Acquired Flat Foot Deformity: Postoperative Imaging

Simon Dimmick; Avneesh Chhabra; Leslie Grujic; James M. Linklater

doi:10.1055/s-0032-1320122

Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology, Table of Contents

Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2012; 16(03): 217-232
DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1320122

Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Acquired Flat Foot Deformity: Postoperative Imaging

Simon Dimmick

¹Department of Radiology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia

,

Avneesh Chhabra

³Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland

,

Leslie Grujic

⁴Orthopædic & Arthritis Specialist Centre, Chatswood, Sydney, Australia

,

James M. Linklater

²Castlereagh Sports Imaging, St. Leonards, Sydney, Australia

› Author Affiliations

Abstract

Flat foot (pes planus) is a progressive and disabling pathology that is treated initially with conservative measures and often followed by a variety of surgeries. This article briefly reviews the pathology in acquired flat foot deformity, the classification of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction, discusses surgical techniques for the management of adult flat foot deformity, and reviews potential complications and their relevant imaging appearances.

Keywords

acquired flat foot - pes planus - staging - imaging - surgery

Full Text

References

References
1 Tryfonidis M, Jackson W, Mansour R , et al. Acquired adult flat foot due to isolated plantar calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament insufficiency with a normal tibialis posterior tendon. Foot Ankle Surg 2008; 14 (2) 89-95
2 Deland JT. The adult acquired flatfoot and spring ligament complex. Pathology and implications for treatment. Foot Ankle Clin 2001; 6 (1) 129-135, vii
3 Hintermann B, Valderrabano V, Boss A, Trouillier HH, Dick W. Medial ankle instability: an exploratory, prospective study of fifty-two cases. Am J Sports Med 2004; 32 (1) 183-190
4 Johnson KA, Strom DE. Tibialis posterior tendon dysfunction. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1989; 239 (239) 196-206
5 Mankey MG. A classification of severity with an analysis of causative problems related to the type of treatment. Foot Ankle Clin 2003; 8 (3) 461-471
6 Pinney SJ, Van Bergeyk A. Controversies in surgical reconstruction of acquired adult flat foot deformity. Foot Ankle Clin 2003; 8 (3) 595-604
7 Deland JT. Adult-acquired flatfoot deformity. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2008; 16 (7) 399-406
8 Vora AM, Tien TR, Parks BG, Schon LC. Correction of moderate and severe acquired flexible flatfoot with medializing calcaneal osteotomy and flexor digitorum longus transfer. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2006; 88 (8) 1726-1734
9 Deland JT, Page A, Sung IH, O'Malley MJ, Inda D, Choung S. Posterior tibial tendon insufficiency results at different stages. HSS J 2006; 2 (2) 157-160
10 DiPaola M, Raikin SM. Tendon transfers and realignment osteotomies for treatment of stage II posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. Foot Ankle Clin 2007; 12 (2) 273-285 , vi
11 Myerson MS, Badekas A, Schon LC. Treatment of stage II posterior tibial tendon deficiency with flexor digitorum longus tendon transfer and calcaneal osteotomy. Foot Ankle Int 2004; 25 (7) 445-450
12 Sammarco GJ, Hockenbury RT. Treatment of stage II posterior tibial tendon dysfunction with flexor hallucis longus transfer and medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy. Foot Ankle Int 2001; 22 (4) 305-312
13 Pomeroy GC, Manoli II A. A new operative approach for flatfoot secondary to posterior tibial tendon insufficiency: a preliminary report. Foot Ankle Int 1997; 18 (4) 206-212
14 Sitler DF, Bell SJ. Soft tissue procedures. Foot Ankle Clin 2003; 8 (3) 503-520
15 Hill K, Saar WE, Lee TH, Berlet GC. Stage II flatfoot: what fails and why. Foot Ankle Clin 2003; 8 (1) 91-104
16 Mann RA. Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. Treatment by flexor digitorum longus transfer. Foot Ankle Clin 2001; 6 (1) 77-87 , vi
17 Wapner KL, Hecht PJ, Shea JR, Allardyce TJ. Anatomy of second muscular layer of the foot: considerations for tendon selection in transfer for Achilles and posterior tibial tendon reconstruction. Foot Ankle Int 1994; 15 (8) 420-423
18 Dalton GP, Wapner KL, Hecht PJ. Complications of Achilles and posterior tibial tendon surgeries. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2001; 391 (391) 133-139
19 Toolan BC. The treatment of failed reconstruction for adult acquired flat foot deformity. Foot Ankle Clin 2003; 8: 647-654
20 Clark GC. A modified Kidner procedure for symptomatic flat feet. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1988; 228 (228) 258-260
21 Dawson DM, Julsrud ME, Erdmann BB, Jacobs PM, Ringstrom JB. Modified Kidner procedure utilizing a Mitek bone anchor. J Foot Ankle Surg 1998; 37 (2) 115-121 ; discussion 174
22 Shurnas PS, Sanders A. A novel approach to the symptomatic accessory navicular. Techniques Foot Ankle Surg 2007; 6: 195-200
23 Giorgini R, Giorgini T, Calderaro M, Japour C, Cortes J, Kim D. The modified Kidner-Cobb procedure for symptomatic flexible pes planovalgus and posterior tibial tendon dysfunction stage II: review of 50 feet in 39 patients. J Foot Ankle Surg 2010; 49 (5) 411-416
24 Kiter E, Günal I, Turgut A, Köse N. Evaluation of simple excision in the treatment of symptomatic accessory navicular associated with flat feet. J Orthop Sci 2000; 5 (4) 333-335
25 Kopp FJ, Marcus RE. Clinical outcome of surgical treatment of the symptomatic accessory navicular. Foot Ankle Int 2004; 25 (1) 27-30
26 Macnicol MF, Voutsinas S. Surgical treatment of the symptomatic accessory navicular. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1994; 66: 218-226
27 Knupp M, Hintermann B. Reconstruction in posttraumatic combined avulsion of an accessory navicular and the posterior tibial tendon. Tech Foot Ankle Surg 2005; 4: 113-118
28 Scott AT, Sabesan VJ, Saluta JR, Wilson MA, Easley ME. Fusion versus excision of the symptomatic type II accessory navicular: a prospective study. Foot Ankle Int 2009; 30 (1) 10-15
29 Chung JW, Chu IT. Outcome of fusion of a painful accessory navicular to the primary navicular. Foot Ankle Int 2009; 30 (2) 106-109
30 Gazdag AR, Cracchiolo III A. Rupture of the posterior tibial tendon. Evaluation of injury of the spring ligament and clinical assessment of tendon transfer and ligament repair. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1997; 79 (5) 675-681
31 Ellis SJ, Williams BR, Yu JC, Deland JT. Spring ligament reconstruction for advanced flatfoot deformity with the use of an Achilles allograft. Oper Tech Orthop 2010; 21 (3) 175-182
32 Choi K, Lee S, Otis JC, Deland JT. Anatomical reconstruction of the spring ligament using peroneus longus tendon graft. Foot Ankle Int 2003; 24 (5) 430-436
33 Arangio GA, Reinert KL, Salathe EP. A biomechanical model of the effect of subtalar arthroereisis on the adult flexible flat foot. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2004; 19 (8) 847-852
34 Ugolini PA, Raikin SM. The accessory navicular. Foot Ankle Clin 2004; 9 (1) 165-180
35 Brancheau SP, Walker KM, Northcutt DR. An analysis of outcomes after use of the Maxwell-Brancheau arthroereisis implant. J Foot Ankle Surg 2012; 51 (1) 3-8
36 Schon LC. Subtalar arthroereisis: a new exploration of an old concept. Foot Ankle Clin 2007; 12 (2) 329-339 , vii
37 Needleman RL. A surgical approach for flexible flatfeet in adults including a subtalar arthroereisis with the MBA sinus tarsi implant. Foot Ankle Int 2006; 27 (1) 9-18
38 Viladot R, Pons M, Alvarez F, Omaña J. Subtalar arthroereisis for posterior tibial tendon dysfunction: a preliminary report. Foot Ankle Int 2003; 24 (8) 600-606
39 Koning PM, Heesterbeek PJ, de Visser E. Subtalar arthroereisis for pediatric flexible pes planovalgus: fifteen years experience with the cone-shaped implant. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2009; 99 (5) 447-453
40 Giannini S, Girolami M, Ceccarelli F. The surgical treatment of infantile flat foot. A new expanding endo-orthotic implant. Ital J Orthop Traumatol 1985; 11 (3) 315-322
41 Schon LC. Taking out the tarsal coalition was easy, but now the foot is even flatter. What now?. Proceedings of the AOFAS Surgical Complications of the Foot and Ankle Course. 2011; 295-303
42 Scharer BM, Black BE, Sockrider N. Treatment of painful pediatric flatfoot with Maxwell-Brancheau subtalar arthroereisis implant a retrospective radiographic review. Foot Ankle Spec 2010; 3 (2) 67-72
43 van Ooij B, Vos CJ, Saouti R. Arthroereisis of the subtalar joint: an uncommon complication and literature review. J Foot Ankle Surg 2012; 51 (1) 114-117
44 Soomekh DJ, Baravarian B. Pediatric and adult flatfoot reconstruction: subtalar arthroereisis versus realignment osteotomy surgical options. Clin Podiatr Med Surg 2006; 23 (4) 695-708 , v
45 Lanham Jr RH. Indications and complications of arthroereisis in hypermobile flatfoot. J Am Podiatry Assoc 1979; 69 (3) 178-185
46 Coetzee JC, Castro MD. The indications and biomechanical rationale for various hindfoot procedures in the treatment of posterior tibialis tendon dysfunction. Foot Ankle Clin 2003; 8 (3) 453-459
47 Berlet GC. I did an FDL transfer but the deformity is still present and she hurts. Proceedings of the AOFAS Surgical Complications of the Foot and Ankle course; 2011; 285-294
48 Arangio GA, Chopra V, Voloshin A, Salathe EP. A biomechanical analysis of the effect of lateral column lengthening calcaneal osteotomy on the flat foot. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2007; 22 (4) 472-477
49 Hintermann B, Valderrabano V, Kundert HP. Lengthening of the lateral column and reconstruction of the medial soft tissue for treatment of acquired flatfoot deformity associated with insufficiency of the posterior tibial tendon. Foot Ankle Int 1999; 20 (10) 622-629
50 Evans D. Calcaneo-valgus deformity. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1975; 57 (3) 270-278
51 Thomas RL, Wells BC, Garrison RL, Prada SA. Preliminary results comparing two methods of lateral column lengthening. Foot Ankle Int 2001; 22 (2) 107-119
52 Neufeld SK, Myerson MS. Complications of surgical treatments for adult flatfoot deformities. Foot Ankle Clin 2001; 6 (1) 179-191
53 Chi TD, Toolan BC, Sangeorzan BJ, Hansen Jr ST. The lateral column lengthening and medial column stabilization procedures. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1999; 365 (365) 81-90
54 Conti SF, Wong YS. Osteolysis of structural autograft after calcaneocuboid distraction arthrodesis for stage II posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. Foot Ankle Int 2002; 23 (6) 521-529
55 Grier KM, Walling AK. The use of tricortical autograft versus allograft in lateral column lengthening for adult acquired flatfoot deformity: an analysis of union rates and complications. Foot Ankle Int 2010; 31 (9) 760-769
56 Grunander TR, Thordarson DB. Results of calcaneocuboid distraction arthrodesis. Foot Ankle Surg 2012; 18 (1) 15-18
57 Toolan BC, Sangeorzan BJ, Hansen Jr ST. Complex reconstruction for the treatment of dorsolateral peritalar subluxation of the foot. Early results after distraction arthrodesis of the calcaneocuboid joint in conjunction with stabilization of, and transfer of the flexor digitorum longus tendon to, the midfoot to treat acquired pes planovalgus in adults. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1999; 81 (11) 1545-1560
58 Kimball HL, Aronow MS, Sullivan RJ, Tarinelli DJ, Nowak MD. Biomechanical evaluation of calcaneocuboid distraction arthrodesis: a cadaver study of two different fixation methods. Foot Ankle Int 2000; 21 (10) 845-848
59 Phillips GE. A review of elongation of os calcis for flat feet. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1983; 65 (1) 15-18
60 Cohen BE, Ogden F. Medial column procedures in the acquired flatfoot deformity. Foot Ankle Clin 2007; 12 (2) 287-299 , vi
61 Hirose CB, Johnson JE. Plantarflexion opening wedge medial cuneiform osteotomy for correction of fixed forefoot varus associated with flatfoot deformity. Foot Ankle Int 2004; 25 (8) 568-574
62 Stephens HM, Walling AK, Solmen JD, Tankson CJ. Subtalar repositional arthrodesis for adult acquired flatfoot. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1999; 365 (365) 69-73
63 Gallina J, Sands AK. Lateral-sided bony procedures. Foot Ankle Clin 2003; 8 (3) 563-567 , ix–x
64 Harper MC, Tisdel CL. Talonavicular arthrodesis for the painful adult acquired flatfoot. Foot Ankle Int 1996; 17 (11) 658-661
65 O'Malley MJ, Deland JT, Lee KT. Selective hindfoot arthrodesis for the treatment of adult acquired flatfoot deformity: an in vitro study. Foot Ankle Int 1995; 16 (7) 411-417
66 Below SK, McCluskey LC. Isolated talonavicular arthrodesis for posterior tibial tendon dysfunction and degenerative joint disease of the talonavicular joint. Paper presented at: American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society 2002 Annual Summer Meeting; July 12–14; Traverse City, MI
67 Fortin PT. Posterior tibial tendon insufficiency. Isolated fusion of the talonavicular joint. Foot Ankle Clin 2001; 6 (1) 137-151 , vii–viii
68 Hermus JP. Osteonecrosis of the talus after talonavicular arthrodesis: a case report and review of the literature. J Foot Ankle Surg 2011; 50 (3) 343-346
69 Johnson MK, Kanat IO. Complications of triple arthrodesis with comparison to select rearfoot fusions. J Foot Surg 1987; 26 (5) 371-379
70 Wapner KL. Triple arthrodesis in adults. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 1998; 6 (3) 188-196
71 Bednarz PA, Monroe MT, Manoli II A. Triple arthrodesis in adults using rigid internal fixation: an assessment of outcome. Foot Ankle Int 1999; 20 (6) 356-363
72 Pell IV RF, Myerson MS, Schon LC. Clinical outcome after primary triple arthrodesis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2000; 82 (1) 47-57
73 Drew AJ. The late results of arthrodesis of the foot. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1951; 33-B (4) 496-502
74 Mäenpää H, Lehto MU, Belt EA. What went wrong in triple arthrodesis? An analysis of failures in 21 patients. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2001; 391 (391) 218-223