroimaging and Neuromodulation to Study Changes in Brain Functioning with Therapy

Christy L. Ludlow

doi:10.1055/s-0032-1320038

Seminars in Speech and Language, Inhaltsverzeichnis

Semin Speech Lang 2012; 33(03): 175-187
DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1320038

Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Using Neuroimaging and Neuromodulation to Study Changes in Brain Functioning with Therapy

Christy L. Ludlow

¹Laboratory on Neural Bases of Communication and Swallowing, Communication Sciences and Disorders, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia

› Institutsangaben

Abstract

This article reviews the concepts underlying functional neuroimaging and its use to study brain function change as a result of recovery and neurorehabilitation for speech, voice, and swallowing. The role of neurovascular coupling for quantifying brain function change in response to behavioral demands is explained. The types of changes in brain function that are measured and how they should be interpreted are addressed for the study of brain function abnormalities in developmental and acquired speech, voice, and swallowing disorders. One challenge is to separate changes in brain function due to recovery from those that are secondary to the development of compensatory skills during therapy. The advantages of functional magnetic resonance imaging and functional near-infrared spectroscopy are compared. The use of transcranial magnetic stimulation for the study of brain function is reviewed. In addition, more recent methods for the modulation of brain function using transcranial magnetic and electrical stimulation over the cortex are examined. These technologies can be used by clinical investigators to gain better understanding of normal brain function and for learning how abnormalities in brain function might be addressed. Both are likely to lead to new therapeutic approaches to neurorehabilitation of speech, voice, and swallowing disorders.

Keywords

Near-infrared spectroscopy - functional magnetic resonance imaging - transcranial magnetic stimulation - neurorehabilitation

Volltext

Referenzen

References
1 Mandeville JP, Rosen BR. Functional MRI. In: Toga AW, Mazziotta JC, eds. Brain Mapping: The Methods. London, UK: Academic Press; 2002: 315-349
2 Friston KJ. Statistics I: Experimental design and statistical parametric mapping. In: Toga AW, Mazziotta JC, eds. Brain Mapping: The Methods. London, UK: Academic Press; 2002: 605-631
3 Talairach P, Tournoux J. A stereotactic Coplanar Atlas of the Human Brain. Stuttgart: Thieme; 1988
4 Evans A, Collins D, Mills S, Brown E, Kelly R, Peters T. 3D statistical neuroanatomical models form 305 MRI volumes. IEEE-Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference. 1993: 1813-1817
5 Cox RW. AFNI: software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic resonance neuroimages. Comput Biomed Res 1996; 29 (3) 162-173
6 Hahn T, Dresler T, Ehlis AC , et al. Randomness of resting-state brain oscillations encodes Gray's personality trait. Neuroimage 2012; 59 (2) 1842-1845
7 Blackman GA, Hall DA. Reducing the effects of background noise during auditory functional magnetic resonance imaging of speech processing: qualitative and quantitative comparisons between two image acquisition schemes and noise cancellation. J Speech Lang Hear Res 2011; 54 (2) 693-704
8 Huang J, Carr TH, Cao Y. Comparing cortical activations for silent and overt speech using event-related fMRI. Hum Brain Mapp 2002; 15 (1) 39-53
9 Birn RM, Bandettini PA, Cox RW, Jesmanowicz A, Shaker R. Magnetic field changes in the human brain due to swallowing or speaking. Magn Reson Med 1998; 40 (1) 55-60
10 Birn RM, Bandettini PA, Cox RW, Shaker R. Improved technique for study of brain activity during swallowing by functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI). Gastroenterology 1998; 114 (4) G2984
11 Birn RM, Bandettini PA, Cox RW, Shaker R. Event-related fMRI of tasks involving brief motion. Hum Brain Mapp 1999; 7 (2) 106-114
12 Riecker A, Mathiak K, Wildgruber D , et al. fMRI reveals two distinct cerebral networks subserving speech motor control. Neurology 2005; 64 (4) 700-706
13 Chang SE, Horwitz B, Ostuni J, Reynolds R, Ludlow CL. Evidence of left inferior frontal-premotor structural and functional connectivity deficits in adults who stutter. Cereb Cortex 2011; 21 (11) 2507-2518
14 Bonilha L, Moser D, Rorden C, Baylis GC, Fridriksson J. Speech apraxia without oral apraxia: can normal brain function explain the physiopathology?. Neuroreport 2006; 17 (10) 1027-1031
15 Chang SE, Kenney MK, Loucks TM, Poletto CJ, Ludlow CL. Common neural substrates support speech and non-speech vocal tract gestures. Neuroimage 2009; 47 (1) 314-325
16 Bunce SC, Izzetoglu M, Izzetoglu K, Onaral B, Pourrezaei K. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy. IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag 2006; 25 (4) 54-62
17 Taga G, Homae F, Watanabe H. Effects of source-detector distance of near infrared spectroscopy on the measurement of the cortical hemodynamic response in infants. Neuroimage 2007; 38 (3) 452-460
18 Villringer A, Obrig H. Near-infrared spectroscopy and imaging. In: Toga AW, Mazziotta JC, eds. Brain Mapping: The Methods. London, UK: Academic Press; 2002: 141-158
19 Dieler AC, Tupak SV, Fallgatter AJ. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy for the assessment of speech related tasks. Brain Lang 2012; 121: 90-109
20 Telkemeyer S, Rossi S, Nierhaus T, Steinbrink J, Obrig H, Wartenburger I. Acoustic processing of temporally modulated sounds in infants: evidence from a combined near-infrared spectroscopy and EEG study. Front Psychol 2011; 1: 62
21 Kotilahti K, Nissilä I, Näsi T , et al. Hemodynamic responses to speech and music in newborn infants. Hum Brain Mapp 2010; 31 (4) 595-603
22 Bortfeld H, Fava E, Boas DA. Identifying cortical lateralization of speech processing in infants using near-infrared spectroscopy. Dev Neuropsychol 2009; 34 (1) 52-65
23 Minagawa-Kawai Y, Mori K, Hebden JC, Dupoux E. Optical imaging of infants' neurocognitive development: recent advances and perspectives. Dev Neurobiol 2008; 68 (6) 712-728
24 Bortfeld H, Wruck E, Boas DA. Assessing infants' cortical response to speech using near-infrared spectroscopy. Neuroimage 2007; 34 (1) 407-415
25 Wolf M, von Bonin D, Wolf U. Speech therapy changes blood circulation and oxygenation in the brain and muscle: a near-infrared spectrophotometry study. Adv Exp Med Biol 2011; 701: 21-25
26 Pascuel-Leone A, Walsh V. Transcranial magnetic stimulation. In: Toga AW, Mazziotta JC, eds. Brain Mapping: The Method. London, UK: Academic Press; 2002: 255-290
27 Wassermann EM, McShane LM, Hallett M, Cohen LG. Noninvasive mapping of muscle representations in human motor cortex. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1992; 85 (1) 1-8
28 Estrem SA, McCormack T, Haghighi SS, Potter T. A comparison of magnetic and electrical stimulation of facial nerve at the cerebello-pontine angle in the dog. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1990; 75 (6) 558-560
29 Stewart L, Walsh V, Frith U, Rothwell JC. TMS produces two dissociable types of speech disruption. Neuroimage 2001; 13 (3) 472-478
30 Narayana S, Fox PT, Zhang W , et al. Neural correlates of efficacy of voice therapy in Parkinson's disease identified by performance-correlation analysis. Hum Brain Mapp 2010; 31 (2) 222-236
31 Pascual-Leone A, Valls-Solé J, Brasil-Neto JP, Cohen LG, Hallett M. Seizure induction and transcranial magnetic stimulation. Lancet 1992; 339 (8799) 997
32 Fridriksson J, Hubbard HI, Hudspeth SG. Transcranial brain stimulation to treat aphasiac a clinical perspective. 2012; 33 (3) 188-202
33 Fridriksson J. Preservation and modulation of specific left hemisphere regions is vital for treated recovery from anomia in stroke. J Neurosci 2010; 30 (35) 11558-11564
34 Pulvermüller F, Neininger B, Elbert T , et al. Constraint-induced therapy of chronic aphasia after stroke. Stroke 2001; 32 (7) 1621-1626
35 Meinzer M, Flaisch T, Breitenstein C, Wienbruch C, Elbert T, Rockstroh B. Functional re-recruitment of dysfunctional brain areas predicts language recovery in chronic aphasia. Neuroimage 2008; 39 (4) 2038-2046
36 Naeser MA, Martin PI, Nicholas M , et al. Improved picture naming in chronic aphasia after TMS to part of right Broca's area: an open-protocol study. Brain Lang 2005; 93 (1) 95-105
37 Hamilton RH, Sanders L, Benson J , et al. Stimulating conversation: enhancement of elicited propositional speech in a patient with chronic non-fluent aphasia following transcranial magnetic stimulation. Brain Lang 2010; 113 (1) 45-50
38 Martin PI, Naeser MA, Ho M , et al. Overt naming fMRI pre- and post-TMS: two nonfluent aphasia patients, with and without improved naming post-TMS. Brain Lang 2009; 111 (1) 20-35
39 Stinear CM, Barber PA, Coxon JP, Verryt TS, Acharya PP, Byblow WD. Repetitive stimulation of premotor cortex affects primary motor cortex excitability and movement preparation. Brain Stimulat 2009; 2 (3) 152-162
40 Mistry S, Verin E, Singh S , et al. Unilateral suppression of pharyngeal motor cortex to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation reveals functional asymmetry in the hemispheric projections to human swallowing. J Physiol 2007; 585 (Pt 2) 525-538
41 Vines BW, Norton AC, Schlaug G. Non-invasive brain stimulation enhances the effects of melodic intonation therapy. Front Psychol 2011; 2: 230